Monday, September 12th Bell Work:Identify the “building blocks” in the structures below.

A

B

C

MacromolecMacromoleculesules

Organic Organic CompoundsCompounds

• CompoundsCompounds that contain CARBONCARBON are called organicorganic.– This is different from organic foods

in the grocery store.

Compounds that do not contain CARBON are called inorganic.

Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

•MacromoleculesMacromolecules are large organic moleculesorganic molecules.

•Bio-moleculesBio-molecules are the macromolecules of life

Carbon (C)Carbon (C)• CarbonCarbon has 4 outer 4 outer

electronselectrons

• CarbonCarbon can form covalent covalent bondsbonds with as many as 4 4 other atoms (elements).

• Usually with C, H, O or NC, H, O or N.

• Example:Example: CHCH44(methane)(methane)

MacromoleculesMacromolecules• Large organic molecules.Large organic molecules.

– Also called POLYMERSPOLYMERS. (poly = many)

• Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERSMONOMERS. (mono = one)

• 4 Major Macromolecules/Bio-molecules:4 Major Macromolecules/Bio-molecules:1. Carbohydrates1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids2. Lipids3. Proteins3. Proteins4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

Video!

CarbohydratCarbohydrateses

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates• Small sugar moleculesSmall sugar molecules to large sugar large sugar

moleculesmolecules.• Made of Made of CarbonCarbon, , HydrogenHydrogen, and , and

OxygenOxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. in a 1:2:1 ratio.• Building Block:Building Block:

monosaccharidemonosaccharide

Types of CarbsTypes of CarbsA. monosaccharideA. monosaccharideB.B. disaccharidedisaccharideC.C. polysaccharidepolysaccharide

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesMonoMonosaccharide: saccharide: oneone sugar sugar

unitunitaka: simple sugarsaka: simple sugars

Examples:Examples: glucose (glucose (C6H12O6)

deoxyribosedeoxyribose

riboseribose

FructoseFructose

GalactoseGalactose

glucoseglucose

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesDiDisaccharide: saccharide: twotwo sugar units sugar units

Examples: Examples: – Sucrose (glucose + fructose)Sucrose (glucose + fructose)– Lactose (glucose + galactose)Lactose (glucose + galactose)– Maltose (glucose + glucose)Maltose (glucose + glucose)

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesPolyPolysaccharide: saccharide: manymany sugar units sugar units

Examples:Examples: starch (bread, starch (bread, potatoes)potatoes)

glycogen (beef glycogen (beef muscle)muscle)

cellulose (lettuce, cellulose (lettuce, corn)corn)

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

cellulosecellulose

Functions of Carbohydrates

Broken down as a Broken down as a source of source of energyenergy

Part of Part of cell cell structurestructure

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates• Starches:Starches: serves as plant serves as plant energyenergy storagestorage

(think potatoes)(think potatoes)– Glucose monomers joined together, Glucose monomers joined together,

branchedbranched

• Glycogen:Glycogen: serves as animal serves as animal energy storageenergy storage– Glucose monomers joined together, straightGlucose monomers joined together, straight

• Cellulose:Cellulose: structural componentstructural component in plants in plants – CannotCannot be broken down by humans be broken down by humans

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesPolymer (starch)

Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.

Polymer (cellulose)

Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure

monomer

Polymer (starch)

Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.

Polymer (cellulose)

Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure

Polymer (starch)

Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.

Polymer (starch)

Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.

Polymer (cellulose)

Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure

Polymer (cellulose)

Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure

monomermonomer

Video!

Tuesday, September 13th

Bell Work:1.The term “organic” refers to

a) Compounds that form multiple bondsb) Compounds that are healthy and contain no preservativesc) Compounds that contain carbond) Compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon

2.The four classes of macromolecules are made up of building blocks calleda) Polymersb) Monomersc) Carbon basesd) Carbohydrates

Tuesday, September 13th

3.Carbohydrates are made up of __________, ____________, and ____________ in a __:__:__ ratio.

4.Provide an example of a monosaccharide and a polysaccharide.

Review from Monday

Be ready to answer a question from Monday’s

worksheet about carbohydrates!

Vocabulary• Organic• Inorganic• Building block• Monomer• Polymer• Carbohydrate• Monosaccharide• Disaccharide• Polysaccharide

• Lipid• Fatty acid• Glycerol• Glyceride• Protein• Amino acid• Dipeptide• Polypeptide• Nucleic acid• Nucleotide

LipidsLipids

Lipid LabBrown Paper Bag Lab1.You and a partner will move around the

room to collect samples.2.For each food item you will smear a

sample on your brown paper bag.3.Leave your bag on the back counter

once you have finished collecting samples.

DO NOT EAT THE LAB SAMPLES!

LIPIDSBUILDING BLOCK:

FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCEROL

ELEMENTS:C H O (NO RATIO but there will be more C’s and H’s)

FATTY ACID AND GLYCEROL

H

H-C----O

H-C----O

H-C----O

H

glycerol

fatty acid

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

=

LipidsLipids• General term for compounds which

are not soluble in waternot soluble in water. (non-polar)

• LIPIDS ARE SOLUBLE IN NONPOLAR SUBSTANCES----DO NOT DISSOLVE IN POLAR SUBSTANCES (ex: OIL/WATER)

• Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic are soluble in hydrophobic solventssolvents. (phobic=fear, hydro=water)

Examples of LIPIDSExamples of LIPIDS1. Fats1. Fats2. Phospholipids2. Phospholipids3. Oils3. Oils4. Waxes4. Waxes5. Steroid/ 5. Steroid/

HormonesHormones 6. 6. TriglyceridesTriglycerides

LipidsLipidsTriglycerides:Triglycerides:

ccomposed of 1 glycerol1 glycerol and 3 3 fatty acidsfatty acids.

H

H-C----O

H-C----O

H-C----O

H

glycerol

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

=

fatty acids

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

=

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =CH-CH2 -CH

2 -CH2 -CH

2 -CH3

=

LipidsLipidsSix functions of lipids:Six functions of lipids:

1.1. Long term Long term energy storageenergy storage2.2. Protection against heat loss Protection against heat loss (insulation)(insulation)3.3. Protection against water lossProtection against water loss4.4. Chemical messengers Chemical messengers (hormones)(hormones)5.5. Major component of membranes Major component of membranes

(phospholipids)(phospholipids)

Fatty AcidsFatty AcidsThere are two kinds of fatty acids (carbon chains)fatty acids (carbon chains) you

may see on food labels:

1.1. Saturated fatty acids:Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) no double bonds (bad)

2.2. Unsaturated fatty acids:Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) double bonds (good)O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

=

saturatedsaturated

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-CH2 -CH

2 -CH2 -CH

2 -CH3

=

unsaturated

Solid fats!Solid fats!

Liquid oils!Liquid oils!

Video!

Lipid Lab•Check your smears and record

what each sample looks like.•Record your data on the

bottom of the lipid worksheet.

Wednesday, September 14th: Bell work1. Which of the following compounds represents an organic

molecule?a) C6H8O3

b) SO4

c) H2PO4

d) CuOH

2. What type of bonds hold carbon atoms to other atoms in regards to organic compounds?

a) Ionicb) Hydrogenc) Covalentd) Peptide

3. What elements make up carbohydrates and lipids?

Wednesday, September 14th: Bell Work4. The building blocks for lipids are ______________ &

_______________.a) Monosaccharides, Disaccharidesb) Fatty Acids, Glycerolc) Monomers, Polymersd) Saturated Fats, Unsaturated Fats

5. Lipids are _________ molecules that are not soluble in water.a) Nonpolarb) Polarc) Ionicd) Covalent

6. List 2 functions of lipids.

Wednesday, September 14th 1. Lipid Review (worksheet)2. Protein Notes3. Protein Lab Demo4. Protein Worksheet5. Quiz!

Reminders!• Thursday is LAST day for test re-takes!• Macromolecule test next THURSDAY!!• Collect scantrons from 1st test• 1st block: Smart Cards

ProteinsProteins

Proteins Proteins (Polypeptides)(Polypeptides)

Basic building block= Basic building block= Amino AcidAmino Acid• There are There are 20 20 amino acids (your body amino acids (your body

makes 12 amino acids)makes 12 amino acids)

Made of Made of CarbonCarbon, , HydrogenHydrogen, , OxygenOxygen, , NitrogenNitrogen, and , and SulfurSulfur

Proteins Proteins (Polypeptides)(Polypeptides)Amino AcidsAmino Acids

• Made of Made of carboncarbon bonded to a bonded to a carboxyl groupcarboxyl group (-), an (-), an amine groupamine group (+), a (+), a hydrogenhydrogen, and an , and an R-group.R-group.

• Variation between amino acids Variation between amino acids comes from different comes from different R-groupsR-groups..

• Amino Acids are linked together by Amino Acids are linked together by peptide bondspeptide bonds. .

Am

ine

Gro

up

Carb

oxyl

Gro

up

Proteins Proteins (Polypeptides)(Polypeptides)

• Six functions and examples of proteins:Six functions and examples of proteins:1.1. Storage:Storage: albumin (egg albumin (egg white)white)2.2. Transport: Transport: hemoglobin (blood)hemoglobin (blood)3.3. Regulatory:Regulatory: hormoneshormones4.4. Movement:Movement: musclesmuscles5.5. Structural:Structural: membranes, hair, nailsmembranes, hair, nails6.6. Enzymes:Enzymes: cellular reactionscellular reactions

Protein: Primary Structure

Amino acids bonded together by peptide peptide bonds (straight chains)bonds (straight chains)

aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6

Peptide Bonds

Amino Acids (aa)

Protein: Secondary Protein: Secondary StructureStructure

• 3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary primary structurestructure into coilscoils and pleatspleats held together by hydrogen bondshydrogen bonds.

• Two examples:Two examples:

Alpha HelixAlpha Helix

Beta Pleated SheetBeta Pleated Sheet

Hydrogen BondsHydrogen Bonds

Protein: Tertiary Protein: Tertiary StructureStructure

• Secondary structuresSecondary structures bentbent and foldedfolded into a more complex 3-D more complex 3-D arrangementarrangement of linked polypeptides

• Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, covalentBonds: H-bonds, ionic, covalent

Alpha HelixAlpha Helix

Beta Pleated SheetBeta Pleated Sheet

Protein: Quaternary Protein: Quaternary StructureStructure

•Composed of 2 or more “subunits”

•Example: enzymesenzymes

subunitssubunits

Thursday, September 15th Bell Work: Complete the following table.

Macromolecule Elements Building Block

Monosaccharide

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur

Lipid

Thursday, September 15th • Protein Review• Nucleic Acid Notes• Nucleic Acid Worksheet

– turn in completed packet: 5 pages!• McMush Lab Introduction

– If you have any zeros (0) you may NOT participate in the lab on Friday. This includes the macromolecule poster.

– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N2diPZOtty0

Nucleic Nucleic AcidsAcids

Nucleic Acids

Building Block: Nucleotides

ELEMENTS: C H O N P

Nucleic acidsNucleic acids• Nucleotides include:Nucleotides include:

phosphate groupphosphate groupsugar sugar

DNA: deoxyriboseDNA: deoxyriboseRNA: riboseRNA: ribose

nitrogenous basesnitrogenous bases

NucleotideNucleotide

OO=P-O O

PhosphatePhosphate GroupGroup

NNitrogenous baseNitrogenous base

CH2

O

C1C4

C3 C2

5

SugarSugar(deoxyribose)(deoxyribose)

Nucleic acidsNucleic acids• Two types:Two types:

a. Deoxyribonucleic acid a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-(DNA- double helix) double helix)

**stores genetic **stores genetic information**information** b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single single strand) strand)

**builds proteins****builds proteins**

DNA - double helixDNA - double helix

P

P

P

O

O

O

1

23

4

5

5

3

3

5

P

P

PO

O

O

1

2 3

4

5

5

3

5

3

G C

T A