MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION Vol. 9, No. 1, February, pp. 109-117,1998 ARTICLE NO. FY970453

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Phylogenetic Analysis of Chloroplast DNA Variation in Coffea L. J. Cros,* M. C. Combes,* P. Trouslot,* F. Anthony,+ S. Hamon," A. Charrier,* and P. Lashermes*l

*Laboratoire de Ressources Génétiques et d'Amélioration des Plantes Tropicales, ORSTOM, BP 5045, F-34032, Montpelliel; France; taT l€ , 71 70 Turrialba, Costa Rica; and $ENSAM, place Viala, F-34060, Montpelliel; France

Received April 15, 1997; revised July 15, 1997

Coffee trees (family Rubiaceae) are classified in two genera, Coffea and PsiZanthus, each genus being di- vided into two subgenera (Bridson and Verdcourt, 1988). All Coffea species are native to the intertropical

The trnLrtntF intergenic spacer of cpDNA has been sequenced from 38 tree samples representing 23 Coflea taxa. and the related. genus PsiZanthus. These se-

specific hybrid&ation

onvergence (Doebley, 1992; Riese-

109

forest of Africa, Madagascar, and islands of the Indian Ocean (Mascareign and Comoro Islands), while species belonging to the genus PsiZanthus originate from either Asia or Africa. The subgenus Coffea encompasses more than 80 taxa so far identified, including the two species of economic importance: Coffea arabica L. and Coffea canephora Pierre (Charrier and Berthaud, 1985; Ber- thaud and Charrier, 1988). Coffea species are diploid (2n = 2x = 22), except C. arabica (2n = 4x = 44) which is self-fertile and considered a segmental allotetraploid (Carvalho, 1952; Grassias and Kammacher, 1975). Al- though showing considerable variation in morphology, size, and ecological adaptation, Coffea species hybridize readily yith one another and produce relatively fertile

978; Louarn, 1993). Success in zation has even been reported (Cou-

cation). The internal tran- on of the nuclear ribosomal

ssfully used to establish a molecu- lar phylogeny of Coffea species (Lashermes et al., 1997). Nevertheless, comparisons between phylogenies in- ferred from both chloroplast and nuclear genomes would provide a better basis for assessing species relationships.

Exclusively maternal inheritance of cpDNA was ob- served in-biterspecific hybrids between C. arabica and C. canephora, and in an intraspecific progeny of C. canephora, suggesting that the mode of plastid inheri- tance in Coffea is strictly maternal (Lashermes et al., 1996). CpDNAvariation present in the subgenus Coffea was assessed by restriction fragment length polymor- phism (RFLP) oqboth the total chloroplast genome and the atpB-rbcL intergenic region (Lashermes et al., 1996). Only 12 variable characters were evidenced, indicating low cpDNA variation. To increase the num- ber of polymorphic markers, comparative DNAsequenc- ing seems particularly relevant. The technique is rela- tively fast, convenient, and offers a large data set of discrete characters. The sequence of a chloroplast gene such as rbcL, which has been widely used for inferring

1055-7903/98 $26.00 Copyright CI 1998 by Academic Press All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.

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110 CROS ET AL.

phylogeny in plants (Clegg and Zurawski, 19921, is likely to be changing too slowly to provide enough characterh for a phylogenetic analysis between conge- neric species. Recent results indicate that chloroplastic

hL4"EXHU AND METHODS

Plant Material plant material was from the ORSTOM

noncoding regions such as the intergenic spacer be- col~ec~ion, which resulted kom tween the trnL

expeditions in Africa and Madagascar (Anthony, 1992). The actes- exon and the trnF gene

can be used t o address questions concerning relation- ships among closely related species or genera (Van Ham et al., 1994; Gielly and Taberlet, 1994).

sions -surveyed, with their origins, are hdicated in Table 1. Thirty-six accessions belonged to 23. Cofea

nted by two species, l? ebracteolatus and l?

studying the cpDNA variatio insights into Cofea evolution. ships of Coffea species inferre DNA variation are compared with estima data from the nuclear genome.

Coffea arabica L.

C. betirandi Chev. C. brevipes Hiem

C. canephru Pierre

c. sp. x C. stenophylla Don FB 1

Psilanthlwr ebrmteolatlwr Hiem OA 153 FA 21

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111 CHLOROPLAST DNA VARIATION IN Cofea L.

that CTAB was replaced by MATAB (mixed alkyl trimethylammonium bromide) in the extraction buffer. PCR Amplification and DNA Sequencing

Primers deiigned by Taberlet et al. (1991) were used for PCR amplification of the trnL-trnF region (5'- GGTTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCC-3 ' and 5 ' -ATTTGAAC- TGGTGACACGAG-3'). The primers are constructed against distal regions of the highly conserved tRNA genes and thus are suitable for amplifying this noncod- ing region from a broad spectrum of higher plants. Amplifications were,performed in a volume of 50 pl contahing 10 mh8 TrisLHC1. pH 9.0,0.1% Triton X-100,

intergenic spacer (Fig. 1). Alignment of coffee tree sequences reqirired the introduction of six gaps, two of which were 1 bp in length and one each of 8,11,20, and 30 bp. Alignment including the outgroup species, G. grandiflora, results in two additional gaps of 1 and 10 bp, respectively. The nature of these gaps (insertion or deletion) was hypothesized on the basis of 'Outgroup comparison. All inferred gaps in coffee tree sequences were found to be deletions except for a gap 1 bp in length which could correspond.to a putative insertion. The length of the trnL-trnF spacer varies between 314 (accession 14) and 343 bp in individual accessions, the multide a l i m e n t beinn 344 bp in length.

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CROS ET AL.

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S1 (acces. 1,2, 13,31) , 52 (acces.28) S3 (acces. 29) 54 (acces. 14) 55 (acces. 17) S6 (acces. 23,24,25,26,27) S7 (acces. 12)

1 49 TTTGATCCCCCAACTATTTATCCTATCCCCCTTTCGTTAGCGGTTCAAA ............................ T. ...................

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S8 (acces.4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,20,33) ..................................... S9 (acces. 21.34) ..................................... S10 (acces. 30) ..................................... Sll (acces. 32) ..................................... SI2 (acces. 18,,19) ..................................... 513 (acces. 35,36) ......... T ............................ S14 (acces.'l6) ......... T,: ......................... S15 (acces. 22) ..................................... S16 lacces. 3) ......................................

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........... 517 (acces. 15) ................................................. 518 (acces. 38 i.e. P. mannir? ................................................. S19 (acces. 37 i.e. P. ebrac!eolatus) ................................................. 520 (acces. 39 i.e. G. grandflora) .............................. T ..................

50 127 SI. AAACCTTATTCATTTACTCTATTCTCTTAGAAATCGATCGATCT~ACGG~GCCCTTTTCTTATCA~TCTTGTGTT s2 .... 53 ... 54 ... 55 ... 56 ... 57 ... S8 ... s9 ... s10 _.. Sll ... 512 - - - 513 __ . 514 _.. s15 ... S16 . ._ 517 _ ._ S18 _. . S19 ... S 2 0 .T.

s1 s2 s3 s4 5.5 56 s7 S8 S 9 s10 s11 512 S13 S14 S15

' S16 s17 S18 s19 s20

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FIG. 1. Aligned nucleotide sequences of the intergenic spacer between the trnL (UM) 3'exon and the trnF (GAA) gene (see Table 1 for accession code). Dashes denote alignment gaps and dots denotes bases in common with the first sequence. The arrow indicates the begimiing of trnF (GAA). The -35 and - 10 promoter elements are overligned.

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CHLOROPLAST DNA VARIATION IN Corea L.

206 263 ATACTGAAACTTACAAAGTACTCTTTTTTAAGATACAAGATA~GAAA~CTAGTACCTAGAT~TTTTGTAAGATACAATCCCCTTTC ............................................................. c . . .............. ............................................................. c . . . . . ........... ........................ c ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................. c . . .............. ............................................................. c. . . ............. .................................. c c . . . . . ........................ c ......... ............................................ ........................ C ......... C..................G.......C................ ........................ C ......... C........C.........G.......C................

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114 CROS ET AL.

s14 s22 s23 s25 cì4 sa ' r5 I I I I I P. mannii1 wc

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'-l--C. humblofiana 1 FIG. 2. One of the most parsimonious trees (97 found) derived from parsimony analysis of cpDNA polymorphism. Characters appearing

only once o n the tree are solid boxes; parallel and reversal changes are designated with open boxes. The characters code$ r l to rll, d l to d6, and sl to s25 correspond to restriction site changes of cpDNA, indels, and nucleotide substitutions on the tmUm$' intergenic spacer, respectively. Numbers below branches are bootstrap values (100 replicates). Clades present in the strict consensus topology are indicated by grey lines. The letters following each clade indicate the geographical distribution of the relevant species: W (west Afi-ica), WC (west and central Africa), C (central Africa), E (east Africa), and M (Madagascar and the Comoro Islands). ,

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CHLOROPLAST DNA VARIATION IN Cofeu L. 115

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116 GROS ET A+:

and :Chakrier, k (1997). species (Cofea L.) as

jribosomal DNA. Theor.

last DNA in the genus

&er, A. (1993). Use of

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tics5:164-166., : ' . '

primers for aniplification of three non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA. Plunt Mol. Biol. 17: 1105-1109. Grant, V. (1971). "Plant Speciation," Columbia Univ. Press, New York.

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î ' 1171 CHLOROPLAST DNA VARUTION IN Coffea L. i

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