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Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507 Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc 1 Módulo 3 Riesgos Eléctricos

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MODULO III RIESGOS ELÉCTRICOS EN ESPAÑOL

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  • Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc*Mdulo 3

    Riesgos Elctricos

    Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc

  • Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc*Comencemos con las historias de algunos casosUn empleado se electrocut mientras utilizaba un afilador con un cable desgastado. El empleado estaba parado sobre encimeras de piedra afiladora hmeda mojadas con agua

    Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc

  • Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc*Un empleado de mantenimiento fue electrocutado mientras realizaba un cambio de dispositivo de luz elctrica(No hubo cierre con candado o etiqueta)

    Un empleado fue electrocutado al hacer contacto con una pieza de equipo mientras lo alzaban desde una excavacin. El brazo de la retroexcavadora que alzaba el equipo hizo contacto con los cables de alta tensin

    Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc

  • Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc*Citaciones ms importantes conrespecto a la electricidad (2005)Mtodos de Alambrado Elctrico, Componentes y Equipo, Uso GeneralElctrico, Requisitos GeneralesElctrico, Practicas Laborales de Seguridad, Requisitos GeneralesElctrico, Diseo de Alambrado y ProteccinSource: Citation statistics from Federal OSHA data for OSHA fiscal year 2005

    Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc

  • Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc*Causas de muertes por electrocucinContacto con el tendido elctrico elevadoContacto con circuitos activosNo seguir los procedimientos de bloqueo/sealizacinCables de alargue mal conservados Herramientas defectuosas

    Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc

  • Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc*Lesiones elctricasExisten cuatro tipos principales de lesiones elctricas:Directas:Electrocucin o muerte por choque elctricoDescarga elctricaQuemadurasIndirectas:CadasIncendio

    Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc

  • Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc*Severidad de la descarga elctricaLas severidad de la descarga elctrica depende de:El recorrido de la corriente a travs del cuerpoLa cantidad de corriente que fluye por el cuerpo (amperios)La duracin de la descarga de corriente a travs del cuerpo, BAJO VOLTAJE NO SIGNIFICA BAJO RIESGO

    Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc

  • Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc*Riesgo del tendido elctrico elevadoEn general no est aisladoEjemplos de equipos que pueden tener contacto con el tendido elctrico: Gras Escaleras Andamios Excavadoras Elevadores de tijera Base levantada de camin de volquete Rodillos de pintar de aluminio

    Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc

  • Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc*Saber es su trabajo!Conozca los riesgos de la electricidadConozca los equiposUtilice las Prcticas de Trabajo SeguroInspeccione su Equipo de Proteccin Personal (PPE, por sus siglas en ingls) antes de cada usoNo trabaje en circuitos con energa sin autorizacin

    Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc

  • Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc*Prcticas de trabajoRelacionadas con la seguridad Para proteger a los trabajadores de descargas elctricas:Utilice barreras y barandillas para evitar el paso a travs de reas con equipos elctricos expuestosPlanifique el trabajo previamente, coloque carteles de advertencias contra riesgos y use medidas de proteccinMantenga los espacios de trabajo y los senderos libres de cables

    Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc

  • Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc*Un empleado que trabajaba en el techo hizo contacto con la entrada de servico de un conductor vertical cerca de la casa y fue electrocutado

    HAD THE WRONG PICTURE!!!

    Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc

  • Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc*Se requiere una capacitacin especial para trabajar con equipos elctricos. La reciben esta capacitacin los Empleados Autorizados e incluye:Prcticas de Trabajo SeguroAislamiento de fuentes elctricas Prueba de equipos Herramientas y PPE Slo los Empleados Autorizados pueden realizar trabajos elctricosAviso

    Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc

  • Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc*Dispositivos de control Los dispositivos para control de circuitos tales comobotones de presin conmutadores selectores interruptores de seguridad no se deben usar como los nicos medios para desconectar la energa de los circuitos o equipos.

    Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc

  • Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc*Control Utilice el GFCI (interruptor de circuito porfalla de puesta a tierra)Lo protege de las descargas Detecta diferencias de corriente entre los cables negros y blancos Si se detecta una falla de la puesta a tierra, el GFCI corta la electricidad en 1/40 de segundoUtilice los GFCI en todos los receptculos de 120 voltios, fase simple, de 15 y 20 amperios, o tenga un programa para asegurar la conexin a tierra del equipo.

    Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc

  • Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc*SEGURIDAD ELCTRICAEfectos de la cantidad de corriente alterna ma = 1/1000 de un ampere3 ma - descarga dolorosa que causa accidentes indirectos10 ma - contraccin muscular... peligro de no despegarse 30 ma - parlisis pulmonar - generalmente temporaria50 ma - posible fibrilacin ventricular (disfuncin cardiaca, generalmente mortal)100 ma - cierta fibrilacin ventricular, mortal4 amperios - parlisis cardiaca, quemaduras severas

    Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc

  • Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc*Cmo funciona

    Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc

  • Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc*Estas prcticas son seguras?

    Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc

  • Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc*Candado y EtiquetadoCierre y bloquee todos los recursos Coloque bloqueos y sealizaciones en cada medio de desconexin que utilice para desconectar la energa de los circuitos Coloque bloqueos para evitar que se accione el medio de desconexin Coloque una sealizacin en cada cierreAviso: Solo la persona que coloca el candado lo debe remover.

    Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc

  • Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc*Dispositivos de Bloqueo

    Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc

  • Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc*Si no se puede colocar un bloqueose debe complementar la sealizacin utilizada sin bloqueo como mnimo con una medida de seguridad adicional que ofrezca un nivel de seguridad equivalente al del bloqueo. Ejemplos:Retirar un elemento del circuito aislante por ejemplo un fusible Bloquear un interruptor de control Abrir un dispositivo de desconexin extra..

    Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc

  • Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc*EtiquetadoExisten diferentes tipos de etiquetados y dispositivos de bloqueo.

    Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc

  • Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc*Liberar la energa almacenadaSe debe liberar la energa elctrica almacenada antes de comenzar a trabajar. Descargar todos los condensadoresEstablecer un cortocircuito y conectar a tierra todos los elementos con alta capacitancia

    Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc

  • Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc* Est muerto?Verificar que el sistema no tenga energa Al accionar el equipo se controla que ste no se pueda volver a poner en marcha.Utilice equipo de prueba para verificar voltaje y corriente en los circuitos y partes elctricas.

    Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc

  • Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc*Alertar a los dems sobre los riesgos

    Utilice barricadas para impedir o limitar el acceso a reas de trabajo con conductores o partes de circuitos con energa no aislados.

    Utilice seales de seguridad, smbolos de seguridad o etiquetas para prevencin de accidentes para advertir a los dems acerca de los riesgos elctricos que podran ponerlos en peligro.

    Si las seales y las barricadas no brindan suficiente advertencia y proteccin contra los riesgos elctricos, se deber colocar a una persona en el lugar para advertir y proteger a los empleados.

    Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc

  • Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc*Herramientas elctricas porttiles y cables

    Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc

  • Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc*Herramientas elctricas porttiles y cables Los equipos porttiles se deben manejar de manera tal que no produzcan daos.Los cables elctricos flexibles conectados a los equipos no se deben usar para levantar o bajar el equipo.Los cables flexibles no se deben ajustar con engrapadoras o colgar de otra forma de manera tal que pudiera daarse el recubrimiento externo o el aislamiento.

    Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc

  • Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc*Herramientas y equiposUtilice herramientas o equipos manuales aislados cuado trabaje cerca de conductores o partes de circuitos con energa. Utilice equipos manuales para fusibles para retirar o instalar fusibles cuando las terminales de los fusibles tengan energa. Las cuerdas y lneas que se usen cerca de partes con energa expuestas no deben ser conductoras.

    Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc

  • Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc*Requisitos de las herramientas elctricasDeben tener un cable de alambre triple con conexin a tierra en un receptculo conectado a tierra, o

    Tener doble aislamiento, o

    Recibir energa de un transformador de aislamiento de bajo voltaje

    Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc

  • Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc*Prevencin de riesgos elctricos - HerramientasInspecciones las herramientas antes de usarlasUtilice la herramienta apropiada y correctamenteProteja sus herramientasUtilice herramientas de aislamiento dobleMarca de Doble Aislamiento

    Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc

  • Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc*Algn problema?

    Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc

  • Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc*Indicios de que existenriesgos elctricosInterruptores automticos de circuitos inclinados o fusibles quemadosHerramientas, alambres, cables, conexiones o cajas de unin calientes GFCI que cierra un circuitoAislamiento deteriorado o deshilachado alrededor del alambre o la conexin

    Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc

  • Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc*Atencin con loscableados viejos

    Remocin del tanque de expansin (agua caliente). Alambrado elctrico a la antigita. Victima hizo contacto con cables expuestos o pelados.

    Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc

  • Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc*Jalar del cable

    Evite jalar los cables con las manos y use un cabestrante o una herramienta manual siempre que sea posible La comunicacin entre la persona que jala y la que libera el cable para coordinar los movimientos har el trabajo ms fcil y seguro. Utilice herramientas livianas.

    Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc

  • Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc*Reduciendo TensionesCAMBIE DE POSICIN AL TRABAJAR. Al trabajar por lo alto, al nivel del piso, o en espacios reducidos se forza el cuerpo en posturas muy incmodas. Para aliviar la tensin muscular y mejorar la circulacin, cambie de posturas, alterne con otras tareas y estirese durante el da.

    Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc

  • Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc*ResumenEl equipo elctrico deber ser: Alistado y etiquetado Libre de peligros Utilizado de la manera apropiadaSi usted utiliza herramientas elctricas usted debe de:Protegerse de la descarga elctricaUtilizarlas en una posicin corporal cmodaProversele con el equipo de seguridad necesario

    Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc

  • Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc*Siempre recuerde!Es su vida!Un podador fue electrocutado cuando hizo contacto con una linea de alta tensin mientras bajaba de un arbol tipo palmeraUn empleado fue eletrocutado mientras trabajaba en la unidad de aire acondicionado

    Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc

    **Review the accidents with the trainees.Theses are all real to life incidents from the files of ADOSH.**

    **When an electrical shock enters the body it may produce different types of injuries. Electrocution results in internal and external injury to body parts or the entire body often resulting in death. After receiving a jolt of electricity all or part of the body may be temporarily paralyzed and this may cause loss of grip or stability. A person may also involuntarily move as a result of receiving an electrical shock, resulting in a fall. Internal or external burns may result from contact with electricity.*Other factors that may affect the severity of the shock are: - The voltage of the current. - The presence of moisture - The general health of the person prior to the shock.

    Low voltages can be extremely dangerous because, all other factors being equal, the degree of injury increases the longer the body is in contact with the circuit.

    The resistance of the body varies based on: The amount of moisture on the skin (less moisture = more resistance) The size of the area of contact (smaller area = more resistance) The pressure applied to the contact point (less pressure = more resistance) Muscular structure (less muscle = less resistance)

    *Overhead and buried power lines are especially hazardous because they carry extremely high voltage. Fatal electrocution is the main risk, but burns and falls from elevation are also hazards. Using tools and equipment that can contact power lines increases the risk.

    More than half of all electrocutions are caused by direct worker contact with energized powerlines. Powerline workers must be especially aware of the dangers of overhead lines. In the past, 80% of all lineman deaths were caused by contacting a live wire with a bare hand. Due to such incidents, all linemen now wear special rubber gloves that protect them up to 34,500 volts. Today, most electrocutions involving overhead powerlines are caused by failure to maintain proper work distances.

    Overhead power lines must be deenergized and grounded by the owner or operator of the lines, or other protective measures must be provided before work is started. Protective measures (such as guarding or insulating the lines) must be designed to prevent contact with the lines.

    PPE may consist of rubber insulating gloves, hoods, sleeves, matting, blankets, line hose, and industrial protective helmets.**1926.416, 1926.417

    Employees must not work near any part of an electric power circuit that the employee could contact in the course of work, unless the employee is protected against electric shock by de-energizing the circuit and grounding it or by guarding it effectively by insulation or other means.* In work areas where the exact location of underground electric power lines is unknown, employees using jackhammers, bars, or other hand tools which may contact a line shall be provided with insulated protective gloves.* Before work is begun, inquire or observe by instruments whether any part of an energized electric power circuit is so located that the performance of the work may bring any person, tool, or machine into physical or electrical contact with the electric power circuit. Post and maintain proper warning signs where such a circuit exists. The employer shall advise employees of the location of such lines, the hazards involved, and the protective measures to be taken.

    ****Reference 1926.404(b)(1)(i)

    GFCI: Matches the amount of current going to an electrical device against the amount of current returning from the device. Interrupts the electric power within as little as 1/40 of a second when the amount of current going differs from the amount returning by about 5 mA Must be tested to ensure it is working correctly. NEC requires GFCIs be used in these high-risk situations: Electricity is used near water. The user of electrical equipment is grounded (by touching grounded material). Circuits are providing power to portable tools or outdoor receptacles. Temporary wiring or extension cords are used.

    There is one disadvantage to grounding: a break in the grounding system may occur without the user's knowledge. Using a ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) is one way of overcoming grounding deficiencies.

    ************Common Examples of Misused Equipment = OSHA Violations* Using multi-receptacle boxes designed to be mounted by fitting them with a power cord and placing them on the floor. * Fabricating extension cords with ROMEX wire. * Using equipment outdoors that is labeled for use only in dry, indoor locations. * Attaching ungrounded, two-prong adapter plugs to three-prong cords and tools. * Using circuit breakers or fuses with the wrong rating for over-current protection, e.g. using a 30-amp breaker in a system with 15- or 20-amp receptacles. Protection is lost because it will not trip when the system's load has been exceeded. * Using modified cords or tools, e.g., removing ground prongs, face plates, insulation, etc. * Using cords or tools with worn insulation or exposed wires.

    ** Use tools and equipment according to the instructions included in their listing, labeling or certification. * Visually inspect all electrical equipment before use. Remove from service any equipment with frayed cords, missing ground prongs, cracked tool casings, etc. Apply a warning tag to any defective tool and do not use it until the problem has been corrected.

    **There are clues that electrical hazards exist. For example, if a GFCI keeps tripping while you are using a power tool, there is a problem. Dont keep resetting the GFCI and continue to work. You must evaluate the clue and decide what action should be taken to control the hazard. There are a number of other conditions that indicate a hazard. Tripped circuit breakers and blown fuses show that too much current is flowing in a circuit. This could be due to several factors, such as malfunctioning equipment or a short between conductors. You need to determine the cause in order to control the hazard. An electrical tool, appliance, wire, or connection that feels warm may indicate too much current in the circuit or equipment. You need to evaluate the situation and determine your risk. An extension cord that feels warm may indicate too much current for the wire size of the cord. You must decide when action needs to be taken. A cable, fuse box, or junction box that feels warm may indicate too much current in the circuits. A burning odor may indicate overheated insulation. Worn, frayed, or damaged insulation around any wire or other conductor is an electrical hazard because the conductors could be exposed. Contact with an exposed wire could cause a shock. Damaged insulation could cause a short, leading to arcing or a fire. Inspect all insulation for scrapes and breaks. You need to evaluate the seriousness of any damage you find and decide how to deal with the hazard. A GFCI that trips indicates there is current leakage from the circuit First, you must decide the probable cause of the leakage by recognizing any contributing hazards. Then, you must decide what action needs to be taken.*This is what can happen when the job is not planed ahead of time.How can we avoid this?****