molecular genetics
DESCRIPTION
Molecular Genetics. BWET Summer Program in Environmental Science. nitrogenous base. phosphate. pentose sugar. Nucleotides. Pentose Sugars. Nucleotides Bases. Purines: two carbon rings. Nucleotides Bases. Pyrimidines: single carbon rings. 3’ carbon. 5’ carbon. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Molecular GeneticsBWET Summer Program in Environmental Science
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Nucleotides
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Pentose Sugars
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Nucleotides BasesPurines: two carbon rings
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Nucleotides BasesPyrimidines: single carbon rings
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Polymerization of Nucleotides
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Polynucleotides (Nucleic Acids)
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TheDouble Helix
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Base Pairing in DNA
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Base Pairing in DNA
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DNA Replication
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DNA Replication
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DNA Replication Two new strands, each made of one template strand and one new strand.
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Strand Polarity in Complimentary Strands of Double-Stranded DNA
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Adding NucleotidesAdd to 3 end of new strand (begin at 5 of template strand)
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DNA Replication3 end5 end3 end5 end
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DNA Replication
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DNA Replication
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DNA Replication
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PCR: Amplification of DNA
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Gene Expression
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Polypeptides and ProteinsMolecules composed of linear arrangements of amino acidsIt is the sequence of these amino acids that determines the properties of a particular polypeptide or protein
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Proteins differ according to their order of amino acidsProtein 1Protein 2
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Steps of Gene ExpressionTranscriptionTranslation
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Transcription and TranslationTranscriptionTranslationDNAmRNAprotein
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Decoding DNAThe first step of decoding the genetic message is to copy the nucleotide sequence from DNA to RNA
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RNAActs like a disposable copy of DNA for making proteinControls the assembly of amino acids into protein
Same nucleotides as DNAA single-strand of nucleotidesContains URACIL instead of THYMINE
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Types of RNAThree types: Messenger RNA (mRNA)Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Each plays a different role in the assembly of amino acids into protein
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mRNAMessenger RNAA direct copy of the DNA but using UracilActs as a messenger from the DNA to the rest of the cellbase sequence reflects that of a gene that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein
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rRNARibosomal RNARemember, proteins are assembled ON ribosomesThe rRNA is found attached to the ribosomes where the proteins are assembled
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Ribosomelarge subunitsmall subunitfunctional ribosome
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tRNA Transfer RNAA type of RNA that collects the necessary amino acids and escorts them to the assembly site on mRNA
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Structure of tRNA
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Gene Expression: Transcription- Involves the copying of the genetic code into a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA)Only copies the area of interest in the DNA strandIn the eukaryotic cell, transcription occurs in the nucleus. Prokaryotes dont have a nucleus.Base pairing rules apply except that uracil replaces thymine in RNA
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Location: In the NucleusRNADNARNA polymeraseAdenine (DNA and RNA)Cystosine (DNA and RNA)Guanine(DNA and RNA)Thymine (DNA only)Uracil (RNA only)All of Transcription (making mRNA) in eukaryotes takes places in the nucleus
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Only unwinds segment that codes for a certain proteinRNA Polymerase add complementary bases
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Base Pairing in DNA
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Base Pairing in RNA
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The mRNA strand turns out the same as Sense Strand, except for Us instead of Ts
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Transcription
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Gene Expression: Translation
Involves reading the triplet codons of the mRNA to determine the sequence of amino acids in a proteinThree stages: initiation, elongation, and terminationOccurs in the cytoplasm of all cells
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Translation
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The Nature of the Genetic CodeA sequence of three consecutive nucleotide bases codes for an amino acid in a proteinThere are 64 possible combinations of a triplet code that draws from four different letters (bases)
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CodonThere are 20 different possible amino acids to make from different codons3 possible stop codon1 start codon TAC on DNAAUG on RNA
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Codon ChartStart Codon
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Codon Chart
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Translation
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Translation
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Translation
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Translation
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Translation
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Translation
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Translation
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Summary of Transcription and Translation
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Summary of Transcription and Translation