money and capital markets 6 6 c h a p t e r eighth edition financial institutions and instruments in...
TRANSCRIPT
Money and Capital Markets
66C h a p t e r
Eighth Edition
Financial Institutions and Instruments in a Global Marketplace
Peter S. Rose
McGraw Hill / Irwin Slides by Yee-Tien (Ted) Fu
Measuring and Calculating Interest Rates and Financial Asset PricesMeasuring and Calculating Interest Rates and Financial Asset Prices
2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw Hill / Irwin
6 - 2
Learning Objectives
To learn how to measure and calculate interest rates and the prices of financial assets.
To understand the relationship between the interest rate on a financial instrument and its market value.
To look at the many different ways that banks and other lending institutions calculate the interest rates they charge borrowers for loans.
2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw Hill / Irwin
6 - 3
Learning Objectives
To determine how interest rates or yields on deposits in banks, credit unions, and other depository institutions are figured.
2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw Hill / Irwin
6 - 4
Units of MeasurementFor Interest Rates and Security Prices
The interest rate is the price that is charged to a borrower for the loan of money.
Interest Fee required by the lender forrate on = the borrower to obtain credit 100loanable Amount of credit madefunds available to the borrower
Interest rates are usually expressed as annualized percentages. However, both 360-day and 365-day years are commonly used. The compounding terms may also differ.
2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw Hill / Irwin
6 - 5
Units of MeasurementFor Interest Rates and Security Prices
A basis point equals 1/100 of a percentage point. Example
10.5% = 10% + 50 basis points, or 1050 basis points
2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw Hill / Irwin
6 - 6
Units of MeasurementFor Interest Rates and Security Prices
The prices of common and preferred stock are measured today in many markets in terms of dollars and decimal fractions of a dollar (or some other currency unit).
Example$40.25 per share (versus $40 1/4 in the recent past)
2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw Hill / Irwin
6 - 7
Units of MeasurementFor Interest Rates and Security Prices
Bond prices are usually expressed in points and fractions of a point, with each point representing $1 on a $100 basis or $10 for a $1000 bond.
ExampleA bond priced at 97 is selling for $97 on a $100 basis, or $970 for each $1000 in face value.
2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw Hill / Irwin
6 - 8
Units of MeasurementFor Interest Rates and Security Prices
Security dealers usually quote two prices for an asset.
The higher ask price is the dealer’s selling price, while the lower bid price is the dealer’s buying price.
The difference between the bid and ask prices – known as the spread – provides the dealer’s return for creating a market for the security.
2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw Hill / Irwin
6 - 9
Measures of the Rate of Return (Yield)On a Financial Asset
The coupon rate of a security is the contracted interest rate that the security issuer agrees to pay at the time the security is issued.
ExampleA bond with a par value of $1000 and a coupon rate of 9% pays an annual coupon of $90.
2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw Hill / Irwin
6 - 10
Measures of the Rate of Return (Yield)On a Financial Asset
The current yield of a security is the ratio of the annual income (dividends or interest) generated by the security to its market value.
ExampleThe current yield of a share of common stock selling for $30 in the market and paying an annual dividend of $3 to the shareholder is $3/$30 = 0.10, or 10%.
2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw Hill / Irwin
6 - 11
Measures of the Rate of Return (Yield)On a Financial Asset
The yield to maturity of a financial asset is the rate of interest that the market is prepared to pay today for the financial asset.
It is the rate that equates the purchase price (P) with the present value of all the expected annual net cash flows (CF) from the asset.
33
22
11
1
CF
1
CF
1
CFP
ytmytmytm
2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw Hill / Irwin
6 - 12
Measures of the Rate of Return (Yield)On a Financial Asset
A bond trades at a discount from par if its price is less than its par value, i.e. if its current yield to maturity is higher than its coupon rate.
A bond trades at a premium over par if its price is more than its par value, i.e. if its current yield to maturity is lower than its coupon rate.
A bond trades at par if its price equals its par value, i.e. if the current market interest rate on comparable securities equals its coupon rate.
2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw Hill / Irwin
6 - 13
Measures of the Rate of Return (Yield)On a Financial Asset
The holding-period yield is the rate of return from an investment over its actual or planned holding period.
It is the discount rate equalizing the purchase price (P0) of a financial asset with all the discounted net cash flows (CF) received from the asset from the time the asset is purchased until the time it is sold (in period n).
nn
hpyhpyhpy
1
CF
1
CF
1
CFP
22
11
0
2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw Hill / Irwin
6 - 14
Yield-Asset Price Relationships
The price of a security and its yield or rate of return are inversely related – a rise in yield implies a decline in price, while a fall in yield implies a rise in the security’s price.
This inverse relationship can be seen by noting that investing funds in financial assets can be viewed from two different perspectives – the borrowing and lending of money, and the buying and selling of securities.
2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw Hill / Irwin
6 - 15
Yield-Asset Price Relationships
Equilibrium Security Prices and Interest Rates (Yields)
InterestRate
Loanable Funds
rE
QE
Demand(borrowing)
Supply(lending)
Price
Securities
PE
VE
Demand(lending)
Supply(borrowing)
Interest-Rate Determination Security Price Determination
2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw Hill / Irwin
6 - 16
Yield-Asset Price Relationships
demand for loanable funds
InterestRate
Loanable Funds
D S
Interest-Rate Determination
supply of securities
D’
Price
Securities
Security Price Determination
D SS’
2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw Hill / Irwin
6 - 17
Yield-Asset Price Relationships
supply of loanable funds
InterestRate
Loanable Funds
D S
Interest-Rate Determination
demand for securities
Price
Securities
Security Price Determination
D SS’
D’
2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw Hill / Irwin
6 - 18
Interest RatesCharged or Paid by Institutional Lenders
The simple interest method assesses interest charges on a loan only for the period of time that the borrower has actual use of the borrowed funds.
Interest = principal rate term The more frequently a borrower makes
repayments on a loan, the lesser the total interest will be.
2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw Hill / Irwin
6 - 19
Interest RatesCharged or Paid by Institutional Lenders
In the add-on rate approach, interest is calculated on the full principal of the loan, and the sum of interest and principal payments is divided by the number of payments to determine the dollar amount of each payment.
In a single payment loan, the simple interest and add-on methods give the same interest rate. However, as the number of installment payments increases, the borrower pays a higher effective rate under the add-on method.
2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw Hill / Irwin
6 - 20
Interest RatesCharged or Paid by Institutional Lenders
The discount method determines the total interest charged to the customer on the basis of the amount to be repaid. However, the borrower receives as proceeds of the loan only the difference between the total amount owed and the interest bill.
Hence, the effective interest rate is
Interest paid 100 Net loan proceeds
2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw Hill / Irwin
6 - 21
Interest RatesCharged or Paid by Institutional Lenders
Each monthly payment of a home mortgage loan first covers in full the monthly interest on the outstanding principal. The remainder is then applied to the principal of the loan, such that the amount owed is reduced progressively.
The monthly payment
1121
12112L12
12
t
t
r
rr whereL = total amount owedr = annual loan interest ratet = number of years of the loan
2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw Hill / Irwin
6 - 22
Interest RatesCharged or Paid by Institutional Lenders
The U.S. Consumer Credit Protection Act of 1968 (Truth in Lending) requires lending institutions to calculate and tell the borrower the annual percentage rate (APR) he or she is actually paying.
The constant ratio formula usually gives a close approximation to the true APR.
100P 1N
2APR
mc m = number of payments in a yearc = annual interest costN = total number of paymentsP = principal of the loan
2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw Hill / Irwin
6 - 23
Interest RatesCharged or Paid by Institutional Lenders
The compounding of interest means that the lender or depositor earns interest income on both the principal amount and any accumulated interest.
The formula for calculating the future value of a financial asset earning compound interest is:
tmmr 1 PFV
FV = future value of the assetP = principal value of the assetr = annual interest ratem = annual compounding frequencyt = term of the asset in years
2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw Hill / Irwin
6 - 24
Interest RatesCharged or Paid by Institutional Lenders
The U.S. Truth in Savings Act of 1991 requires depository institutions to use the daily average balance in a customer’s deposit over each interest-crediting period to determine the customer’s annual percentage yield (APY) for that deposit account.
10011APY
365
d
b
iwherei = interest earnedb = daily average balanced = term in days
2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw Hill / Irwin
6 - 25
Money and Capital Markets in Cyberspace
The measurement or calculation of interest rates is a popular subject on many websites. See, for example, http://www.interestratecalculator.com/ http://www.compareinterestrates.com/ http://www.digitalcity.com/
2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw Hill / Irwin
6 - 26
Chapter Review
Units of Measurement for Interest Rates and Security Prices Definition of Interest Rates Basis Points Security Prices
2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw Hill / Irwin
6 - 27
Chapter Review
Measures of the Rate of Return, or Yield, on a Loan, Security, or other Financial Asset Coupon Rate Current Yield Yield to Maturity Holding-Period Yield
Yield-Asset Price Relationships
2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw Hill / Irwin
6 - 28
Chapter Review
Interest Rates Charged or Paid by Institutional Lenders Simple Interest Rate Add-On Rate of Interest Discount Method Home Mortgage Interest Rate Annual Percentage Rate (APR) Compound Interest Annual Percentage Yield (APY)