Molecular NanotechnologyMolecular Nanotechnology

By By Kavitha, BoppanaKavitha, Boppana

Presentation OverviewPresentation Overview

Molecular ManufacturingMolecular Manufacturing Positional AssemblyPositional Assembly Self ReplicationSelf Replication Visual ImagesVisual Images Development Development ConclusionConclusion

Molecular ManufacturingMolecular Manufacturing

• Manufactured products are made from atomsManufactured products are made from atoms• properties of those products depend on how those atoms properties of those products depend on how those atoms

are arrangedare arranged coal – diamondcoal – diamond sand + few other trace elements – computer chipssand + few other trace elements – computer chips dirt + water + air – potatoesdirt + water + air – potatoes

Molecular Manufacturing should let usMolecular Manufacturing should let us

Get essentially every atom in the right place.Get essentially every atom in the right place. Make almost any structure consistent with the laws of Make almost any structure consistent with the laws of

physics that we can specify in molecular detail physics that we can specify in molecular detail Have manufacturing costs not greatly exceeding the cost Have manufacturing costs not greatly exceeding the cost

of the required raw materials and energy.of the required raw materials and energy.

Positional AssemblyPositional Assembly

IntroductionIntroduction

Right number in right placeRight number in right place Any small molecule can be synthesized by having skill Any small molecule can be synthesized by having skill

and patienceand patience

The utility of diamondThe utility of diamond

Diamond is light and strongDiamond is light and strong Cannot be made economicallyCannot be made economically Graphite Vs DiamondGraphite Vs Diamond Greater thermal conductivityGreater thermal conductivity Greater breakdown fieldsGreater breakdown fields Large pure crystals of diamond are scarceLarge pure crystals of diamond are scarce Just more difficult todayJust more difficult today

Interest of the computer industryInterest of the computer industry

Manufacturing cost ,less than a dollar per Manufacturing cost ,less than a dollar per poundpound

Operating at frequencies of tens of Operating at frequencies of tens of gigahertz or moregigahertz or more

Linear dimensions for a single device of Linear dimensions for a single device of roughly 10 nanometersroughly 10 nanometers

high reliabilityhigh reliability Energy dissipation of roughly 10^-18 Energy dissipation of roughly 10^-18

joules per logic operationjoules per logic operation

The problemThe problem

Building a diamondoid electronic computer captures Building a diamondoid electronic computer captures many of the fundamental issuesmany of the fundamental issues

The issue of building large structures that cannot be The issue of building large structures that cannot be made by regular repetition of some structuremade by regular repetition of some structure

How we make diamond today?How we make diamond today?

Using CVD methodsUsing CVD methods Diamond CVD growth involves highly reactive species Diamond CVD growth involves highly reactive species Defect structuresDefect structures Two fundamental MechanismsTwo fundamental Mechanisms

(1)abstration of hydrogen from diamond surface(1)abstration of hydrogen from diamond surface

(2)interaction of carbon species(2)interaction of carbon species

Hydrogen abstraction tool for Hydrogen abstraction tool for nanotechnologynanotechnology

Use of an alkynes radical tipUse of an alkynes radical tip Ab initioAb initio quantum chemistry quantum chemistry

techniquestechniques Thermal vibrationsThermal vibrations Creating the radical in controlled Creating the radical in controlled

vacuum setting should be feasiblevacuum setting should be feasible Thermal, mechanical, optical and Thermal, mechanical, optical and

chemical energychemical energy

Applying positional control Applying positional control

Require tool to have certain properties to make synthesis Require tool to have certain properties to make synthesis

reliable, feasible, practicablereliable, feasible, practicable

(1)have the proper chemical properties(1)have the proper chemical properties

(2)be relatively small (2)be relatively small

(3)be capable of remaining chemically and mechanically (3)be capable of remaining chemically and mechanically stablestable

(4) be bound to a system that can transfer forces and (4) be bound to a system that can transfer forces and torques to the reactive portion of the tooltorques to the reactive portion of the tool

(5)Be selective between alternative reactions and(5)Be selective between alternative reactions and

(6) Be easily made(6) Be easily made

Other requirements for Tool UseOther requirements for Tool Use

Creating an inert environmentCreating an inert environment Very small very high quality vacuumVery small very high quality vacuum Diamondoid material Diamondoid material Diamondoid structures are very stiffDiamondoid structures are very stiff Objects that are manufactured are stiffObjects that are manufactured are stiff

Selective Transport Across a Barrier Selective Transport Across a Barrier

Diamondoid barrier to keep unwanted Diamondoid barrier to keep unwanted contaminants outcontaminants out

Get desired raw materialsGet desired raw materials Eject the spent toolEject the spent tool Rotor embeddedRotor embedded High affinity-low affinityHigh affinity-low affinity Result is to increase the Result is to increase the

concentration of the desired moleculeconcentration of the desired molecule Can achieve extremely high puritiesCan achieve extremely high purities

                                      

Self ReplicationSelf Replication

Self Replication and nanotechnologySelf Replication and nanotechnology

Make products inexpensivelyMake products inexpensively Inspired by living thingsInspired by living things Artificial self replicating systems Artificial self replicating systems

car – horsecar – horse Inflexible and brittleInflexible and brittle Difficult to design a self replicate in a controlled Difficult to design a self replicate in a controlled

environmentenvironment

Complexity of self replicating systemsComplexity of self replicating systems

Von NeumannVon Neumann

                                 Figure 1.

This

Drexler's architecture for an assemblerDrexler's architecture for an assembler

                               

Complexity of self replicating Complexity of self replicating systems (bits)systems (bits)

Von Neumann's universal constructor ~500,000 Von Neumann's universal constructor ~500,000 Internet worm (Robert Morris, Jr., 1988) ~500,000 Internet worm (Robert Morris, Jr., 1988) ~500,000 Mycoplasma genitalium 1,160,140 Mycoplasma genitalium 1,160,140 E. Coli 9,278,442 E. Coli 9,278,442 Drexler's assembler ~100,000,000 Drexler's assembler ~100,000,000 Human ~6,400,000,000 Human ~6,400,000,000 NASA Lunar Manufacturing Facility over 100,000,000,000 NASA Lunar Manufacturing Facility over 100,000,000,000

Visual ImagesVisual Images

BearingsBearings

Differential Gear Differential Gear

DevelopmentDevelopment

Molecular nanotechnology (MNT) will permit inexpensive Molecular nanotechnology (MNT) will permit inexpensive construction of light, strong, smart materials that will construction of light, strong, smart materials that will revolutionize aerospace and other applications revolutionize aerospace and other applications

Molecular medical devices that will revolutionize Molecular medical devices that will revolutionize medicinemedicine

Inexpensive solar cells and batteries will eliminate our Inexpensive solar cells and batteries will eliminate our dependence on coal, oil and nuclear fuels dependence on coal, oil and nuclear fuels

ConclusionsConclusions

Achieve the first three objectives.Achieve the first three objectives. Difficult without using some form of positional assembly Difficult without using some form of positional assembly

(to get the right molecular parts in the right places) (to get the right molecular parts in the right places) and some form of self replication (to keep the costs and some form of self replication (to keep the costs

down). down).

ReferencesReferences

http://www.zyvex.com/nanohttp://www.zyvex.com/nano http://www.elis.rug.ac.be/ELISgroups/solar/projects/comhttp://www.elis.rug.ac.be/ELISgroups/solar/projects/com

puter.htmlputer.html http://www.nanotechnologyinvesting.us/index.htmhttp://www.nanotechnologyinvesting.us/index.htm http://www.imm.org/Parts/Parts3.htmlhttp://www.imm.org/Parts/Parts3.html

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Thank You!!!!Thank You!!!!