mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

36
DR.J.BAT-IREEDUI THE INSTITUTE FOR MONGOLIAN STUDIES NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MONGOLIA STUDY OF MONGOLIAN BLESSINGS AND CURSE WORDS

Upload: national-university-of-mongolia

Post on 02-Jul-2015

688 views

Category:

Education


5 download

DESCRIPTION

Монгол хэлний хараал, ерөөл үгийг харьцуулан үзэх нь

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

DR.J.BAT-IREEDUI

THE INSTITUTE FOR MONGOLIAN STUDIES

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MONGOLIA

STUDY OF MONGOLIAN BLESSINGS AND CURSE WORDS

Page 2: Mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

Why study blessings and curse words jointly?

Blessings and curse words are generally oppositein nature, and to study both of them together makeeach of its meanings clearer and more precise inmeaning.

Page 3: Mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

J.Bat-Ireedui, “Vocabulary of Mongolian Blessings and Curse Words”, 2009, Mon Education Press

Page 4: Mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

What are blessings?

Every language has blessings and curse words and phrases.

Blessings are a type of corporeal symbolic item that forms itself from sacramental notions.

Blessings are basically words and phrases with positive meanings, words that wish and bless for good. The main factors that represent these positive meanings are words of goodness and greatness and suffixes of blessing meaning. As a result, blessings are formed.

Page 5: Mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

The story of blessings

Mongolians have a rich number of blessings, andsacramental phrases. Sacramental phrases are even aseparate phenomenon itself in folklore. BecauseMongolian blessings are sacramental in meaningthey always hope and wish for good to come in thefuture and differ from other phrases in this nature.

Researchers have termed blessings in many kinds,such as sacramental phrases, omen phrases, blessingwords and so on. We have chosen to use the term“blessing sacramental phrases” as per used in thebook.

Page 6: Mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

Who studied Mongolian blessing words?

Dr. Sh. Gaadamba and D.Tserensodnom stated :

“Folk sacramental phrases are the shortest type of ablessing. Sacramental phrases have not yet beenspecifically studied yet.”

Acad. D.Tserensodnom stated :

“Sacramental phrases are in origin a type of a smallliterate act that wishes for the success andaccomplishment of ones actions and work by theforce of the power of words.”

Page 7: Mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

Mongolians have a deep understanding of the power and magic of words and, thus, use the conflict of opposites in everyday life. Hence, they widely use blessings and wishful phrases as well as swear words and curses. Sacramental words are the shortest version of a blessing. A blessing wishes for good and is positive in meaning.

Meanings of Mongolian blessings and curse words

Page 8: Mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

Prof. S.DULAM

“Sacramental phrases or blessings show thatMongolian folklore types are cultural and symbolicin nature. A traditional Mongolian saying thatMongolians commonly use are “амны бэлгээсашдын бэлгэ”, “ам алдуурснаас ашдын бэлгэхазайх”. It is a special type of folklore that comesfrom the symbolic mentality. This is an inseparablepart of Mongolian people’s mentality and whatdistinguishes Mongolian culture from others...”

Page 9: Mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

Does it have a modal meaning or not?

Most of the researchers who studied the meaning ofblessings have attributed them as modal.

For example, Dr. Yu. Munkh-Amgalan attributedblessings into the section of additional modals and eveninto the “evaluative modal that evaluates the narrator’sstate of positive soul”. This additional modal “...бодитбайдалд холбогдох өгүүлэмжийн агуулгын харьцаабодит шинжтэй байдаг бол уг өгүүлэмжийн агуулгадөгүүлэгчээс хандах үнэлэмжийн харьцаа нь нэмэлтюм уу аль эсвэл хийсвэр маягтай...” байдгийг онцлоодерөөх утга “... нь өгүүлэгчийн гадагш хандсан эерэгсэтгэлийн байдал илтгэж харилцагч этгээдэд сайнсайхан, өөдрөг бэлгэтэй зүйл хүсэн илэрхийлдэг.”

Page 10: Mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

Prof. Dr. D.Badamdorj

“To use the term blessing and to define it as “wordsand phrases that are sending a good and positivemessage from the sender to the receiver”, and thatthe “meaning of such phrase is defined not by eachsingle word but as the phrase altogether,”. He alsodivided blessings into three categories: blessingswishing for the goodness of nomadism and nomadiclife, blessings wishing for herders to increase thebenefits that come from the five kinds of herd, andblessings that wish for happiness and joy.

Page 11: Mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

Classification of blessings

Blessings towards persons are a majority.

Towards nature Towards persons

Есөн ес наян нэгэн тэнгэр өршөө,

овооны их танд, олзны их маньд

Бат орших болтугай, бурхан өршөөг, зуу

наслаг, өндөр болоорой, насаа нэм, заяа нь дэлгэр, урт насла,

удаан жарга

Page 12: Mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

Vocabulary formation

Positive nouns, adjectives, and numerical nouns

алт, ачлал, аялгуу эгшиг, арвин, ах зах, баатар, бат, баян, буман, бурхан, буян, буянтай, дардан, дүүрэн, дэвжээ, дээж, ерөөл, ерэн ес, заяа, зөөлөн, зуу, их, лус, мөнх, манлай, мянга,

мяндас, навч, найр, найр хөөр, нар, нас, ная, од, олз,өглөг, өлзий, өлмий, өн, өнгөлөг, өндөр, өнөр, өнтэй, өргөө, өргөн, савдаг, сайн, сайхан, сүлд, тавин тав, торго, тос, тэгш,

тэнгэр, удаан, түмэн, унага даага, уран, урт, үйлс, хамба, хайр, хатуу, хийморь, хонь хурга, хурц, хурц, цагаан, цог,

цуу, шандас, элбэрэл, эрдэнэ,

Page 13: Mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

Respectful and positive verb phrases

аврах, баяжих, баясгах, дарах,

дэлгэрэх, жаргах, ивээх, мандах, наслах, нэмэх, орших, өршөөх, өсгөх, сунгах, тахих,

түших, хураах, хүндлэх, хүндлэгдэх,

энэрэх, эрхшээх

Negative words or suffixes used to negate

meaning

гар нь бүү ядар,гарах нь бүү багас,

бууршгүй буянтай, сааршгүй сантай яв

өлмий бат орш, тосоор гоож, заяа нь дэлгэр, бурхан

өршөө, буянаар бол, зуу насла, олз ор,

чих алт бол

Verbs ending in their root or infinitives

Vocabulary formation

Page 14: Mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

Suffix function for blessings

A suffix can transform the meaning of a word into ablessing. It can be seen that in most cases the usageof suffixes in blessings end with the following:wishing and blessing suffix –тугай, -түгэй,agreeing and wishing suffix –г, advising andrequesting suffix–аарай4. It is also common forblessings to end in root and in modal verbs such asбол, багас, гоож, ор, өршөө, нэм, яв, түшиг,болтугай, болог, байг, оршиг, өршөөг, наслаг,наслатугай, яв даа, бол гэм,болоорой,жаргаарай, жаргатугай, яваарай,наслаарай, оршиг доо, хураагаарай, гэх мэт.

Page 15: Mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

The meaning of suffix

Prof. Ts. O’norbayan stated that the “advising andrequesting –аарай4 suffix can connote meaningssuch as requesting, requiring, crusading, allowing,denying, and blessing depending on the reason, tone,and reaction one shows when saying it. The agreeingand wishing suffix –г is used more commonly whensymbolically wishing. The blessing and wishing -тугай, -түгэй suffixes are used when speaker iswishing in hopes that a third person will do theseactions.”

Page 16: Mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

There are many suffixes such as адил, мэт, чинээ, шигthat are used to analogize words and hence, develop blessings

адил – наран адил ≈ гэрэлтэй, навчин адил ≈ дэлгэрэх,

мэт – азаргын саарь мэт ≈ хатуу, бат , бухын

магнай мэт ≈ хатуу, бөх, гүехэн мэт, намхан мэт, он мэт ≈ тэгш, од мэт ≈ гэрэлтэй, төмөр мэт ≈

бэрх, хад мэт ≈ их, хайрга мэт ≈ их, олон,

чинээ – дэлхийн чинээ ≈ их, уулын чинээ ≈ их,

шиг – дун шиг ≈ хатуу,дурдан шиг ≈ артай,дэлбээ шиг ≈ цэцэглэх,мөндөл шиг ≈ олон, мөчиршиг ≈ дэлгэрэх, өглөөнийнар шиг ≈ мандах, өндөрхангайн цэцэг шиг ≈дэлгэрэх, хун шиг ≈цагаан, цас шиг ≈ цагаан,гэх мэт.

Page 17: Mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

Grammatical features

Blessings are commonly used in Mongolianliterature. For example, өндөр болох, "Тэрбишидээ цайг аваад бяцхан хар шургуулганыхаа нүдтатан охинд хоёр ширхэг цаастай чихэр авчөгөөд, - За өндөөр болоорой гэвэл охин -За гээдчихрийг хоёр гардан авлаа." (Б.Бааст,"Хашаяга"), тосоор гоожих, "За яахав дээ, хүүхээ.Шар өдөр бор хоног түлхэж л сууна. Тосооргоож." (З.Дорж,"Эрдэнэ засгийн унага"),

Page 18: Mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

Example from the literature source:

One sentence may have many blessings. For example: “-Нэхийпүрэвийн минь аян зам өлзийтэй болтугай. Тэнгэр заяа нь өршөөг! Үйлс нь дэлгэрч яваг! хэмээн хэдэнтээ давтан зүүн зүгт цацал сүү өргөөд хэн нэгэн хүний төлөөанх удаа залбирч байгаадаа сэтгэл нь их хөдөлжээ.” (Д.Намсрай, “Бор галуутайн талд”),

Page 19: Mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

Blissings in compound forms

Sacramental phrases can also be in a compoundsentence form. For example, “Бурхан өршөө,буянтай айлын бэр бол”, “Арван цагаан буянчинь дэлгэрч яв, ах дүү олондоо хүндлэгдэж яв”,“овооны их танд, олзны их манд”, “төрийн сүлдөршөөж, түмний заяа түшиг”, “урд хормойнооснь унага даага, хойд хормойноос нь хонь хурга”,“урт наслах, удаан жаргах”, “хайч нь хурц, ахарнь арвин” .

Page 20: Mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

Curse words ≠Blessings

Researchers have attributed curse words into the category of impolite and strange words and have

termed curse words as swear words, curse words and impolite words.

Curse words

Page 21: Mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

Studying curse words

Dr. О.Sаmbuudorj:

“... The tone of curse words depict emotions vividly and can be impolite, cursing, patronizing, mocking,ignoring, and ridiculing in meaning.”

Academician D.Tserensodnom:

“As with devilry and incantation curse words were formed in early ancient times when people were starting to believe in the “magic” of words.”

Page 22: Mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

Prof. Yu. Munkh-Amgalan:

“The Mongolian curse word is attributed in the“meaning of curse” and identified in the speaker’snegative emotion of evaluative modal notion. Itdepicts the speaker’s outward negative emotion andis cursing and harassing the receiver coldly.”

Studying curse words

Page 23: Mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

Prof. D.Badamdorj:

“Impolite words have limitations, express negativeemotions and have inappropriate meanings. Expressionsand phrases used in times of bad karma, emotionallydifficult times, disappointment and embarrassmentcannot altogether be left out from research. Althoughthese phrases are not commonly used they are requiredbecause of the need to describe people’s temperamentsthe way they are” [2006:300]

Studying curse words

Nicknames Rowdy phrases Curses Startles

Page 24: Mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

The power of curse words and phrases are stated insome research.

Dr. L.Chuluunbaatar has said that “Curses and swearwords bring ones emotions to dismay and creates anegative energy. Proof for this can be seen from thefact that lies, gossip, impudence and chatting arewhat make the four sins of language”.

Studying curse words

Page 25: Mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

Curses or swear words are known to form the negative energy of the speaker and is therefore attributed to the evaluative modal notion of the speaker.

Page 26: Mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

Negative nouns and adjectives

аалз, адаг, адгуус, адсага, баас, бузар, (нүдний)булай, гайхал, галзуу, гичий, гуйланчин, гуйранч,гуриа, дамшиг, дух, ёроол, жулдрай, заяагүй,зовлого, золиг, зөнөг, зулбасга, илжиг, лалар,луйварчин, лүд, маанаг, мал, моньд, моньш, муу,муусайн, новш, нохой, нөж, нусгай, нүгэлтэй,ороолон, өгөр, өлөгчин, өөдгүй, салга, сөлөр, там,тархи, туучий, тэнэг, үмхий, үхэр, үхээнц, үхээр,хар, хог, хомхой, хувалз, хувхай, хуухай, хүүр,цагаач, цус, цустай, чавганц, чөтгөр, шаар, шидэл,элэнцэг, эрваа, яатуу, янхан,

Page 27: Mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

Negative verbs

aлгадах = to slap, бөглөрөх = to obstructed, бузарлах = to soil, гашлах = to spoil, долоох = to lick, донгосох = to

chatter, дөнгөлөх = to put in a cangue, задрах = to become loose, залгих = to swallow, золигтох = to use as

ransom, идэх = to eat, навсайх = to become ragged, салгалах = to suffer from palsy, сэтрэх = to burst open, үхэх = to die, хатах = to dry, харлах = to become black,

хахах = to choke, хутгах = to stir, хуцах = to bark, хэвтэх = to lie, цөмрөх = to break down, цуслах = to

bleed, чиргүүлэх = to be pulled

Page 28: Mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

Types of curses

Noun curses Verbal curses

муу хар сөлөр, адгын шаар, адсага,хар тэнэг, босоо ороолон,гуйлагчин, гуйранч, галзуу золиг,саарал илжиг, дамшиг, жулдрай,зулбасга, задарсан тархи, мууновш, зальтай нохой, заяагүйамьтан, зөнөг толгойт, мал,моньш, гичий, луйварчин, муунохой, хөсрий, цагаач, нурмайсанхог, үхэр монгол, хүний шаар, хүүр,шаар, туучий, яатуу

дөрөөндөөчиргүүлж үх, нохой долоо,

нохой долоож үх, цус нөжийг нь хутгах, үхсэн

хатсанаа түүх

Page 29: Mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

Commanding form is more common!

In comparison to blessings, it is rare for curse wordsto have suffixes but rather they end in commandingand directing modal forms. For example. “битгийдонгос, битгий хуц, дөрөөндөө чиргүүлж үх,нохой долоо, цусаар тээглэ, чөтгөр ав, үргэхмалгүй, үнсэх үхгүй бол, тэгнэх тэмээ чинь үх,тэврэх эхнэр чинь үх, явган нүүж, нүцгэнжарга, даагаа дэлтэй нь ид, даллагаа сумтайнь хая, буураа зогдортой нь ид, бурханааяндартай нь хая”.

Page 30: Mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

May use negative suffixes

Sometimes suffixes are specially used for thatparticular phrase. For example, гишгэсэн газарчинь цөмрөг, нарны бараа бүү үзэг, хэл чиньсугараг, чих нь бөглөрөг.

The suffix–мар4 which changes verbs to nouns isalso used widely. For example, буянаа бармар,хамарт нь хатиг ургамар, хамар ньсэтэрмэр, хэлээ хазмар, заяа ньхарламар/хаямар, чих нь бөглөрмөр, нохойидмэр, толгой нь гашламар, цусаартээглэмэр, чөтгөр авмар.

Page 31: Mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

Continuing:

The use of negating positive words can also be seenfrom curses. For example, Амны хишиггүй,насандаа нарны бараа бүү үзэг, намартаатарианы бараа бүү үзэг, өөрөө бүү сур, сурсанхүний үгэнд бүү ор, хоттой хониноос чинь чонобитгий сал, хотгор дүүрэн адуунаас чиньтахар битгий сал, хяр дээр гарах хүнгүй,хялгана хазах малгүй.

Page 32: Mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

Lexical features of Mongolian Curse words

The meanings of curses can be directly related to

the Mongolian nomadic lifestyle, nature, and the

religion. For example, there are many curses

related to herding and animals such as адсага

(ганц адсага, задарсан адсага, гурван адсага),

илжиг, зулбасга, хувалз, гичий, гуриа,

өлөгчин, мал, моньш, нохой (нохой чи,

нохой долоо, нохой долоож үх, нохой идмэр,

нохойн хоол, муу нохой), сөлөр, умс, чөтгөр.

Page 33: Mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

Studying curse words

An average Mongolian uses curses occasionallyin his/her daily talk. This is a characteristic featurein a way since Mongolians have the mentality ofdispraising themselves in front of others when theybelieve they have done something faulty. They willcall themselves “ээ өгөр тархи, тэнэг хог,буруу хойшоо, -хаа4 ч алд, харламар, өгөргуйранч, ээ нүдний булай, ээ хог, нохойдолоо, өө шившиг, хар тэнэг толгой,хийморио алд, ээ цус гэж”, etc.

Page 34: Mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

Studying curse words

Prof. Ts. Sukhbaatar:

“When curses are used in literature theydepict the times of anger, hatred andimpossibility of holding oneself and does notconform to perfected composition. Cursesare used only when the writer defines thehero/heroine’s emotional situation,characteristics and speech features.”

Page 35: Mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

Conclusion

Blessings and curses are both used widely in daily spokenlanguage whereas they are widely used in writtenlanguage in literature to define and emphasize the story’scharacter. It is a common phenomenon of vocabulary.One can find blessings and curses not only from folklorebut also from other sorts of compositions and live spokenlanguage.

Studying these blessings and curse words, one can seethat blessings and curse words have the aforementionedinner structure and meanings. Therefore it is necessaryto further study them from a cultural linguisticperspective as well as from a mentality perspective.

Page 36: Mongol helnii yorool haraal ugesiin sudlal

THANK YOU FOR YOUR

KIND ATTENTION!

БАЯРЛАЛАА