molecules of life
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Molecules of Life. Fun with Biomolecules (Macromolecules). Biochemistry Terms. Biomolecule – any molecule produced by a living organism. Macromolecule – when smaller molecules join together to form a larger more complex molecule. Polyunsaturated fat. Important Macromolecules. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Molecules of Life
Fun with Biomolecules (Macromolecules)
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Biochemistry Terms Biomolecule – any molecule produced by a
living organism. Macromolecule – when smaller molecules join
together to form a larger more complex molecule.
Polyunsaturated fat
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Important Macromolecules There are four types of macromolecules that
make up all living organisms:
1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic Acids
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Elements found in the four macromolecules:
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus
These three elements are found in all four
carbon hydrogen oxygen
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How they are made & Broken Down:
Monomers-simplest, one unit building blocks. Polymers-multiunit, polymers are made of
monomers. Polymers are made using a process known as
dehydration synthesis (removes a water molecule).
Polymers are broken down using a process known as hydrolysis (“breaks” or lyses a water molecule and “adds” it).
http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html
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Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates Structure:
Elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
CHO Subunits: Monosaccharides Form a RING
Function: Quick energy…their bonds store a lot of energy!
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Examples-Simple
Simple = Monosaccharides (C6H12O6) Glucose from plants Fructose from fruits Galactose from milk
Glucose Fructose
Monomer-simplest unit
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Example-Complex
Complex = Disaccharides (C12H24O12) – two rings
Sucrose = glucose & fructose Lactose = glucose & galactose Maltose = glucose & glucose
Sucrose Lactose
Polymer-larger units made of monomers
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Example-Very Complex
Very Complex=Polysaccharides – many rings Starch is stored in plants (grains &
potatoes) Cellulose in plant cell walls & wood Glycogen stored in animal livers &
muscles
Cellulose
Polymer-larger units made of monomers
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Lipids Structure:
Elements-carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms
CHO Subunits: glycerol and fatty acids (and
sometimes a phosphate)
Arranged in CHAINS
Function: Better for storing energy-more bonds than carbohydrates.
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Lipid Types Examples:
• Fats = energy storage (cooking oil, butter)
• Steroids = hormones & cholesterol
• Waxes = protective coatings (ear wax and cuticle of plant leaves)
• Phospholipids = important component of the cell membrane
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Proteins Structure:
Elements-carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms
CHON Subunits: amino acids
Functions: Structural proteins-building
blocks of cells Globular proteins-
Enzymes Messenger and transport
proteins (cell membrane)
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There are 20 different types of amino acids and they can form new proteins based upon their order and the number of them present in a protein chain.
Generalized Amino Acid
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Nucleic AcidsDNA and RNA
Structure: Elements-carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and phosphorus.
CHONP Subunits: nucleotides
Function: Control genetic information
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Types of Nucleic Acids
There are two types of nucleic acids:
a) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) codes for genes
b) RNA (ribonucleic acid) transfers information
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Any Questions?