module 4: marine mammals 1.polar bears 2.seals, walrus, sea lions 3.toothed whales (beluga, narwhal,...
TRANSCRIPT
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Module 4: Marine Mammals
1. Polar bears
2. Seals, walrus, sea lions
3. Toothed whales (beluga, narwhal, killer whales, etc.)
4. Baleen whales (humpback, bowhead, grey, northern right, etc.)
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Key Biological Traits
• Large space requirements
• Low reproduction potential
• Long life
• Risk of bioaccumulation of organic pollutants
• Sensitive to over exploitation
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Management Difficulties
• Poor estimates of population size and vital rates (reproduction, survival, dispersal)
• Inter-jurisdiction distribution
• Difficult to regulate harvest (subsistence and commercial)
• Highly political in nature
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Terms and Concepts
Cetaceans– Mammal species such as whales, dolphins, and
porpoises
IWC– International Whaling Commission
MMPA– Marine Mammals Protection Act (U.S.A.)
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Polar Bears
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Polar Bear Overview
• Depending on seals (ringed seals and bearded seals)
• Distributed in distinctive stocks
• Subsistence/cultural hunting
• Subject to an international agreement on conservation
• Token sport hunt (in Canada only)
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Ringed Seals
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Ringed Seal Overview
• Widely distributed (5 million)
• Feed on fish (Arctic cod) and “Arctic shrimps”
• Most important species for subsistence hunting (Inuit)
• Most important for clothing
• Fairly resilient to harvest
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Distribution of Ringed Seals
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Harp Seal
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Distribution of Harp Seal
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Harp Seal Overview
• Commercial hunt in spring (under quota)
• Increasing in population size
• May affect fish populations
• Source of debate
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Bearded Seal
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Bearded Seal: Overview
• Heterogeneous distribution
• Like thin ice, or ice flow
• Secondary prey for polar bears
• Excellent skin for ropes and moccasins
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Walrus
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Walrus Distribution
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Walrus Overview
• Two stocks: Atlantic and Pacific
• Source of ivory (art work)
• Gregarious in distribution
• Mollusk eaters (some prey on seals)
• Excellent skins for ropes!
• Hunt in Alaska highly regulated
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Beluga Whale
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Beluga Whale
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Beluga Whale Populations: Circumpolar
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Beluga Whale Populations: Canada
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Beluga Whale Overview
• Large movements (distinct stocks)
• Important for subsistence hunting (delicacy food)
• Hunted under quotas (by local people)
• Rich in Vitamin C (scurvy)
• Major conservation issues in some regions
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Narwhal
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Narwhal: Overview
• Large seasonal movements
• Hunted for food and tusks
• Traditional hunt only (under quota)
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Narwhal Populations
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Other Whales
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Other Whales: Overview
• ~50 humpbacks harvested per year in Chukchi Sea by Alaska Inuit
• Few (1-2) bowheads harvested by Eastern Arctic Inuit
• Subsistence hunt continued to be impaired by past overuse of stocks (commercial whaling)
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Marine Mammals - People
• Long term dependency of northern people on marine mammals (seal hunters)
• Recurring issues of conservation and public debates
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Commercial WhalingPhase I: The Basque Fishery (Spanish)
– 1300 to late 1500 A.D.
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Overview
• Focused on right whales (local depletion of coasts of Europe)
• Expanded up to Grand Banks near Newfoundland
• By late 1600s, right whales were almost exterminated
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Phase II: The Atlantic Arctic Fishery
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Overview• Focused on bowhead whales in North Atlantic• Early 1600sLate 1800s• Involved many shore stations• Move from Svalbard, Davis Strait, Baffin Bay, to
North water• Risky but lucrative (£3500 a ton for whale bones)• In 1910, 10 whaling ships hunted the Arctic: 18
pilot whales, 389 belugas, 1697 walruses, 4549 seals, 242 polar bears, and no bowhead whales
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Phase III: Pacific Arctic Fishery
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Overview
• U.S. whalers shift attention to North Pacific• First, Pacific northern right whales (largely
depleted by 1850)• Next, Pacific bowhead whales in Bering Sea (150-
200 whaling ships, up to 2700 bowheads killed in 1852)
• First whaling ships with steam engines pushed hunt in North Shores of Alaska (Beaufort Sea)
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Overview
• Market collapsed in 1912, which lead to an end of whaling in the Arctic (which “saved” humpbacks)
• In SE Alaska, whaling ended in 1930s
• In 1937, first international whaling agreement
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Required Reading
“Thar She Blows: Whaling in the Yukon and Alaska”
(handout)
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Modern “Whaling”
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Case Study: Steller Sea Lions
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Conservation Issues• Slow recovery of most
baleen whale stocks (except gray whales)
• Impair acceptance of traditional hunts by general public
• Atlantic right whales at great risk
• Management of tourismNorth Atlantic Right Whale