molecules e&r chapter 12. outline bonding 12-1 –ionic 12-2 –covalent 12-3 molecular...
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![Page 1: Molecules E&R Chapter 12. Outline Bonding 12-1 –Ionic 12-2 –Covalent 12-3 Molecular Excitations 12-4 –Rotation 12-5 –Vibration 12-6 –Electronic –Electronic](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6c5503460f94a4b33b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Molecules
E&R Chapter 12
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Outline
• Bonding 12-1– Ionic 12-2– Covalent 12-3
• Molecular Excitations 12-4– Rotation 12-5– Vibration 12-6– Electronic– Electronic + Vibration + Rotation 12-7
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Bondinghttp://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/chemcon.html#c1
R Nave, Georgia State Univ
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Chemical Bondinghttp://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/bondcon.html#c1
R Nave, Georgia State Univ
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Ionic Bonds
RNave, GSU at http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/bond.html#c4
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Ionic Bonds
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Ionic Bonding
RNave, Georgia State Univ at hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/molecule
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Ionic Bonding
a.u. = atomic energy unit = 2*(13.6eV) Brandsen&Joachim
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E&R
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Covalent Bonds
RNave, GSU at http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/bond.html#c4
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Covalent Bonding SYM ASYMspatial spin
ASYM SYMspatial spin
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Covalent Bonding
Stot = 1
not really parallel, but spin-symmetric
not really anti, but spin-asym
Stot = 0
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Covalent Bonding
Bransden&Joachin
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Ionic vs Covalent Bond Properties
• Ionic Characteristics– Crystalline solids
– High melting & boiling point
– Conduct electricity when melted
– Many soluble in water, but not in non-polar liquids
• Covalent Characteristics– Gases, liquids, non-
crystalline solids– Low melting & boiling point
– Poor conductors in all phases
– Many soluble in non-polar liquids but not water
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Rotational Spectra
)1(22
1
2
1~
222 rr
IIIKErot
R
rotational A.M.moment of inertia
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Rotation
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Rotation
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Rotational Spectra
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Ocean Optics: Nitrogen N2
~ 0.3 eV
~ 0.4 eV
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Vibration
Molecule“Spring Const”
( N/m )
HF 970
HCl 480
HBr 410
Hi 320
CO 1860
NO 1530
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Vibration (in an Electronic state)
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Electronic + Vibration
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Electronic + Vibration + Rotation
2.656 eV2.550 eV
electronic excitation gap
vibrational excitation gaps
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Electronic + Vibration + Rotation
2.656 eV
electronic excitation gap
vibrational excitation gaps
Vibrational WellVibrational Well
depth ~ 0.063 eV
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Electronic, Vibration, RotationElectronic ~ optical & UV
~ 1 – 3 eV
Vibration ~ IR ~ 10ths of eV
Rotation ~ microwave ~ 1000ths of eV
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Electronic + Vibration + Rotation
2.656 eV2.550 eV
electronic excitation gap
vibrational excitation gaps
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** + Vibration + Rotation
IN A DIATOMIC MOLECULEbecause a photon has one unit of
angular momentum,the rotational quantum number
must change(vib is not angular motion)
r = 0 not allowed
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** + Vibration + Rotation
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Ocean Optics: Nitrogen N2
~ 0.3 eV
~ 0.4 eV
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Some Molecular ConstantsMolecule Equilibrium
Distance
Ro (Å)
Dissociation NRG
Do (eV)
Vibrational freq
v a (cm-1)
Moment of Inertia
Bb (cm-1)
H2+ 1.06 2.65 2297 29.8
H2 0.742 4.48 4395 60.8
O2 1.21 5.08 1580 1.45
N2 1.09 9.75 2360 2.01
CO 1.13 9.60 2170 1.93
NO 1.15 5.3 1904 1.70
HCl 1.28 4.43 2990 10.6
NaCl 2.36 4.22 365 0.190
Notes: a) vibrational frequency in table is given as f / c b) moment of inertia in table is given as hbar2/(2I) / hc
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Fluorescence
absorb at one wavelength, emit at another
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Phosphorescence
tunneling slows the decay process