module n ° 4 – hazards
DESCRIPTION
Module N ° 4 – Hazards. Course structure. S afety. Module 10 Phased approach to SSP and SMS Implementation. M anagement. S ystem. Module 8 SMS planning. Module 9 SMS operation. Module 5 Risks. Module 6 SMS regulation. Module 7 Introduction to SMS. Module 5 Risks. Module 1 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Revision N° 13 ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course 06/05/09
Module N° 4 – Hazards
Module N° 4 ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course 2
Course structure
Module 1SMS course introduction
Module 2Basic safety
concepts
Module 3 Introduction
to safety management
Module 4Hazards
Module 5Risks
Module 6SMS regulation
Module 7Introduction to SMS
Module 8SMS planning
Module 9SMS operation
Module 10Phased approach to
SSP and SMS Implementation
SafetyManagementSystem
Module 3 Introduction
to safety management
Module 4Hazards
Module 5Risks
Module N° 4 ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course 3
Objective
At the end of this module, participants will be able to apply
the fundamentals of hazard identification and analysis
through a case study
Module N° 4 ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course 4
Outline
Two definitions First fundamental – Understanding hazards Second fundamental – Hazard identification Third fundamental – Hazard analysis Fourth fundamental – Documentation of hazards Questions and answers Points to remember Exercise 04/01 – International airport construction project
(See Handout N° 3)
Module N° 4 ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course 5
Two definitions
Hazard – Condition or object with the potential of causing injuries to personnel, damage to equipment or structures, loss of material, or reduction of ability to perform a prescribed function
Consequence – Potential outcome(s) of the hazardA wind of 15 knots blowing directly across the runway is
a hazard
A pilot may not be able to control the aircraft during takeoff or landing is one of the consequences of the hazard
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First fundamental – Understanding hazards
There is a natural tendency to describe hazards as their consequence(s)“Unclear aerodrome signage” vs. “runway incursion”
Stating a hazard as consequence(s) :disguises the nature of the hazardinterferes with identifying other important consequences.
Well-named hazards :allow to infer the sources or mechanisms of the hazard allow to evaluate the loss outcome(s)
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First fundamental – Understanding hazards
Types of hazards
Natural
Technical
Economic
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Examples of natural hazards
Severe weather or climatic events:E.g.: hurricanes, major
winter storms, drought, tornadoes, thunderstorms lightning, and wind shear
Adverse weather conditions:E.g.: Icing, freezing
precipitation, heavy rain, snow, winds, and restrictions to visibility
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Examples of natural hazards
Geophysical events:E.g.: earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, tsunamis, floods and landslides
Geographical conditions:E.g.: adverse terrain or large
bodies of waterEnvironmental events:
E.g.: wildfires, wildlife activity, and insect or pest infestation.
Public health events:E.g.: epidemics of influenza
or other diseases
Module N° 4 ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course 10
Examples of technical hazards
Deficiencies regarding:E.g.: aircraft and aircraft
components, systems, subsystems and related equipment
E.g.: an organization’s facilities, tools, and related equipment
E.g.: facilities, systems, sub-systems and related equipment that are external to the organization
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Examples of economics hazards
Major trends related to:
Growth
Recession
Cost of material or
equipment
Etc.
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Second fundamental – Hazard identification
In order to identify hazards, consider:
Design factors, including equipment and task design
Procedures and operating practices, including documentation and checklists
Communications, including means, terminology and language
…
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Second fundamental – Hazard identification
… consider:Organizational factors, such as company policies for
recruitment, training, remuneration and allocation of resources
Work environment factors, such as ambient noise and vibration, temperature, lighting and protective equipment and clothing
...
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Second fundamental – Hazard identification
… consider:Regulatory factors, including the applicability and
enforceability of regulations; certification of equipment, personnel and procedures; and the adequacy of oversight
Defences including detection and warning systems, and the extent to which the equipment is resilient against errors and failures
Human performance, including medical conditions and physical limitations
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Sources of hazard identification
InternalFlight Data AnalysisCompany voluntary
reporting systemAudits and surveys
ExternalAccident reportsState mandatory
occurrence systemAs a reminder
PredictiveProactiveReactive
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Hazard identification
By whom?By anybody By designated personnel
How?Through formal processesDepends on the organization
When?AnytimeUnder specific conditions
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Hazard identification
Specific conditions
Unexplained increase in safety-related events or infractions
Major operational changes are foreseen
Periods of significant organizational change
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Third fundamental – Hazard analysis
State the generic hazard
(Hazard statement) Airport construction
Identify specific components of
the hazardConstruction equipment Closed taxiways …
Naturally leading to specific
consequence(s)Aircraft colliding with construction equipment Aircraft taking wrong taxiway …
ABC of hazard analysis
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Third fundamental – Hazard analysis
Efficient and safe operations or provision of service require a constant balance between production goals...maintaining regular aerodrome operations during a
runway construction project...and safety goals
maintaining existing margins of safety in aerodrome operations during runway construction project.
Aviation workplaces may contain hazards which may not be cost-effective to address even when operations must continue (Cost-benefit analysis further discussed in Module 5)
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Fourth fundamental – Documentation of hazards
Appropriate documentation management is important as:It is a formal procedure
to translate operational safety data into hazard-related information
It becomes the “safety library” of an organization
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Fourth fundamental – Documentation of hazards
Tracking and analysis of hazards is facilitated by standardizing:DefinitionsUnderstandingValidation Reporting MeasurementManagement
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Fourth fundamental – Documentation of hazards
Reactive method•ASR•MOR•Incident reports•Accident reports
Proactive method•ASR•Surveys•Audits
Predictive method•FDA•Direct observation systems
Method Identification Management Documentation Information
Inform person(s)
responsible for implementing
strategies
Trend analysis
Haz
ards
Haz
ards
Haz
ards
Haz
ards
FeedbackFeedback
Develop control and mitigation strategies
Assignresponsibilitie
s
Implement strategies
Safety bulletins
Report distribution
Seminars and workshops
Assess the consequences and prioritize
the risks
Safety managementinformation
Re-evaluate strategies
and processes
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1 – 51 – 5AccidentsAccidents
30 – 10030 – 100Serious incidentsSerious incidents
100 – 1000100 – 1000
IncidentsIncidents
1000 – 40001000 – 4000
Latent conditionsLatent conditions
Hazard identification is a wasted effort if restricted to the aftermath of rare occurrences where there is serious injury, or significant damage.
“Practical drift”
The focus of hazard identification
“Practical drift”
SMS
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Questions and answersHazards
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Questions and answers
Q: Define the concept of hazard. A:
Hazard – Condition or object with the potential of causing injuries to personnel, damage to equipment or structures, loss of material, or reduction of ability to perform a prescribed function.
Slide number: 5
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Q: Provide three examples of areas/factors to consider when identifying hazards.
A:
Design factors, including equipment and task design.Procedures and operating practices, including
documentation and checklists.Communications, including means, terminology and
language.
Slide number: 12
Questions and answers
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Q: Name three specific circumstances when hazard identification is essential.
A:
Unexplained increase in safety-related events or infractions.
Major operational changes are foreseen.Periods of significant organizational change
Slide number: 17
Questions and answers
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Points to remember
1. Hazards have potential consequences
2. Sources of hazard identification
3. ABC of hazard analysis
4. Hazard documentation: the “safety library” of an
organization
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Exercise 04/01 – International airportconstruction project (Handout N° 3)
Hazards
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International airport construction project
Group activity:A facilitator will be appointed, who will coordinate the
discussionA summary of the discussion will be written on flip charts,
and a member of the group will brief on their findings in a plenary session
Scenario:Construction project to enlarge and repave one of the
two crossing runways at an international airport (150,000 movements a year)
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Aerodrome layout
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Construction project – Phase 1Phase 1
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Scope of the work
Phase 1Phase 1
Increase the width of runway 17-35 from 45 to 60 meters from a point 200 m from the intersection with runway 10-28 to the south and strengthen the runway (from asphalt to concrete) to increase its Pavement Classification Number (PCN)
Estimated time to complete the work
Seven (7) months
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Construction project – Phase 2Phase 2
Phase 1
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Scope of the work
Phase 2Phase 2
Increase the width of runway 17-35 from 45 to 60 meters from a point 200 m from the intersection with runway 10-28 to the north and strengthen the runway (from asphalt to concrete) to increase its PCN
Estimated time to complete the work
Seven (7) months
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Construction project – Phase 3Phase 2
Phase 1Phase 3
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Scope of the work
Phase 3Phase 3
Complete the construction work of runway 17-35 for the central area of the last 400 m at the intersection of runway 17-35 and runway 10-28 (from asphalt to concrete), increasing its width from 45 to 60 meters and its PCN
Estimated time to complete the work
Four(4) months
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Scope of the work
Runway 10-28 utilization during the construction work
Continuous utilization of runway 10-28 during the three-phase of runway 17-35 construction project. [To maintain regular aerodrome operations (production) and existing margins of safety (protection) in the operations during the runway construction project]
Length of runway 10-28 is currently 4.100 m and during Phase 3 its length will be reduced, leaving a distance of 2.600 m for aircraft operations measured between threshold 10 and the intersection of runway 10-28 with taxiway Golf
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Identify hazards
Your taskIdentify the hazards using brainstorming techniques.
Brainstorm a list of possible hazards, their components and their related consequences (use a flip chart)
Complete the attached log (Table 04/01) as follows:List type of operation or activityState the generic hazard (hazard statement) Identify specific components of the hazardList hazard-related consequences
It is recommended to conduct the hazard identification and analysis per each construction phase of runway 17-35
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Table 04/01 – Hazard identificationType of
operationor activity
Generic hazard (hazard statement)
Specific components of
the hazard N°
1
2
3
4
5
Hazard-related consequences
Revision N° 13 ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course 06/05/09
Module N° 4 – Hazards