moldova slides 1

7/26/2019 Moldova Slides 1

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Workshop onLow GWP Alternative Refrigerants

Tehnofrig - Technical University ofMoldova

2-2!th "an#ary 2$%



&ntrod#ctions



'ackgro#nd

• Montreal Protocol

• ()*) Phase o#t in Moldova

• Role of U+,P +.U



.#tline of Workshop



,ay oneSession Start Finish

&ntrod#ctions /0$$ /0%1'ackgro#nd - Montreal Protocol and ()*) phase

o#t it Moldova/0%1 /0$

.#tline of the workshop and 'rief 34A session /0$ %$0$

&nitial Assess5ent 6#estionnaire %$0$ %%0$$

Break 11:00 11:15

&ntrod#ction to Alternative Refrigerants - safety7

e8ciency7 relia9ility and good practice%%0%1 %0%1

Lunch 13:15 14:00

:yste5 design #sing alternative refrigerants and

Tewi Analysis%;0$$ %10$$

)ontain5ent and leak detection of alternative

refrigerants %10$$ %0$$

Break 16:00 16:15

Maintenance and repair of alternative refrigerant

syste5s%0%1 %!0%1

Retro<tting e=isting syste5s with low GWP

alternatives%!0%1 %!0;1

*inish %!0;1 %!0;1



,ay twoSession Start Finish

Review of day % 34A /0$$ /0%1

Reg#lations and safety standards when working

with alternative refrigerants/0%1 %$0%1

Revised )ode of Practice in Moldova %$0%1 %%0%1

Break 11:15 11:30Meas#ring the <nancial and environ5ental i5pact

of leakage%%0$ %20$$

Tools and g#idance for cond#cting site s#rveys %20$$ %20$

Lunch 12:30 13:30

&ntrod#ction to e=ercise %0$ %0;1>=ercise in gro#ps of ;1 ?incl#ding 9reak@ %0;1 %10%1

Gro#p presentations %10%1 %0;1

Review and disc#ssion %0;1 %!0;1

Close 17:45 17:45



.#tline of Workshop

.9ectives

• &nfor5ative

• Applica9le• Replica9le

Approach

• *le=i9le• &nteractive

• *or trainers



Alternative refrigerant 3#iB



General

,esigns &5plications:tandards andReg#lations

Maintenance andRepair




Introductionto Alternatie!e"ri#erants



• R>AL Alternatives has 9een developed 9y aconsorti#5 of associations and training9odies fro5 across >#rope coCf#nded 9y

the >U Lifelong Learning Progra55e7 withthe s#pport of ind#stry stakeholdersD

• >d#cators7 5an#fact#rers and designersacross >#rope have contri9#ted to the

contentD• The 5aterials will 9e availa9le in ,#tch7

>nglish7 Ger5an7 &talian and Polish

G#ide for Trainers



G#ide9ook

• Worksop and acco5panying g#ide9ased on the R>AL Alternatives>#rope 9lended learning progra55e

for technicians working in the RA) 4heat p#5p sector with additional5aterial fro5 ind#stry and

govern5ent so#rces• ,esigned to i5prove skills and

knowledge in safety7 e8ciency7

relia9ility and contain5ent of



Contents

Introduction

R744 (carbon dioxide, CO2)

R717 (ammonia, NHG3)R32 (HC)

R1234!e (HO)



Contents

"a#et$

%oxicit$ and #&ammabi&it$

'ressuresRestrictions on use

'er#ormance and oeratin conditions



Contents

*n+ironmenta& imact

+ai&abi&it$

-ea.ae issuesRe&e+ant standards / &eis&ation



:o#rces of Material



Introductionto Alternatie!e"ri#erants



>nviron5ental &5pact

!e"ri#eration and Air$Conditionin#causes 10% o" all &orld&ide '('e)issions

2% throu#h leaka#e o" re"ri#erant

and *% throu#h electricit+consu),tion



Trends and )hallenges

-he ne.t /i# chan#e isha,,enin# ri#ht no&

lo& '/lends

A2Lre"ri#era

nts

(FC(F




Controls and co),ressors &ill /e

aaila/le "or do)inant lo& '

re"ri#erantsCo),le.it+ &ill increase as the old

re"ri#erants onl+ #raduall+ ,hase out


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/moldova-slides-1 25/89i),act

L i k e l i h o o d

4 5

+ e a r s

6 n e r #

+ e 7 c i e

n c +

cli)ate

)er#in#coolin#

technolo

#+

de)and

res,onse

Inte#rated

s+ste)s

lo& 're"ri#era

nts



(istor+

8aturalre"ri#eran

ts

(FCs(CFCs

CFCs

(Fs

1*34

2010

199019*0

1930

2020

ontreal

,rotocol

;+oto,rotocol

< F$'as

!e#s



S+nthetic

(F

8atural

8(3

C2

(Cs


Likel+ that in the near "uture &e&ill hae a )i.ture o" naturaland ne& s+nthetic re"ri#erants




-he 4th /i# trans"or)ation ison#oin#Sa"et+ is the =uali"+in# "actor

ner#+ ecienc+ is the &innin#,ara)eter

!e#ulations are driin#technolo#+ deelo,)ent



)li5ate7 :afety7 >8ciency

ontreal,rotocol

,hased out

CFCs and(CFCs

< F$'asre#ulations&ill ,ush "or#lo/al (FC,hase do&n

In the <S>S8A

re#ulationshas /annedhi#h '

(FCs

Canada andAustralia

haeintroduced(FC ,hase

do&n



(*) Phase ,own

In uro,e (FC,hase do&n is

a,,roachin# soon

&ith a /i#reduction in 201*



Alternative Refrigerants

niron)ental

Sustaina/lesolutions

Sa"et+

A



A ie& o" the "uture $ AC

"uture

C a , a c i t +

no&

2015$2020 2020$2025 2025$2035

!134a

!410A

!410A

!407C

)entrif#gal 4screw

chillers(*.

(*. 4 'lends

:croll chillers4 rooftops

R27 (*. 'lends?,R17,R11 etc@ R2/$

R2

(*. 'lends

Window #nits7 split syste5s7 ER* R2/$

R2



A ie& o" the "uture $re"ri#eration

"uture

C a , a c i t +

no&

2015$2020 2020$2025 2025$2035

!717

!600a

!134a> !744

Industrial

!744 ?!290

!717 !744

,o5estic refrigerators 4 freeBers

!744 (F @ Blends

!404A

centralised s+ste)ssu,er)arkets

!407A> !407F

!44*> !449

condensin# units

!32> (F /lends

!5> L41> etc

Eending 5achines7 9ottle coolers7 selfcontained #nits7 retail ?se5i pl#g in@

!290>

!744

!290> !744

!600a



Main Refrigerants

4>000

1>500

700

150

2>500

Si)ilar

to:

!123 !134a !404A

!22

!410A ther

A% nonFa55a9le

A2L 5ildlyFa55a9le

A highlyFa55a9le

'2L To=ic lowerFa55a9le

.ld referencerefrigerant

+ew and on the 5arket

+ot yet on 5arket

R%2,R%5BBB

R%;a

R;%$A

R;$;A

R2

R;1A

R;1$A

R22

R%2!$R$$aR%2;Be

R;$!A*

R;21A

R;;/

R;;H

+2$

,R!

L;$

R;;;'

,R

R2/$

R;1H'

R!;;

R!%!

(,R%%$

'



Review of the Alternatives

• R!;; ?car9on dio=ide7 ).2@

• R!%! ?a55onia7 +(@

• R2 ?(*) with a lower GWP co5paredto other co55only #sed (*)s@

• R%2;Be ?low GWP hydroF#oroole<n@

• R2/$ ?propane@

• R%2!$ ?propene7 propylene@

• R$$a ?iso9#tane




Alternatie

'lo/al

ar)in#otential

'

ro,erties to /eaddressed

Co))ercialaaila/ilit+

(+drocar/on

s-1 *la55a9le &55ediate

C2 !744 % (igh press#re &55ediate

A))onia8(3> !717

% To=ic &55ediate

!32 an (FC !1 Mildly Fa55a9le &55ediate

(Fs ;-/ Mildly Fa55a9le &55ediate

!32$(F

/lends2$$-;$$ Mildly Fa55a9le Mid-ter5




• R!;;7 R!%! and R2/$ were a5ong the earliestrefrigerants #sed for 5echanical coolingsyste5sD

• Their #se declined when )*)s and ()*)s weredeveloped and R!;; and R2/$ were rarely#sedD

• R!%! contin#ed to 9e #sed in ind#strialsyste5sD

• When the oBone depleting refrigerants ?)*)sand ()*)s@ were phased o#t R2/$ and otherhydrocar9ons started to 9e #sed again



Alternative Refrigerants!e"ri#era

nt

-+,e ;e+ "acts '1Sat

te),2

-+,ical

a,,lications

!744)ar9on dio=ide7

).2 (igh press#res % C!HI)

Retail refrigeration7

heat p#5ps7

integrals

!717 A55onia7 +(

To=ic and

5ildly

Fa55a9le

$ CI) &nd#strial

!32 (ydroF#orocar9on (*)

MildlyFa55a9le

!1 C12I) :plit airconditioning

!1234Ee

Unsat#rated

(*)

?hydroF#oroole<

n7 (*.@

Mildly

Fa55a9le! C%/I)

)hillers7 split air

conditioning7

integrals

!600a

&so9#tane7

);(%$7hydrocar9on

?()@

*la55a9le C%2I)

,o5estic and s5all

co55ercial

syste5s

!290

Propane7 )(H7

hydrocar9on

?()@

*la55a9le C;2I) )hillers7 integrals

Propene

?propylene@7

C I



Application of alternativerefrigerants

!e"ri#erantCentral

lant

!>

!F

S,lit AC

(eatu),s

Chillers

!e)ote

Condensin# <nits

Inte#ral

s

!744

!717

!32

!1234Ee

!600a

!290 !1270

Green J these syste5s are s#ita9le for the refrigerant type indicated7 and the charge siBe is

usuall+ within the li5its speci<ed in >+!HD :o5e design changes are re6#ired7 for

e=a5ple to electrical devices and or ventilationD

A59er J these syste5s can and are #sed with the refrigerant type indicated7 9#t there are

restrictions 9eca#se of the 5a=i5#5 charge or practical li5it speci<ed in >+!H ?see note

2 9elow@D :o5e design changes are re6#ired to electrical devices and or ventilationD &n

so5e cases the vol#5etric capacity of the refrigerant 5eans it is not ideal for the

applicationD

Red J these syste5s sho#ld not 9e #sed with the refrigerant type indicated7 #s#ally

9eca#se the charge siBe e=ceeds the 5a=i5#5 speci<ed in >+!HC%D



R!;; ?car9on dio=ide7 ).2@ GWP K%

• R!;; has high operating press#res7 a low criticalte5perat#re ?%I)@ and a high triple pointD

• &ts vol#5etric cooling capacity is 9etween 1 andH ti5es that of (*)s7 red#cing the re6#ired

co5pressor displace5ent and pipe siBeD

• &ts properties have an eect on how the syste5is designed and operates7 especially in higha59ient te5perat#resD

• &t has a high discharge te5perat#re7necessitating two-stage co5pression for lowte5perat#re syste5s



,anfoss ).2 Eideo



).2

• u),ed secondar+ J where R!;; is the secondary F#id cooled 9y a pri5ary

syste5DR!;; is a volatile secondary which7 co#pled with the high capacity and

density7 red#ces the re6#ired p#5p power co5pared to other secondary F#ids

s#ch as glycolD

• Cascade J where the heat reected 9y the condensing R!;; is a9sor9ed 9y the

evaporating refrigerant in a separate high stage syste5D &n these syste5s theR!;; operates 9elow the critical point and the high side press#re is generally

9elow ;$ 9ar gD The high stage syste5 can 9e R!;; ?see 9elow@7 or it can 9e

(*)7 ()7 (*. or R!%!D

• -ranscritical s+ste)s J where the R!;; heat is reected to a59ient air and

at a59ient te5perat#res a9ove appro=i5ately 2%I) the R!;; will 9e a9ove

the critical point ?%I)@ J iDeD it will 9e transcriticalD The R!;; does not

condense J it re5ains a s#per critical F#id #ntil its press#re is red#ced to

9elow the critical press#re ?!2DH 9ar g@D The high side press#re is typically /$

9ar g when transcriticalD



).2

,anfoss online training ).2

https://danfoss.sabahosted.com/Saba/Web/External






Advantages of ).2

• (igh refrigeration capacity d#e to high vol#5etric cooling capacity ?eDgD7 it is appro=i5ately #p to 1 ti5es that ofR;$;A@D This has a positive i5pact on co5pressor displace5ent and the siBing of heat e=changers and pipe workD

• Lower press#re drops in pipe work and heat e=changersD

• *or e=a5ple7 the i5pact of long s#ction and li6#id lines is lessD

• (igh heat transfer in evaporators and condensers d#e to the high- press#re and densityD This will either allow lower

te5perat#re dierences 9etween the refrigerant and the air therefore i5proving e8ciency7 or allow the #se ofs5aller evaporators and condensersD T#9ing wall thickness 5ay need to 9e increased to handle the higher press#res7

so caref#l design is re6#ired to take advantage of the R!;; propertiesD

• The press#re drop across an e=pansion valve is greater than with other refrigerants7 so the 5ini5#5 setting for head

press#re control can 9e lowerD This i5proves e8ciencyD• Lower co5pression ratios leading to higher co5pressor isentropic e8ciencyD

• +on-corrosive with 5ost 5aterialsD There are very few dierences to the 5aterials #sed in (*) syste5sD

• Good 5isci9ility with co5pressor l#9ricants for oil ret#rnD Polyolester type l#9ricants can contin#e to 9e #sed as with

(*)sD

• Low to=icity and nonFa55a9leD

• +egligi9le GWP so that7 in the event of a leak7 the direct i5pact on cli5ate change is very lowD

• &ne=pensive to prod#ce and widely availa9le7 altho#gh the p#rity of the R!;; sho#ld 9e //D//N for #se in a

refrigeration syste5 with her5etic and se5i-her5etic co5pressors7 iDeD7 refrigerant gradeD

• (igh discharge te5perat#res d#e to the high inde= of co5pressionD This provides good potential for heat reclai5D The discharge te5perat#re is e=cessively high in transcritical syste5s with a large dierence 9etween evaporatingand heat reection te5perat#resD

• :ta9le 5olec#le leading to a low potential for deco5position within the refrigeration syste5D

• There is no i5pending legislation phasing down or phasing o#t R!;; so it can 9e viewed as a long-ter5 refrigerant



,isadvantages of ).2

• (igh operating and standstill press#res are 5ore haBardo#s and increase the leak potentialD:pecially designed co5ponents are re6#iredD

• :pecial co5pressors are re6#ired 9eca#se of the higher refrigeration capacity ?dierent 5otor displace5ent co59ination@D

• R!;; syste5s are 5ore co5ple= J either cascade or transcriticalD This leads to higher costs inco5ponents and installationD

• Pipe working on-site potentially incl#des steel or stainless steel7 the need for specially licensed

welders7 and dierent ointing techni6#es d#e to higher press#re and dierent 5aterialsD• The greater co5ple=ity also increases the pro9a9ility of poor perfor5ance and relia9ility7

partic#larly if co55issioning is not done wellD

• *or transcritical syste5s two-stage co5pression is re6#ired for froBen food applications 9eca#seof the high discharge te5perat#re of R!;;D

• R!;; transcritical syste5s are not s#ita9le for high

• A59ient areas ?eDgD7 :o#theast Asia@ where the syste5 will always r#n a9ove the critical point9eca#se of the ine8ciency of transcritical operationD

• R!;; is not controlled 9y any reg#lation s#ch as the >#ropean *l#orinated Gas Reg#lation7 so its#se is not as caref#lly 5onitored as (*)s and leak detection is not as rigoro#sD (owever7 thehigh- press#res 5ake the syste5 leak prone7 and perfor5ance will s#er if the leak rate is highD

• Eery sensitive to water conta5ination and can for5 #n#s#al co5po#nds when there is a leak ina cascade heat e=changerD



R!%! ?A55onia7 +(@

• A55onia is a nat#rally-occ#rring s#9stance that can 9e #sed as analternative to F#orocar9on refrigerants in refrigeration syste5sD Unlikecar9on dio=ide and hydrocar9ons7 a55onia has 9een #sed as arefrigerant consistently since the invention of F#orocar9ons however7its #se has largely 9een restricted to large ind#strial applicationsD

• A55onia is a colo#rless gas at at5ospheric press#re7 it has 9oth aBero oBone depletion potential ?.,P@ and a Bero glo9al war5ingpotential ?GWP@D

• R!%! has a relatively high sat#ration te5perat#re at at5osphericpress#re7 is highly to=ic7 5ildly Fa55a9le and has a p#ngent odo#rD &tcan 9e s5elt at concentrations of #st 5g57 so it is evident at levels5#ch lower than those which are haBardo#sD &t is lighter than air which

5eans that dispersion of any leaked refrigerant takes place 6#ickly

• The AT>L.,L refers to the Ac#te To=icity >=pos#re Li5it .=ygen,eprivation Li5it7 whichever is taken as the lower of the two <g#res is1$ 5g5and is listed in >+!HC%02$$H A202$%2



• The relatively high sat#ration te5perat#re 5eans that 5any lowte5perat#re applications ?eDgD froBen food cold roo5s and 9lastfreeBers@ r#n at s#9 at5ospheric press#res on the low sideD

• R!%! also operates with very high discharge te5perat#resD :inglestage co5pression can therefore nor5ally 9e #sed a9ove C%$I)evaporating te5perat#reD 'elow this7 two-stage co5pression withinterstage cooling is re6#iredD

• The high to=icity li5its the application of R!%! to very low chargesyste5s or ind#strial syste5s ?iDeD syste5s in areas which are notaccessi9le 9y the general p#9lic@D This typically incl#des distri9#tioncold stores and food processing plants7 #s#ally #sing secondarysyste5s where R!%! is the pri5ary refrigerantD

• A55onia corrodes copper so steel pipe work and open driveco5pressors are #sedD &t is also i55isci9le with conventional 5ineraloils7 5aking oil recti<cation an additional re6#ire5ent of therefrigeration syste5sD

R!%! ?A55onia7 +(@



R!%! - Advantages

• .ne of the 5ost energy-e8cient refrigerants availa9le forthe te5perat#re range #sed in the food and 9everageind#stry is -%$N 5ore e8cient than co5petitiverefrigerants

• &ne=pensive

• Readily availa9le

• )ost eective7 with so5e of the 9est heat-transfercharacteristics of all refrigerants

• )entral syste5s provide central location of plant and easy

facilitation of 9ack#p and 5aintenance• A55onia refrigeration syste5s cost %$-2$N less to install

than syste5s #sing co5petitive ind#strial refrigerantsD



R!%! J ,isadvantages

• A55onia is Fa55a9le in certain concentrationsD

• Eery speci<c design and operational reg#lations

• Re6#ire5ent for steel pipe7 open drive co5pressors and oilrecti<cation7 i5pact on the capital cost of an a55oniainstallationD

• )entral syste5s re6#ire large refrigerant chargeThe vessels inthe 5achine roo5 have to 9e siBed to carry the syste5charge thro#gho#t the year7 so fairly large s#rge capacities5#st 9e incl#dedD

• The distri9#tion network ?pipes@ that deliver the refrigerant to

the evaporators can 9e very ela9orate7 res#lting in signi<cantrefrigerant chargeD

• And all of the control valve stations located thro#gho#t thesyste5 have the potential to leakD



R2

• R2 is a low Fa55a9le (*)D &ts perfor5ance and operating press#resare very si5ilar to R;%$A ?R;%$A is a 1$1$ 5i=t#re of R%21 and R2@and it is starting to 9e #sed in si5ilar applications J heat p#5ps7 splitair conditioning syste5s and chillersD *or f#rther infor5ation ons#ita9ility of application of this refrigerant yo# sho#ld always contactyo#r e6#ip5ent s#pplierD

• &ts 5ild Fa55a9ility li5its the refrigerant charge siBe7 9#t not to thesa5e e=tent as the 5ore Fa55a9le hydrocar9onsD >lectrical deviceson the syste5 will 9e the non sparking type if a leak can res#lt in aFa55a9le concentration aro#nd the electrical deviceD

• The operating press#res are higher than for 5ost (*)s7 9#t are si5ilarto R;%$AD Typically the high side 5a=i5#5 press#re is 1 9ar gD

• As a single co5ponent refrigerant7 it is also easier to re#se andrecycle than a 9lend s#ch as R;%$AD



R!%!

• ,anfoss online learning






R2

• ,aikin and other international s#ppliers are 9eginning toreplace R;%$A with R27 and syste5s have already 9eene=tensively installed in "apan ?over ; 5illion #nits 9y 2$%1@and they are now availa9le in >#ropeD

h f 2 iki hi



The case for R2 J ,aikin White

Paper

• R2 has a GWP of !1 co5pared with R;%$AQs GWP of 27$HH

• R2 can 9e 5ore energy e8cient than R;%$A ?N higher in a ;kW syste5@

• :5aller charges 5eans heat e=changers and other co5ponents can 9es5aller7 5aking

• e6#ip5ent 5ore co5pact ?%HN s5aller when co5pared with a ;kW syste5#sing R;%$A@

• Like 5ost low GWP (*)s7 R2 is rated as A2L7 which 5eans there is low riskof accidents d#e

• to to=icity ?A@7 and it is 5ildly Fa55a9le ?2L@

• R2 is a single co5ponent refrigerant7 which 5eans it can 9e easily re#sedand recycled

• R;%$A is a 9lended refrigerant

• R2 has si5ilar properties to (*. 9lends7 in ter5s of f a55a9ility

• The 9oiling te5perat#re of R2 is si5ilar to R;%$A and slightly higher thanR22



R2 J and >>R

ner#+ cienc+ !atio

2G5 3G0 3G5

! e " r i # e r a n t

C h a r # e

!22

1G2

0G*

0G4

1G6

!410A

!32

Th f R2 , iki Whit



The case for R2 J ,aikin White

Paper



R%2;Be

• (ydroF#oroole<n ?(*.@ and (ydrocar9on ?()@ refrigerants are referred to

as fo#rth-generation refrigerantsD They are #nsat#rated (*) refrigerants

and are widely recogniBed as the ne=t generation of refrigerants 9eca#se

of their low environ5ental i5pact and potential energy e8ciencyD

• (*.s are disting#ished fro5 (*)s 9y 9eing derivatives of ole<ns rather

than alkanes ?para8ns@D .le<ns have car9on ato5s linked 9y a do#9le9ond where alkanes have single 9onds 9etween car9on ato5sD

• (ydroF#orocar9on ?(*)@ refrigerants like R-%;a7 -%217 -%;a7 and -%12a7

and (*)-9ased refrigerant 9lends like R-1$!7 -;$!A7 -;$!'7 -;$!)7 and

-;%$A are all co5posed of hydrogen7 F#orine7 and car9on connected 9y

single 9onds 9etween the ato5sD• (ydroF#oroole<n ?(*.@ refrigerants are also co5posed of hydrogen7

F#orine7 and car9on ato5s7 9#t contain at least one do#9le 9ond

9etween the car9on ato5s



R%2;Be

• R%2;Be is also a low Fa55a9le (*)7 5arketed as an (*.D This

is a halocar9on containing hydrogen7 F#orine7 and #nsat#rated

car9onD

• &t is in the sa5e fa5ily of refrigerants as R%2;yf which is now

9eing #sed in so5e car air conditioning syste5sD &t is possi9le

that it 5ight also 9e #sed in stationary syste5s in the f#t#reD

• &ts 5ild Fa55a9ility li5its the refrigerant charge siBe7 9#t not to

the sa5e e=tent as the 5ore Fa55a9le hydrocar9onsD >lectrical

devices on the syste5 will 9e the non sparking type if a leak can

res#lt in a Fa55a9le concentration aro#nd the electrical deviceD

• (*.s are 5isci9le in Polyolester ?P.>@-type l#9ricating oilsD The

5isci9ility of (*.s with P.> l#9ricants is co5para9le to that of R-

%;aD (*.s are not sol#9le in 5ineral-oil or alkyl9enBene

l#9ricantsD



R%2;Be

• The sat#ration te5perat#re at at5ospheric press#re is high co5pared

to other refrigerants so it will operate on a vac##5 on the low press#re

side of the syste5 for 5any applicationsD

• &t is therefore 5ost s#ita9le for 5edi#5 and high te5perat#re

applications s#ch as water chillersD

• &ts cooling capacity is also low co5pared to other (*)s which 5eans

that dierent co5pressors are re6#ired7 with a larger displace5ent

relative to the 5otorD

• R%2;Be is not yet widely availa9le7 9#t is 9eing trialled in chillers and

integral #nitsD

• :everal 9lends #sing R%2;Be are availa9le for testingD They have lower

sat#ration te5perat#res so are s#ita9le for low te5perat#re

applicationsD

• They all have GWPs in e=cess of $$D :o5e are nonC Fa55a9le7 9#t

these tend to have signi<cantly higher GWPsD



R-%2;Be

An air-cooled7 singled#al circ#itR%;aR%2;Be high capacity chillerdesigned aro#nd centrif#gal T#r9ocorco5pressorD

*RA+)>0 )arrier has oined the leag#eof chiller 5an#fact#rers adopting thenew low GWP (*. refrigerant%2;Be?>@ with a de9#t installation inGenevaD

Two )arrier A6#a*orce water-cooledscrew chillers #sing the newrefrigerant have 9een selected for theinnovative Plan-les-.#ates district

heating proect in Geneva7:witBerlandD



)arrier R%2;Be 'roch#re



R-%2;Be

R2/$ R%2!$ and R$$a ?()s@ GWP



R2/$7 R%2!$ and R$$a ?()s@ GWP

K

• R2/$ ?propane@7 R%2!$ ?propene7 propylene@ and R$$a ?iso9#tane@are all hydrocar9onsD They are highly Fa55a9le7 so refrigerantcharge siBe is li5ited on 5any applicationsD This li5its theapplication of ()s 5ainly to integral syste5s7 chillers and so5e splitair conditioning syste5sD

• >lectrical devices on the syste5 will 9e the non sparking type if aleak can res#lt in a Fa55a9le concentration aro#nd the electricaldeviceD

• R2/$ and R%2!$ have si5ilar perfor5ance and operating press#resto R;$;A and they are #sed in high7 5edi#57 and low te5perat#reco55ercial applicationsD

• R$$a has a 5#ch higher sat#ration te5perat#re than otherrefrigerants and operates at a vac##5 on the low side in 5ostapplicationsD &ts #se is li5ited to do5estic and very s5all co55ercialrefrigeration syste5s with 5ini5al leakage so that ingress of air and5oist#re d#e to leakage rarely occ#rs

R2/$ R%2!$ and R$$a ?()s@ GWP



R2/$7 R%2!$ and R$$a ?()s@ GWP

K

• 'lends of ()s are also availa9le7 s#ch as )are $ ?propane andiso9#tene@ and )are 1$ ?propane and ethane@D They are also highlyFa55a9le7 and have signi<cant te5perat#re glideD

• According to Greenpeace there are over 1$ 5illion hydrocar9onrefrigerators in the world today7 aro#nd ;$N of glo9al ann#alrefrigerator prod#ction7 /1N of >UQs and !1N of )hinaQs prod#ctionD

The glo9al ann#al share of () 9ased refrigerators is e=pected to riseto H$N 9y 2$2$D

• )o5panies s#ch as )oca-)ola7 Pepsi)o7 Unilever7 Red '#ll andMc,onaldQs7 have together over 2 5illion cooling #nits #sing nat#ralrefrigerants in the <eld alreadyD

• There are reports that syste5s #sing nat#ral refrigerants are often5ore energy e8cient than those #sing (*)sS7 altho#gh 5any factorsneed to 9e considered when co5paring energy e8ciency of coolinge6#ip5ent7 9#t a n#59er of dierent st#dies reveal higher energye8ciency of syste5s #sing nat#ral refrigerants in vario#s sectors0

R2/$ R%2!$ and R$$a ?()s@ GWP



R2/$7 R%2!$ and R$$a ?()s@ GWP

K

• Unilever - /N energy savings with () ice-crea5 freeBers co5pared to (*) freeBers

• Mc,onaldQs - %/ to 2N energy savings fro5resta#rant entirely #sing nat#ral refrigerants

• Waitrose J 2$N energy savings withhydrocar9on chilled water circ#it in displayca9inets

• Pepsi)o 4 Red '#ll J ;1N energy savingswith hydrocar9on co59ined with technicali5prove5ents in vending 5achines



(ydrocar9ons

• ,anfoss online learning






:afety )lassi<cations

Issue !e"ri#erant

Mild *la55a9ility (*.s7 R2 and R!%!

(igh *la55a9ility ()s

Low To=icity R!;; ?).2@

(igh To=icity R!%! ?A55onia@

(igh press#res

?R!;;@DR!;; ?).2@




Sa"et+Factor

e#ree

To=icity A or '

*la55a9ility

%7 27 2L or

The classi<cations are de<ned in &:.H%!02$$/ Refrigerants –Denitions and safety classication”. And in >+!HC%02$$H A202$%2;“Refrigerating systems and heat pumps – Safety and environmentalrequirements, art ! – "asic requirements, denitions, classicationand selection criteria”. The classi<cations co5prise two parts



The A2L classi<cation is not yet adopted J it is in the c#rrent proposed revision of &:.H%!D

*la55a9ility

Sa"et+

ClassiHcation

Lo&er

Fla))a/ilit+ Leel

LFL % in

air /+

olu)e

(eat o"

Co)/ust

ion k#

Fla)e ro,a#ation

1

not Fa55a9le+o Fa5e propagation when tested at $I) and %$%D kPa

2

lower

Fa55a9ility

D1 %/7$$$>=hi9it Fa5e propagation when

tested at $I) and %$%D kPa

2L

VlowerFa55a9ility

D1 %/7$$$

>=hi9it Fa5e propagation when


and have a 5a=i5#5 9#rningvelocity of %$ c5s when

tested at 2I) and %$%D kPa3

higher

Fa55a9ility

D1 X %/7$$$

>=hi9it Fa5e propagation when




To=icity

Class -o.icit+

ARefrigerants for which to=icity has not 9eenidenti<ed at concentrations less than or e6#al to;$$ pp5

' Refrigerants for which there is evidence ofto=icity at concentrations 9elow ;$$ pp5D




i.tures

Mi=t#res7 whether Beotropic or aBeotropic7 with Fa55a9ility andorto=icity characteristics which 5ay change as the co5position changesd#ring fractionation7 shall 9e assigned a safety gro#p classi<cation9ased on the worst case of fractionationD *or e=a5ple R;$;A is

classi<ed A%7 9#t all of the refrigerants descri9ed a9ove have 5oreonero#s safety i5plications than (*) refrigerants




!e"ri#erantSa"et+#rou,

LFL> k#)3Auto

i#nitionte),> JC

L>k#)3

A-L L

C2 !744 A%+ot

applica9le

+ot

applica9le$D% $D$!

8(3 !717 '2LV $D%% $ $D$$$1 $D$$$22

(FC !32 A2LV $D$! ;H $D$% $D$

(F

!1234EeA2LV $D$ H $D$% $D2H

(C !600a A $D$; ;$ $D$%% $D$

(C !290 A $D$H ;!$ $D$$H $D$/

(C !1270 A $D$;! ;11 $D$$H $D$$2



:afety )lassi<cation

• Notes:• The safety gro#p is as listed in >+!HC%D

• L*L ?kg5@ is the Lower *la55a9ility Li5it as listed in >+!HC%D

• PL is the Practical Li5it as listed in >+!HC%D *or A% refrigerants it is thehighest concentration in an occ#pied space that will not res#lt in escapei5pairing eectsD *or A refrigerants it is appro=i5ately 2$N L*LD

• AT>L .,L is the Ac#te To=icity >=pos#re Li5it .=ygen ,eprivationLi5it as listed in >+!HC%D This is the level a9ove which there is anadverse eect that res#lts either fro5 a single or 5#ltiple e=pos#res in ashort space of ti5e ?#s#ally less than 2; ho#rs@D

• The infor5ation for R2 is fro5 the c#rrent proposed revision of >+!HD

• R%2;Be is not listed in the c#rrent version of >+!HD The infor5ation is9ased on the c#rrent proposed revisionD R%2;Be does not e=hi9it Fa5eli5its #nder standard test conditions7 9#t it does at te5perat#res a9ove$I)D The L*L stated is at $I)D




#o$icity• R!%! is to=ic and has a very low practical li5ited of $D$$$1kg5

&$posure

• &nhalation of any refrigerant vapo#r in s#8cient 6#antities can lead to asphy=iation7 cardiacsensitisation or an eect on the central nervo#s syste5D Theses can lead to diBBiness7 lethargy orirreg#lar heart9eatD

'sphy$iation• All refrigerants are asphy=iants 9eca#se they displace airD This is a haBard if a large a5o#nt is

released partic#larly in an enclosed area7 9#t a s5all a5o#nt leaking into the 9ase of a well type

display case is also a serio#s haBardD The #se of )ar9on ,io=ide ?R!;;@ as a refrigerant is9eco5ing 5ore co55on and whilst 5ost are aware of the high press#res involved7 there is e6#aldanger fro5 a leak of refrigerant which co#ld ca#se an increase in car9on dio=ide in theat5osphere of a plant roo5 for e=a5pleD Technicians sho#ld 9e very 5indf#l of the disorientingi5pact of red#ced o=ygen and if necessary consider the #se of 9reathing apparat#s if a large leak

is s#spectedD

roducts of decomposition

• (*) and (*. for5 to=ic prod#cts of deco5position when 9#rnt for e=a5ple d#ring a co5pressor

9#rno#tD (ydrogen F#oride is prod#ced which for5s hydroF#oric acid in contact with 5oist#reD Theeects of inhalation or contact are very severe on h#5an health and re6#ire hospital treat5entD




Higher Pressures

• Most of the alternative refrigerants operate with lower press#res than

R;$;A7 th#s ena9ling standard tools and e6#ip5ent to 9e #sed

?#nless these are inappropriate for other safety reasons s#ch as

Fa55a9ility or 5aterial co5pati9ility s#ch as with a55onia@D

• (owever7 R2 and R!;; operate with higher press#resD

• The 5a=i5#5 condensing press#re in R2 syste5s is typically 1 9ar

g

• The 5a=i5#5 high side operating press#re in R!;; transcritical

syste5s is typically /$ 9ar gD This is not shown in the press#re

te5perat#re chart 9elow 9eca#se it is a9ove the critical te5perat#re

of %I)D

• The 5a=i5#5 condensing press#re in R!;; cascade syste5s is

typically 1 9ar gD




The higher operating press#res havean eect on0

0 The rating of the co5ponents #sed

0 Pipe thickness 0 Tools #sed to access the syste5

0 Refrigerant recovery e6#ip5entD



-$ -;$ -2$ $ 2$ ;$ $

$D$

1D$

%$D$

%1D$

2$D$

21D$

Press#re - Te5perat#re )o55on Refrigerants

R%;AR;$;A

R;$!*

R2/$

R$$a

Saturation ressure JC

ressure> /ar #



-$ -1$ -;$ -$ -2$ -%$ $ %$ 2$ $ ;$ 1$ $

$D$

%$D$

2$D$

$D$

;$D$

1$D$

$D$

!$D$

H$D$

ressure $ -e),erature Co))on !e"ri#eratnts

R;%!A

R;$;A

R;%$A

R2/$

R!%!

R!;;

Saturation e),erature JC

ressure> /ar #

, i P



,esign Para5etersMostly the re6#ired co5ponents7 tools and e6#ip5ent are now readily availa9le J 9#t it is essential thatthe appropriate tools7 co5ponents and e6#ip5ent are #sed and are co5pati9le for the refrigerant in #seD

!e"ri#erant(FC (CFC (F

!744 !404A !134a !407A !407F !22 !1234+"

Te5perat#re at

at5ospheric

press#re

-!HD1I)

?Te5pD of

the dry ice@

-;I)

?:at#ration

te5pD@

-2I)

?:at#ration

te5pD@

-;%I)

?Mid point

sat#ration

te5pD@

-;I)

?Mid point

sat#ration

te5pD@

-;%I)

:at#ration

?te5pD@

-$I)

:at#ration

?te5pD@

)ritical

te5perat#re%I) !2I) %$%I) H2I) HI) /I) /1I)

)ritical press#re !DH 9ar g 1D! 9ar g ;%D! 9ar g ;1D2 9ar g ;!D1 9ar g ;/DH 9ar g DH 9ar g

Triple-point

press#re1D2 9ar $D$ 9ar $D$$1 9ar $D$% 9ar T') $D$$1 9ar t9c

Press#re at

sat#ratedte5perat#re of

2$I)

1!D2 9ar g %$D/ 9ar g 1D! 9ar g %$D2 9ar g %$D 9ar g /D% 9ar g 1D/ 9ar g

Glo9al war5ing

potential%% 7/22% %7;$ % %7//$ 2 %7H2; %7!$$ ;

Restrictions on #se s#ch as 5a=i5#5 charge siBe



Restrictions on #se s#ch as 5a=i5#5 charge siBe

• >+!H provides practical li5its and 5a=i5#5 charge siBes for refrigerantsD The

practical li5its are shown in the ta9le 9elow and are 9ased on the do5inant haBard ofthe refrigerant0

• To=icity ?R!%!@ or

• *la55a9ility ?R$$a7 R2/$7 R%2!$7 R27 R%2;Be@ or

• Asphy=iation ?R!;;@D

• The practical li5it ?PL@ is the highest concentration level in an occ#pied space that willnot res#lt in escape i5pairing eectsD Where Fa55a9ility is the do5inant haBard it is2$N of the lower Fa55a9ility levelD PL is #sed to deter5ine the 5a=i5#5 charge siBefor the refrigerant for syste5s where the refrigerant can leak into an enclosed occ#piedspace

• >+!H speci<es 5a=i5#5 charge siBes which depend on0

• Location of e6#ip5ent7 eDgD 9elow or a9ove gro#nd level7 within cooled space7 in5achine roo5

• .cc#pancy of area 9eing cooled7 eDgD #nrestricted access 9y the p#9lic or a#thorisedaccess only

• Type of syste57 eDgD direct e=pansion or secondary refrigeration or air conditioningD

Ma=i5#5 charge for co5fort cooling



Ma=i5#5 charge for co5fort coolingand heating

*or co5fort cooling and heating the 5a=i5#5 charge is fo#nd fro5the following e6#ation given in >+!HC%02$$H A202$%27 )

( ) *.+ $ -!.*+ $ h $ '

Where0

M K 5a= charge in kg

L*L K lower Fa55a9ility li5it in kg5 ?$D$H for R2/$7 $D$;$

for R%2!$@h K height of #nit7 5 ?$D- Foor 5o#nted7 %D$ - window7 %DH -

wall7 2D2 - ceiling@

A K Foor area7 52

Ma=i5#5 charge for co5fort cooling and



Ma=i5#5 charge for co5fort cooling andheating

Class Location .a),le

A

People 5ay sleep7

The n#59er of people present is

not controlled

Any person has access witho#t

9eing personally ac6#ainted with

the personal safety preca#tions

(ospitals and n#rsing ho5es Prisons

Theatres7 lect#re halls

:#per5arkets7 resta#rants7 hotels

Transport ter5ini

&ce rinks

B

.nly a li5ited n#59er of people

5ay 9e asse59led7 so5e of the5

9eing necessarily ac6#ainted with

the general safety preca#tionsD

May 9e a roo5 or part of a 9#ildingD

La9oratories

Places for general 5an#fact#ring

.8ce 9#ildings

C

+ot open to the general p#9lic

where only a#thorised persons are

granted accessD

A#thorised persons are ac6#ainted

with general safety preca#tionsD

)old stores and a9attoirs Re<neries

+on p#9lic areas in s#per5arkets

Man#fact#ring facilities ?eDgD

che5icals7 food@

Perfor5ance and operating



Perfor5ance and operatingconditions

The co5parison has 9een esti5ated at the following conditions0

• )ooling capacity7 %$kW

• >vaporating te5perat#re7 C%$I)

• )ondensing te5perat#re7 1I) ?R!;; is trans critical and has a gas cooler e=it te5perat#re of 1I)@

• Usef#l s#perheat7 1Y

• :#9 cooling7 2Y

• Press#re losses are e6#ivalent to $D1Y

• &sentropic e8ciency7 $D!

!e"ri#erant

Saturation

-e), at 0Bar # JC

!e=uired

is,lace)ent

)3h

C ischar#e-e), JC Co),ression !atio

!404A -; %;DH; 2D/; 1! DH2

!744 -!H DHH %D!1 %%; D;2

!717 - %;D D2! %12 ;DH2

!32 / -12 /D1 D%! //D1 D!!

!1234Ee -%/ ;D%; D2H 12 ;D1;

!600a -%2 ;!D% D2 1% ;D;$

!290 -;2 %!D1 D%H 1/ D%

!1270 -;H %;D D%! ! D1

P f



Perfor5ance

• The <g#res a9ove provide an indication ofco5parative perfor5ance as it is 9ased on atheoretical cycleD Act#al co5parisons dependon co5pressor technology7 application7 a59ient

and syste5 type

• This is especially so for R!;; where e=pected).P7 for e=a5ple7 wo#ld 9e higher than

indicated 9elow for the type of syste5 andoperating conditions where R!;; is typically

deployedD

P f



Perfor5ance

P f



Perfor5ance

> >8 i R ti



>nergy >8ciency Ratio

• >>R or >nergy >8ciency Ratio can also 9e #sed toco5pare e8ciencies in air conditioning and heatp#5p applicationsD

• This is the ratio of the cooling capacity of an air

conditioner in kW or 'TU per ho#r co5pared to thetotal electrical inp#t in kW or Watts at a given testcriteriaD

• This is nor5ally 9ased on the >#ropean :tandard>+ %;1%%C202$$! Air )onditioning7 Li6#id chillingpackages and heat p#5ps with electrically drivenco5pressors for space heating and coolingD TestconditionsS

Ti f L h



Ti5e for L#nch

moldova slides 1

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