monique membrado sociology, lisst, university of toulouse ii-le mirail, toulouse, marc pons...
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Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse,
Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse,
Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le
Mirail, Toulouse
Getting old in a gentrified area the cases
of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse
Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse
Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse,
Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse,
Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le
Mirail, Toulouse
INTRODUCTION
A comparative survey on the situation of older people in inner-city neighbourhoods affected by gentrification in Toulouse and Montréal (see presentation of J.P. Lavoie, V. Burns & D. Rose)
A common research question :
how and to what extent does the process of gentrification enhance or decrease social exclusion of older people?
A clarification to be done :
What does “gentrification” mean in the Toulouse urban context?
What does “exclusion” mean for older people?
Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse
Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse,
Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse,
Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le
Mirail, Toulouse
INTRODUCTION
Our presentation:
1 -“Gentrification” or heterogeneous socio-spatial trends in Inner-city Neighbourhoods of Minimes and Marengo?
2 – What is the older people perception of change in Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods?
Conclusion
Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse
Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse,
Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse,
Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le
Mirail, Toulouse
1. From “Gentrification”hypothesis to observation of heterogeneous socio-spatial trends in inner-city Neighbourhoods (Minimes, Marengo)
1.1.What does “gentrification” mean ( theoretical framework) ?
Gentrification :
Population change : arrival of residents with a socio-economic level higher than original resident populations. “Underclass” to “upper-middle class »
Urban space change : higher rents; rehabilitated buildings and areas, new cultural and commercial services . Devalued to regenerated neighbourhoods
Lifestyle change : new ambiance in the neighbourhood, new forms of consumption in the neighbourhood.
(Hancock in Levy&Lussault, 2003)
Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse
Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse,
Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse,
Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le
Mirail, Toulouse
1. From “Gentrification”hypothesis to observation of heterogeneous socio-spatial trends in inner-city Neighbourhoods (Minimes, Marengo)
1.1.What does “gentrification” mean ( theoretical framework) ?
“Gentrification” : Not to be reduced to one single theory
a plurality of theoretical propositions (Bidou-Zachariasen & alii, 2003; Lees, Slater& Wyly, 2007, Brown-Saracino, 2010 )
“A too general theory” (Bourdin, 2004)
More than one process, different temporalities of change in the “regeneration of neighbourhoods”
A reduction of complexity (Bourdin, 2004)
Very different trends and change in the same areas. This, however, can be seen at the street and building’s levels.
Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse
Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse,
Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse,
Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le
Mirail, Toulouse
Localisation of Minimes and
Marengo neighbourhoods
Les MinimesLes Minimes
MarengoMarengo
1.2 Socio-spatial trends in Marengo and Minimes Neighbourhoods
Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse
Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse,
Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse,
Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le
Mirail, Toulouse
Mix of urban forms in the
Neighbourhood
Case study
Minimes
Old detached house and small buildings (« Toulousaines »)
Social housing
New building on former industrial areas
200 m
1.2 Socio-spatial trends in Marengo and Minimes Neighbourhoods
Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse
Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse,
Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse,
Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le
Mirail, Toulouse
Mix of urban forms in the
Neighbourhood
Case studyMarengo
Old Villas and small buildings (Toulousaines)
New building on former brownfield(ZAC Marengo)
100 m
1.2 Socio-spatial trends in Marengo and Minimes Neighbourhoods
Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse
Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse,
Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse,
Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le
Mirail, Toulouse
1. From “Gentrification”hypothesis to observation of heterogeneous socio-spatial trends in inner-city Neighbourhoods (Minimes, Marengo)
1.2 Socio-spatial trends in Marengo and Minimes Neighbourhoods
Global trends
Ageing Neighbourhoods
Toulouse : > 60 years : 16,8% (2006)
Minimes : > 60 years : 20% (2006) Marengo : > 60 years : 21,2% (2006)
Source INSEE/AUAT
Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse
Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse,
Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse,
Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le
Mirail, Toulouse
1. From “Gentrification”hypothesis to observation of heterogeneous socio-spatial trends in inner-city Neighbourhoods (Minimes, Marengo)
1.2. Socio-spatial trends in Marengo and Minimes Neighbourhoods
Global trends…
Low and middle incomes But…decreasing workers populationAnd increasing employment of executives (cadres)
Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse
Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse,
Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse,
Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le
Mirail, Toulouse
1. From “Gentrification” hypothesis to observation of heterogeneous socio-spatial trends in inner-city Neighbourhoods (Minimes, Marengo)
1.2 Socio-spatial trends in Marengo and Minimes Neighbourhoods
Diversity and contrasted situations at large scales
Chaussas Bourbaki Marché aux Cochons
Frédéric Estèbe
Mazades Négreneys 10 Avril TOULOUSE
Population (inhab)Variation (1990-2006)
3139+ 71,4 %
2470- 6,4 %
3116+22 %
2195+ 7,4 %
2961+ 15,4 %
5261+ 31,4%
2631+ 39%
439 453+ 22,5%
Housing stock variation (main residence; 1990-2006)
+ 114,3% +10,3 % + 38 % + 16,2 % +21,4 % + 37,5 % + 56,2% + 39,9%
% of « executives »(« cadres »); 1990/2006.
4%15,1 %
12,1%7,3 %
5,2%14,4 %
7,2 %10,7 %
8,8 %9,7 %
5,9 %15,2 %
12,2%19,1%
9,9%14,6%
18-39 years(2007)
56,7%
30,2% 39,4% 29,8% 33,9 % 43,6 % 49,9 % 45%
65-79 years(2007)
6,1 % 14,5 % 10,6 % 15,5% 11,4 % 8,1 % 8,4 % 8,5%
+80 years(2007)
2,9% 4 % 4,9 % 9,3 % 7 % 4,8 % 4,8 % 4,4%
Average annual taxed incomes (/UC; 2006)
18114 E 12193 E 16804 E 15863 E 15863 E 16725 E 19040 17438 E
Housing stability(% people living here ten years ago)
16,2 % 45,8% 39,7% 43% 39,9% 30,6% 26,6% + 29,7%
vv
vv
LES MINIMES MARENGO
Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse
Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse,
Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse,
Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le
Mirail, Toulouse
1. From “Gentrification”hypothesis to observation of heterogeneous socio-spatial trends in inner-city Neighbourhoods (Minimes, Marengo)
1.2 Socio-spatial trends in Marengo and Minimes Neighbourhoods
Stability in housing versus mobility
Stability of families and ageing population (no “displacement” , but in some cases, a demografic erosion because of natural trends ) :
Ageing in social housing (tenant, no possibility of eviction)
Ageing as tenant in private housing stock (tenant, no possibility of eviction)
Ageing as owners in detached houses and old buildings (Toulousaines)
Mobility and/or turn over of new residents
New owners with high incomes arriving in detached house (slow and marginal trend) But the main trend is densification of areas of detached houses!
New tenant with small incomes arriving in social housing
New resident with small or average incomes arriving as tenants ; big turn over .
Chaussas
New building (90-2000) New population (18-39 ans)
arriving in Toulouse
Chaussas
New building (90-2000) New population (18-39 ans)
arriving in Toulouse
Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse
Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse,
Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse,
Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le
Mirail, Toulouse
StabilityVersus
Mobility
Bourbaki Social housing
Housing stability of older people ,
Bourbaki Social housing
Housing stability of older people ,
MazadesSocial housing
Housing stability of older people
MazadesSocial housing
Housing stability of older people
Negreneys
New building (90-2000)
New population (18-39 ans)arriving in Toulouse
Negreneys
New building (90-2000)
New population (18-39 ans)arriving in Toulouse
F.Estèbe - Marché au Cochons
Ageing tenants and owners in detached house and
« Toulousaines »
Gentrifying owners
tenants with small incomes
F.Estèbe - Marché au Cochons
Ageing tenants and owners in detached house and
« Toulousaines »
Gentrifying owners
tenants with small incomes
1O avril
Ageing tentants and owners in detached house and
« Toulousaines »Gentrifying owners upper-middle
classtenants with small incomes
1O avril
Ageing tentants and owners in detached house and
« Toulousaines »Gentrifying owners upper-middle
classtenants with small incomes
Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse
Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse,
Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse,
Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le
Mirail, Toulouse
2. Older people and their perception of change in Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods)
Diversity of urban forms and neighbourhoods evolutions, diversity of populations :
But….
What does this mean to older people? What do older people understand and discern in this evolution of the neighbourhoodDo they perceive socio-demographic changes as a factor of exclusion?
A qualitative study
37 interviews with older people ( 30 > 75y) I Marengo (17) and Les Minimes (18).12 men, 25 women23 people living alone
First results of qualitative analysis
Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse
Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse,
Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse,
Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le
Mirail, Toulouse
2. Older people and their perception of change in Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods
2.1. A background : theoretical framework
Ageing : a dialectic between the self and the environment
Sociology of Aging invites us to consider both sides of the urban experiences of elderly:
Perceptions of older people are shaped by concrete changes in the city….…… But also affected by their individual aging.
Two assumptions to be discussed :
1 : Urban space evolution inaccessibility retreat exclusion…
2 : Ageing stigmatization negative perception of urban environment displacement feeling exclusion feeling
Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse
Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse,
Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse,
Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le
Mirail, Toulouse
2. Older people and their perception of change in Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods)
2.1. A background : theoretical framework
The “Déprise” theory and the feeling of change
“Déprise”
“A process of negotiation, management, composition, with the self, with the others, with the human and material environment” (Clément & alii, 1988, 1995; Caradec 2004)
4 ageing pattern ( Clement &Membrado, 1999, 2010)
1.Getting old without beeing old2.Getting old , accumulating ages/years 3. To be old 4.The suffering old age
Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse
Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse,
Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse,
Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le
Mirail, Toulouse
2. Older people and their perception of change in Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods)
2.2. Perception of change of older people in Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods
Beginning of the analysis , set on the “deprise” theoritical framework. Work in progress…
Some emerging elements for further analysis :
1 – Perception of change : picking up fragments of reality .
- subjective dimension- normative dimension
We have a “litany of change” with occurred elements (ex : decline of proximity shops; augmentation of traffic; difficulties to be on the move in the urban space (urban barriers); change in neighbourhood relationships) …not directly related with the neighbourhood evolution.
2 – Emerging profiles :
Living in the present time- Older people who have a positive perception of change. - no nostalgia, weak evocation of the past- feeling that they can control their environment - a sense of being involved in the changes- denying the distinction of age, making new alliances with younger neighbours in order to avoid marginalisation.
Mythologizing the urban past- It’s hard for older people to make sense of environment- feeling that they don’t control their environment - affected by changes
Living in a ‘bubble’- To be indifferent to urban change - focusing on close relatives and relationships
Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse
Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse,
Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse,
Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le
Mirail, Toulouse
2. Older people and their perception of change in Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods)
2.3. Does urban change mean exclusion?
1 – Does “gentrification” produce “exclusion”?
- The patrimonial and legal situation of most of older people facilitate stability and ageing in place no direct displacement of older people - The term of “gentrification” might not be relevant to define the complexity of urban processes in the Marengo
and Minimes neighbourhoods- In the Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods, the older people don’t consider the urban changes as a
“gentrification” process, but as the normal trend of global urban dynamics .
2 – Does urban change produce exclusion? Yes, because of barriers….
- Barriers : lack of accessibility of urban space- Barriers : no consideration of rhythms and capabilities of older people
- Barriers : social look at disability (stigmatization)
-But « urban change » means on one side disappearance of barriers and, on the other side, emergence of new barriers
3 – Does urban change produce feeling of exclusion? Yes, but…..
-It’s depending of ageing pattern… influenced by :
- housing careers- housing tenure, incomes, social position- involvements (civic, religious, relational…) - self-empowerment
Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse
Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse,
Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse,
Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le
Mirail, Toulouse
Conclusion
In a comparative survey, the notion of gentrification as to be related to urban and cultural context.
The experiences of ageing influences the perception of urban change , independently of the reality of change.
the feelings of exclusion base on both dimensions :
The experience of ageing as stigmatizationThe experience of a stigmatizating city
Getting old in a gentrified area the cases of Minimes and Marengo neighbourhoods in Toulouse
Monique MEMBRADO Sociology, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail, Toulouse,
Marc PONS Sociology, Maison de l’initiative, Toulouse,
Alice ROUYER Geography, LISST, University of Toulouse II-Le
Mirail, Toulouse
Thank you for your attention