monday, march 19, 2012 if you were absent on friday, you need to makeup the checkup… in tutorial...
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Monday, March 19, 2012If you were absent on Friday, you need to makeup the checkup… in tutorial TODAY.
Homework:
None
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Make an entry-
Entry 23: Mitosis- 3/19/12
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Answer the following questions:
1.Why would a cell need to copy its DNA?
2.DNA is in the nucleus and doesn’t leave it. If both new cells need DNA how could this problem be solved?
3.Once DNA is copied, how could you make sure that exactly half goes in one cell and exactly half in the other cell?
4.If a cell divides into two cells, why don’t cells get smaller and smaller with each division?
5.How could two new cells be made from one original cell?
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Regents Biology 2006-2007
Biology is the only subject in which multiplication is the same thing as division…
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Regents Biology
Making New CellsMaking New DNA
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Regents Biology
Where it all began…
You started as a cell smaller than a period at the end of a sentence…
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Regents Biology
And now look at you…
How did you get from there to here?
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Regents Biology
Going from egg to baby…. the original fertilized egg has to divide…
and divide…and divide…
and divide…
Getting from there to here…
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Regents Biology
Why do cells divide… For growth & development
from fertilized egg to multi-celled
organism
For repair replace cells that die from
normal wear & tear or from injury
for reproduction Transmit genetic information to later
generations (meiosis) We will study this later.
amoeba
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Regents Biology
Dividing cells… What has to be copied
DNA organelles cell membrane lots of other
molecules enzymes
animal cellplant cell
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nucleus
chromosome
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In the cell, DNA forms structures called chromosomes
• A eukaryotic chromosome is typically a very long, single chain of DNA
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Chromosomes of Human Female
46 chromosomes23 pairs
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Chromosomes of Human Male
46 chromosomes23 pairs
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chromosome
• A gene is a region of the chromosome which contains information for making a protein
gene
• A chromosome has thousands of genes
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Mitosis• Produces two identical daughter cells• Each daughter cell has the same kind and
number of chromosomes as the original parent cell
• Mitosis takes place after DNA replication.
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Regents Biology
DNA must be duplicated…
nucleus
cell
DNA in chromosomes
nucleus
cell
duplicated chromosomes
chromosomes in cell
4 single-stranded chromosomes
duplicatedchromosomes
4 double-stranded chromosomes
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Regents Biology
Mitosis: Dividing DNA & cells Stage 1: cell copies DNA
nucleus
cell
DNA Copy DNA!
(interphase)
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Regents Biology
Mitosis: Dividing DNA & cells Stage 2: DNA winds into chromosomes
DNA is wound up into chromosomes to keep it organized
nucleus
cell
duplicated chromosomes Wind up!
(prophase)
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Regents Biology
double-strandedhuman chromosomesready for mitosis
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Regents Biology
Mitosis: Dividing DNA & cells Stage 3: Chromosomes line up
chromosomes line up in middle attached to protein “cables” that will
help them move
duplicated chromosomeslined up in middle of cell
Line up!
(metaphase)
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Regents Biology
Mitosis: Dividing DNA & cells Stage 4: Chromosomes separate
chromosomes split, separating pairs start moving to opposite ends
chromosomes split & move to opposite ends
Separate!
(anaphase)
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Regents Biology
Mitosis: Dividing DNA & cells Stage 5: Cell starts to divide
cells start to divide nucleus forms again
Divide!
(telophase)
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Regents Biology
Mitosis: Dividing DNA & cells Stage 6: DNA unwinds again
cells separate now they can do their every day jobs
(cytokinesis)
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Regents Biology
New “daughter” cells Get 2 exact copies of original cells
same DNA “clones”
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Regents Biology
Cell division in Animals
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Regents Biology
Mitosis in whitefish embryo
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Regents Biology
Mitosis in plant cell
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Regents Biology
onion root tip
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Regents Biology
Overview of mitosis
Copy DNA Wind Up
Line Up Separate Divide
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Regents Biology 2006-2007
Any Questions??
Any Questions??
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Can you identify the different stages of mitosis from the diagram below?
metaphase
anaphase
prophase
interphase
telophase
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ABNORMAL CELL DIVISION• Sometimes cells cannot stop
dividing and they go through uncontrolled cell division becoming cancerous cells or tumors.
• Uncontrolled cell division in white blood cells causes leukemia.
Skin cancer
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DNA checkups returned
11/15 or less to raise to 12/15