monitoring child well-being in the eu: measuring cumulative deprivation keetie roelen geranda notten...
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Monitoring child well-being in the EU: measuring cumulative deprivation
Keetie RoelenGeranda Notten
ISCI Conference, 27 July 2011
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The breadth of poverty
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The breadth of poverty
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The breadth of poverty
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Academic and policy relevance
fits widespread and increased attention for child poverty; seeks to address questions around construction of measures, overlap
between indicators and measures and concurrent implications for policy
We know about child well-being in the EU at:• Macro-level: Bradshaw et al., 2006; IRC RC 7; OECD, 2009• Micro-level: TARKI, 2011
BUT we know little about: • overlap and breadth of child poverty• composite measures of poverty at micro-level
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This study
• Overlap and breadth of child poverty in the EU– Across domains– Across countries– Underlying factors
• Options for constructing a multidimensional measure of cumulative child well-being in the EU
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Data
• EU-SILC 2007, cross-sectional data
• Germany, France, Netherlands and UK
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Domains and indicators
Housing conditions - Dwelling has leaking roof, damp walls/floors/foundation, rot in window
frames or floor- Dwelling is not comfortably warm during winter time- Dwelling is overcrowded
Neighborhood conditions- Pollution, grime or other environmental problems- Crime violence or vandalism in the area
Access to basic services- Accessibility of primary health care services- Accessibility of compulsory school
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Domains and indicators - continued
Financial means - Household has payment arrears on mortgage/ rent, utility bills, loan
payments- Household can’t afford meal w. meat, chicken, fish (vegetarian equivalent)
every 2nd day- Household can’t afford paying for one week annual holiday away from
home- Household can’t afford a computer for financial reasons- Household can’t afford a car for financial reasons- Ability to make ends meet (very difficult)
Monetary poverty- 60% of median income
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Domain deprivation
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Overlap patterns
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Overlap patterns
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Monetary vs. multidimensional poverty
A, B or AB (as %
of total population)
A - deprived but not income
poor (as % of A+B+AB)
B- income poor but not
deprived (as % of A+B+AB)
AB - deprived and income
poor (as % of A+B+AB)
odds
Neighborhood problemsDE 35.1 [33.2,37.0] 60.4 24.8 14.8 1.84*FR 35.8 [33.4,38.2] 56.1 29.1 14.8 1.61*
NL 37.6 [35.2,40.0] 63.2 29.1 7.7 0.71
UK 49.3 [47.1,51.6] 53.4 28.7 17.8 1.18Difficult access to basic servicesDE 32.7 [30.9,34.6] 32.5 62.1 5.3 1.43*
FR 27.0 [25.0,29.1] 7.1 89.9 3 1.1
NL 26.2 [23.9,28.6] 24.9 70.3 4.9 1.1
UK 31.1 [28.9,33.3] 3 95.4 1.7 1.75*
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Monetary vs. multidimensional poverty
A, B or AB (as %
of total population)
A - deprived but not income
poor (as % of A+B+AB)
B- income poor but not
deprived (as % of A+B+AB)
AB - deprived and income
poor (as % of A+B+AB)
odds
Housing problemsDE 32.9 [31.0,34.8] 57.8 21.9 20.4 3.30*FR 35.9 [33.7,38.1] 56.1 19.2 24.7 4.03*
NL 32.4 [30.0,34.9] 57.1 25 17.9 2.59*
UK 40.4 [38.1,42.6] 43.2 29.3 27.5 3.23*Financial strainDE 41.4 [39.4,43.3] 66.3 9.4 24.2 5.48*
FR 45.0 [42.8,47.1] 65.1 8 26.9 6.30*
NL 28.5 [26.1,31.0] 51.2 24.2 24.6 4.92*
UK 47.3 [45.1,49.6] 51.5 12.9 35.7 5.99*
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NeighborhoodProblems
Difficult accessto basic services
Financialstrain
Overlap (%) Odds Overlap (%) Odds Overlap (%) OddsHousing problemsDE 9.5 2.02* 7.1 1.45* 15.9 4.00*
[8.4,10.8] [1.66,2.46] [6.2,8.3] [1.18,1.79] [14.5,17.4] [3.29,4.85]FR 10.5 2.14* 4.7 1.33 19.4 4.53*
[9.0,12.2] [1.74,2.64] [3.7,5.8] [1.00,1.77] [17.6,21.3] [3.69,5.56]NL 8.5 1.71* 3.9 1.17 9.1 3.02*
[7.2,10.0] [1.33,2.19] [2.9,5.2] [0.82,1.66] [7.4,11.1] [2.29,4.00]UK 11.4 1.34* 5.3 2.17* 18.2 3.70*
[10.0,13.0] [1.09,1.66] [4.0,6.8] [1.56,3.01] [16.2,20.4] [2.99,4.57]Neighborhood problemsDE 6.5 1.17 12.4 1.72*
[5.5,7.7] [0.93,1.46] [11.1,13.8] [1.43,2.07]FR 3.8 1.14 13.3 1.83*
[3.1,4.6] [0.87,1.51] [11.7,15.0] [1.51,2.22]NL 4.4 1.24 7.9 1.83*
[3.6,5.3] [0.94,1.64] [6.6,9.4] [1.41,2.38]UK 5.7 1.80* 16.5 1.44*
[4.6,7.0] [1.32,2.46] [14.8,18.4] [1.19,1.74]Difficult access to basic servicesDE 10.7 1.67*
[9.5,12.0] [1.38,2.03]FR 6.3 1.24
[5.2,7.5] [0.96,1.61]NL 4.4 1.78*
[3.4,5.9] [1.26,2.52]UK 7.0 2.17*
[5.6,8.6] [1.61,2.92]Source: own calculations with EU-SILC, wave 2007. * means significant at a 1% level.
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Factors influencing domain deprivation
• Single-parenthood:Significantly increases probability to being financially strained, income poor
and experiencing housing problems
• No or low work intensity in household: Significantly increases probability to being financially strained, income poor
and experiencing housing problems
• Living in rented dwellings:Significantly increases probability to be financially strained and experiencing
housing problems and, to a lesser extent, being environmentally deprived, and income poor
• Low educational attainment parents:Significantly increases probability to being financially strained and income poor
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In conclusion
A diverse picture
• Limited overlap with considerable size and group differences between indicators of monetary and multidimensional poverty;
• Considerable differences across countries;
• Indicators of monetary poverty and multidimensional poverty can not serve as a proxy for one another;
• Higher levels of overlap are not necessarily an indication of higher odds for experiencing cumulative deprivation
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What are appropriate measures of cumulative deprivation?
• Why?- more deprivations are worse than one- one headline statistic is practical
• EU policy context- search for child specific indicators- many single indicators, one composite index
• Criteria- sensitive to changes in breadth of deprivation- intuitive interpretation
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Aggregation option I
Simple headcount vs. adjusted headcount
• Simple headcount =
or the proportion of poor in the population
• Adjusted headcount = (x1 deprivation) (x3 deprivations)
or the proportion of deprivations in the population
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Aggregation option II
Absolute vs. relative poverty line
Absolute: poverty line=2, headcount=4
Relative: poverty line=median, headcount=6
3
2
2
1
1
0
0
0
0
4
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Headcount, absolute versus relative
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Adjusted headcount, absolute versus relative
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Adjusted headcount, absolute in UK
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In conclusion
• Adjusted headcount (CDI) with cumulative deprivation threshold of 1 works best
• Can be complemented with headcount with higher cumulative deprivation threshold
• Need other method to determine relative cumulative deprivation threshold