modules 3-6
DESCRIPTION
Modules 3-6. Research Strategies Neural & Hormonal Systems Tools of Discovery/brain structures The Cerebral Cortex & our divided brain. Research Strategies. Scientific Method *operational (objective) definitions *replicate the study *valid (tests what it is supposed to) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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RESEARCH STRATEGIES
NEURAL & HORMONAL SYSTEMS
TOOLS OF DISCOVERY/BRAIN STRUCTURES
THE CEREBRAL CORTEX & OUR DIVIDED BRAIN
Modules 3-6
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Research Strategies
Scientific Method *operational (objective) definitions *replicate the study *valid (tests what it is supposed to) *reliable (consistent results)
Correlation vs. CausationDescriptive Correlational ExperimentalCase Study (Collect data on 2 or more
variables – no manipulation)
Laboratory Study
Naturalistic Observation
(Just observe and record – look for
(manipulate one or more factors)
Survey natural relationships.)
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WORDING – IMPORTANT!RANDOM SAMPLE
POPULATION SIZE & MAKE-UP
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT(STRONG VS. WEAK)
(POSITIVE VS. NEGATIVE)
SCATTERPLOT (REVEALING)
More about research …
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Experimentation
Control Group & Experimental GroupDependent Variable (depends on what you do to
the other one!)Independent Variable (manipulated by
researcher)Confounding Variables (other factors that can
impact results)Blind Study – participants don’t know if they get
the “treatment”Double Blind Study – participant and researcher
don’t know if participant gets “treatment”
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STATISTICS (YEAH!! ! )
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY (MEAN/MEDIAN/MODE)
MEASURES OF VARIATION(RANGE/STANDARD DEVIATION)NORMAL CURVE (BELL CURVE)
PAY SPECIAL ATTENTION TO PAGE 41
REMEMBER – DIFFERENCES MAY BE SIGNIFICANT BUT STILL NOT IMPORTANT.
*great summary on page 37.
I highly recommend!
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REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES ARE BETTER THAN BIASED SAMPLES
LESS-VARIABLE OBSERVATIONS ARE MORE RELIABLE THAN THOSE THAT
ARE MORE VARIABLE
MORE CASES ARE BETTER THAN FEWER
Just a bit more about statistics…
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Module 4 – Biology…
Phrenology & Dr. GallNeurons – cell body, dendrite fibers (receive
information), axon fibers (send messages)“Dendrites Listen & Axons Speak”Myelin Sheath = insulator
No insulator = multiple sclerosis – degenerative loss of muscle control
~ Action potential – electrical impulse (2-180 mph)~ Threshold – if this is exceeded, the party’s on! All or nothing response, though. One neural impulse doesn’t get stronger - more neurons fire
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Previous slide taken from:
http://www.kizoomlabs.com/products/the-adventures-of-ned-the-neuron/
Other images from: Google Images
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Neurotransmitters
Synapse=meeting point between neurons
Neurotransmitters – chemical messengers. Enable the connections between neurons. When fired, neurotransmitters are released and connect (like lock & key) to another neuron. This excites (or inhibits) the continued firing of the message.
Reuptake is when the sending neuron reabsorbs the excess chemical.
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Neurotransmitters, continued
Please look at the table on page 52 Endorphins – neurotransmitter similar to morphineDrugs/other chemicals affect brain chemistry by
exciting or inhibiting the firing of neurons. Agonist molecules – mimic neurotransmitters Antagonist molecules – inhibit/block transmitter functions
Read about Botulin (Botox) on page 53.
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Nervous System
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Previous slide taken from: http://www.rhsmpsychology.com/
I would recommend visiting this site. This instructor uses the same textbook and has some relevant handouts and study materials that may help you. ~I will let you know if I find helpful resources for you to use – if you find any, I would appreciate it it you would please share them with me.
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Central Nervous System
Reflexes – a warm headless body can do it.
What about paralysis and sex?
Direct stimulation (reflex) vs. images/feelings…(mental)
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Endocrine System and Hormones
Hormones – chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream.
Sex/Food/AggressionSlower than neurotransmitters but some are
similar. If it takes time to effect you, also may take longer to dissipate. “Simmer Down”
In times of stress/danger – Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) tells adrenal glands to release epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenalin/noradrenaline) ~ Raises BP, HR and blood sugar
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GROWTH HORMONES
OXYTOCIN – AIDS BIRTH AND …
MASTER GLAND – IMPACTS OTHER GLANDS.
Pituitary Gland
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EEG – ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM
SHOWER-CAP-LIKE HAT FILLED WITH ELECTRODES & CONDUCTIVE GEL
NO DIRECT ACCESS TO BRAINSTIMULUS – SEE CHANGES DUE TO
STIMULUS
“LISTEN TO THE HUM”
Brain Scans
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PET – POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY
SHOWS BRAIN’S CONSUMPTION OF GLUCOSE – ACTIVE NEURONS EAT IT UP!
RADIOACTIVE GLUCOSE TRACKED BY MACHINE – SHOWS “HOT SPOTS” WHERE
BRAIN IS MOST ACTIVE
Brain Scans
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MRI – MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
PERSON’S HEAD IS PUT IN A STRONG MAGNETIC FIELD THEN RADIO-WAVE
PULSE DISRUPTS ALIGNED ATOMS AND WHEN THE ATOMS RETURN TO A NORMAL SPIN, THEY PROVIDE A PICTURE OF THE SOFT TISSUES
Brain Scans
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Brain Scans
fMRI – functional MRI
Where the brain is especially active, blood goes. Repeated MRI scans can show where the blood is
going as a patient performs different functions
Mind Reading?
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Structures of the Brain
Brain StemCerebellum – base of skull – “little brain”
Nonverbal learning & memory Time / emotions Balance / walking / shaky hands
Limbic SystemAmygdala – aggression / fear
Hypothalamus –hunger / thirst / body temp / sexual behavior
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Module 6
Cerebrum=85% of brain’s weightCerebral Cortex – like the bark on a tree. “Thinking Crown”
Size of a large pizza Ultimate Control Center 20-23 billion nerve cells
300 trillion synaptic connections
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4 lobes of the brain
FrontalParietalOccipitalTemporal
• ALL THESE INTERPLAY
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Cortex
Motor Cortex – mapping brain activity – every thought is a neural event
Sensory Cortex – occipital lobe – sensory area – bash=blindness – stimulation=flashes of light (see stars)
Auditory Cortex – Schizophreniaauditory hallucinations seen via MRI
Association areas: stimulation doesn’t result in any observable response – more difficult to map
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Phineas Gage – page 74
Plasticity – ability of brain to repair itself following injury.
NeurogenesisSplit Brains
We don’t know much about the brain!
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Brain Damage
Sometimes brain can re-route pathways. Plasticity Neurogenesis Stem Cells May change personality
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Everything psychological is also biological.