monday 1/5/09

Monday 1/5/09

SUCCESS!

Goal setting techniques are used by top-level athletes, successful business-people and achievers in all fields. By setting sharp, clearly defined goals, you can measure and take pride in the achievement of those goals. They give you long-term vision and short-term motivation. They focus your acquisition of knowledge and help you to organize your time and your resources so that you can make the very most of your life.Discuss the following two questions as a class:

• What is a goal?• What is the difference between a short-term goal and a long term

goal? (give an example of each)

• S = Specific What are you going to do? Why is this important?

• M = Measurable How will you know when the goal is met?

• A = Attainable Write your goal so it’s within your reach

• R = Realistic Write your goal so it’s “do-able”

• T = Timely Put an end point, “by next week” or “by the end of the month”

Be “smart” when writing your goal!

1) Using the “smart” goal setting method, write one short-term OR long-term goal for this semester.

Bellwork Mon. 1/5/09

Make observations

Form hypothesis

Perform experiments

Reject original

hypothesis

Data supports hypothesis

Draw conclusion;Form theory

Data does NOT support

hypothesis

The Scientific Method

• Complete this table comparing DNA and RNA

DNA RNA

Contains what sugar? _____ _____Contains what 4 nucleotides (bases)? _____ _____

Single or double stranded? _____ _____

Where is it found? _____ _____

DNA vs. RNABellwork Tues. 1/6/09

VI. Nucleic Acids, DNA, RNA (Biology: Principles and Exploration, p. 37)

A. Structure

1. Nucleic acids are _____________________

_________________________

2. A sugar, a __________ and a ___________ compose

a _________________

3. DNA is made of ________________________

4. RNA is a ______________________________

B. Functions

1. DNA stores __________________

2. RNA helps ____________________

3. Proteins are manufactured with the help of

_____________________________

Bellwork Tues. 1/6/09

RULES TO BE FOLLOWED

1) Work within your group as a team2) Pick a spokesperson to represent your team3) You will have 60 seconds to provide an answer4) NO CALL OUTS!5) Each team is allowed one 50/506) There is no call friend

Bellwork Wednesday 1/7Think about everything you have learned about DNA and what it does, then:

1) Explain how DNA is similar to a cookie recipe?The real, the original, the authentic Nestle Toll House Chocolate Chip Cookie Recipe2 1/4 cups all-purpose flour 1 teaspoon baking soda 1 teaspoon salt 1 cup (2 sticks, 1/2 pound) butter, softened 3/4 cup granulated [white] sugar 3/4 cup packed brown sugar 1 teaspoon vanilla extract 2 eggs 2 cups (12-ounce package) NESTLE TOLL HOUSE Semi-Sweet Chocolate Morsels 1 cup chopped nuts COMBINE flour, baking soda and salt in small bowl. Beat butter, granulated sugar, brown sugar and vanilla in large mixer bowl. Add eggs one at a time, beating well after each addition; gradually beat in flour mixture. Stir in morsels and nuts. Drop by rounded tablespoon onto ungreased baking sheets. BAKE in preheated 375-degree [Fahrenheit] oven for 9 to 11 minutes or until golden brown. Let stand for 2 minutes; remove to wire racks to cool completely. PAN COOKIE VARIATION: PREPARE dough as above. Spread into greased 15"x10" jelly-roll pan. Bake in preheated 375-degree [Fahrenheit] oven for 20 to 25 minutes or until golden brown. Cool in pan on wire rack.

DNA-chromosome graphic organizer

I. Cell divisionThere are about _____ _____cells being produced by

the adult human body every day. 2 trillion


• Cells are constantly being replaced as they become:A) Worn outB) DiseasedC) Damaged


Cell division is the process by which cells (1)

(2) the information stored within the DNA molecule must be present in the new cell.

Each cell must end up with a complete set of (3)

(1)Reproduce(2)All(3)DNA


• II. Changes in DNA:• When the cell is in the growth phase of the

cell cycle DNA can be found inside the nucleus in the form of

Chromatin• Chromatin is a complex (a mixture) of:• A) DNA• B) RNA• C) Histones

Most of the time DNA exists within the nucleus as elongated thinstrands known as chromatin


• When cell regulatory proteins signal the cell to divide, the cell enters into the (1) phase of the cell cycle where DNA is copied.

• After being copied, DNA begins to condense into supercoiling structures called (2)

• (1) Synthesis• (2) Chromosomes

DNA

histoneprotein

DNA

Chromatid(copied DNA)

Centromere(where chromatids are attached)


• There are (1) pairs of chromosomes. Each pair consist of two (2)

• There are (3) chromatids.

• (1) 23• (2) Sister chromatids• (3) 46


There are two types of cells in our bodies that enter cell division cycles:

• A) somatic• B) sex cells• (1) cells are the cells that make up the majority of

our body. Each of these cells contains (2) total chromosomes. (3) from our father, and (4) from our mother.

• (1) Somatic• (2) 46• (3) 23• (4) 23


• The remaining 2 are called the (1) chromosomes, and determine our sex:

• (2) male and (3) female.

• (1) Sex• (2) XY• (3) XX

• ■ Therefore, there are 46 chromosomes in the nucleus of our cells, except for our sperm and egg cells, which have 23 chromosomes.

• ■ 44 of our chromosomes are known as autosomes. The remaining two are called the sex chromosomes.

• 44 autosomes + 2 sex chromosomes = 46• Male = XY• Female = XX

MeiosisExamine the graphics at left and at right. How are they similar/different?

1. What is the end result of egg production?

2. What is the end result of sperm production?

3. What would happen if the red circled chromosome did not separate from its sister to end up in separate sperm cells?

Egg Production Sperm Production

23 23 23 23

1 egg 3 polar bodies23 23 23 23

4 sperm cells

46 46

Sperm 23chromosomes Egg 23

chromosomes

46 First cell with 46 chromosomes

In the synthesis phase of the cell cycle DNA is copied.

DNA Copied DN

A coils

Supercoiling video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N5zFOScowqo

1. What are these structures?2. How many are there in this picture?3. Why are there two of each?

Bellwork 1/8/09Patient 1

Meiosis• What is the end result

of meiosis?

• Where is meiosis taking place in males and females?

• How often is meiosis taking place?

DNARNAProteinTraitThink of all the different characteristics and traits that make us human. Eye color and blood type are just two of thousands.

1. Make a list 10 human traits.

2. Put a “G” by the traits that you think are completely “genetic”.

3. Put an “E” by the traits that you think are completely “environmental” (in other words, traits that are not genetic; influenced by other factors).

4. Put a “G/E” by the traits that you think are a combination of genetic and environmental influences.

Karyotype (KAR ee uh teyep)Karyotype Test:

Karyotype is a test to identify and evaluate the size, shape, and number of chromosomes in a sample of body cells. Extra, missing, or abnormal positions of chromosome pieces can cause problems with a person's growth, development, and body functions.

Why It Is Done:

►Determine whether the chromosomes of an adult have an abnormality that can be passed on to a child. ►Determine whether a chromosome defect is present in a fetus. ►Determine the cause of a baby's birth defects or disability. ►Help determine the appropriate treatment for some types of cancer. ►Identify the sex of a person by determining the presence of the Y chromosome. This may be done when a newborn's sex is not clear.

Karyotype analysis

Fetal cells

Centrifugation

Growth for weeks in culture medium

Removal of about 20 ml of amniotic fluid containing suspended cells that were sloughed off from the fetus

A few biochemical analyses with some of the amniotic fluid

Quick determination of fetal sex and analysis of purified DNA

Biochemical analysis for the presence of alleles that cause many different metabolic disorders

Amniocentesis(am nee oh sehn TEE sihs)

Bellwork Friday 1-9-091)Using your text book (pg121), look up and define, in your own words the following two terms: Diploid (DIHP loyd) Haploid (HAP loyd)

2)Copy down the chart below and list the diploid & haploid number for each organism

Organism Number of Chromosomes Diploid# Haploid# Amoeba 50 Saccharomyces (yeast) 18Penicillium (mold) 1-4 Adder’s tongue fern 1262 Corn 20Earthworm 36Housefly 12Frog 26Dog 78Orangutan 48Human 46

Bellwork Monday 1/12Where did dogs come from,wolf to woof?About 12,000 years ago hunter-gatherers in what is nowIsrael placed a body in a grave with its hand cradling a pup. Whether it was a dog or a wolf can’t be known. Either way,the burial is among the earliest fossil evidence of the dog’s domestication. Scientists know the process was under wayby about 14,000 years ago but do not agree on why. Some argue that humans adopted wolf pups and that natural selection favored those less aggressive and better at begging for food. Others say dogs domesticated themselves by adapting to a new niche—human refuse dumps. Scavenging canids that were less likely to flee from people survived in this niche, and succeeding generations became increasingly tame. According to biologist Raymond Coppinger: “All that was selected for was that one trait—the ability to eat in proximity to people.” At the molecular level not much changed at all: The DNA makeup of wolves and dogs is almost identical.

The Medieval period started the "specialization" of dogs. Monks began raising dogs for companionship and protection. This period also defined hunting breeds which also included smaller dogs such as, "Beaver dogs" which were the first terriers and were used to hunt wild rabbits and foxes by burrowing into their lairs.

1) What animal did dogs most likely evolve from and where?

2) Why did humans domesticate dogs?

3) What type of dog did Natural selection favor and why?

4) What do you think are some advantages to humans, and to dogs from this partnership?

Bellwork Tuesday 1-13-09

1) Print your name and your period on four separate post-it notes

Fun

with

gen

etic

s

Genetics Terminology Paraphrase these definitions. Leave a two blank lines between each entry.

Gene: a specific sequence of DNA bases that controls a specific characteristic (hair color, blood type, eye color, ear lobe position, hairline, etc.) found on the same location on both chromosomes.Allele: alternate forms of the same gene (widow’s peak VS continuous hairline)Dominant: characteristic that shows itself even when there is one copy of the allele; use capital letters (widow’s peak = W)Recessive: characteristic that only shows itself when there is two copies of the allele; use lower case letters (continuous = w)

Homozygous: two of the same alleleHomozygous dominant = WWHomozygous recessive = ww

Heterozygous: two different allelesHeterozygous = Ww

Genotype: which genes the individual has, what the genes “look” like (WW, Ww, ww)Phenotype: physical characteristics caused by specific genes, what the individual looks like (has widow’s peak or continuous hairline)

Bellwork Wed. 1/14

R = able to role tonguer =not able to role tongue

Alleles Genotype Phenotype

1) List the alleles for the trait-tongue roller2) Which allele is dominant and which allele is recessive?3) What are all the possible combinations of alleles (genotypes)?4) What are the possible genotypes of this individual?5) Is this individual homozygous recessive, homozygous dominant or heterozygous? Explain your answer.6) What is the phenotype of this individual?

Both of Tim’s parents can roll their tongues. Will Tim be able to role his tongue?

http://www.panoramio.com/photos/original/9917348.jpg

F

F

f

f

monday 1/5/09

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