monitoring dispersed oil and its effect in the sea.ppt ... · monitoring dispersed oil and its...
TRANSCRIPT
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Monitoring Dispersed Oil and its Effects in the Sea
Walter Nordhausen, Ph.D.California Department of Fish & Game,Office of Spill Prevention and Response
Deborah French McCay, Ph.D. and Jill J. RoweApplied Science Associates, Inc.
James R. Payne, Ph.D.Payne Environmental Consultants, Inc.
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Why Consider Dispersants?• Aerial application of dispersants can
mitigate large amounts of oil if treated promptly.
• Mitigate -- reduce the overall impact of an oil spill to the environment as a whole.
• However, dispersant use is a trade-off with increased risks to the water column balanced against reduced injury to surface water and shoreline resources.
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Dispersant Use in CaliforniaPAST:• Quick-approval process (RRT)• Hesitation to use dispersants• Concerns about effectiveness and impacts• Limited equipment and supplies
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Dispersant Use in California
NOW:• Pre-approval zones• Quick-approval zones (through
RRT)• California Dispersant Use Plan• Equipment & supplies• Education• Acceptance of dispersants• USCG SMART
Future use of dispersants in CA likelyFuture use of dispersants in CA likely
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The DOMP
• OPA 90 and Lempert Keene Seastrand 90 require NRDA
• California Dispersant Use Plan:Dispersant Application only if:
“Net Environmental Benefit”
• Development of Dispersed Oil Monitoring Plan (DOMP) to quantify impact
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California Dispersed Oil Monitoring Plan (DOMP)
Principle investigators:• R. Lewis• Dr. W. Nordhausen • Dr. D. French McCay• Dr. J. Payne
Collaborators:• Y. Addassi• M. Sowby• Dr. J. Cubit• Dr. H. Parker Hall
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California Dispersed Oil Monitoring Plan (DOMP)
Objectives• Develop a plan to quantify and evaluate impacts to
aquatic organisms after a spill where dispersants are used
• Provide data for NRDA
• Evaluate effects for decision making for future spills
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Dispersed Oil Monitoring Plan
HOW ?• Quantity (size of dispersed oil plume)• Components (dissolved-phase & oil droplets)• Concentration• Duration• Environmental impact• Documentation
Sampling plan
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Dispersed Oil Monitoring PlanOur approach…
• Computer simulations using ASA’s Spill Impact Model Application Package (SIMAP)
• Prepare sampling plan based on simulation results• Field test sampling plan• Prepare standby equipment & retain contractors
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SIMAP
Exposure and
Toxicity Model
PhysicalFatesModel
GeographicalDatabase
Physical-Chemical
andToxicological
Database
User Input:Scenario, Winds
BiologicalDatabase
Impacts as Lost Numbers, Biomass and Production
Trajectory andConcentrations
CurrentData
HydrodynamicsModel
ResponseModel
PopulationImpactModel
Areas, Volumes and Percentages of Biota Impacted by Habitat and Behavior Group
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Potential Impacts of Oil Spills
• Surface smothering/coating exposure– Wildlife (birds, marine mammals, sea turtles)– Shorelines– Nearshore structured habitats (wetlands,
mangroves, seagrasses, coral and mollusk reefs)
• Subsurface toxicity (soluble aromatics)– Direct on fish, invertebrates, algae– Indirect via food web– Submerged aquatic habitats
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Modeling Matrix
• Hypothetical spills in open water (similar all locations under same environmental conditions)
• Oil type: Light Arabian crude • Spill volume: maximum volume of oil dispersed by a
single sortie of a C-130 (80%, 45% or 20% efficiency)• Oil thickness: median value for dispersant
application (100 μm) • 3 dispersant application scenarios: none; after
weathered 8 hrs, 16 hrs• 2 wind speed and associated turbulence conditions
– 5 kts (2.5 m/s), 1 m2/s– 15 kts (7.5 m/s), 10 m2/s
• Restricted to surface mixed layer: 10m, 20m• Background currents: none, 0.25 kts (13 cm/s)
downwind, 0.25 kts (13 cm/s) upwind
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Initial Conditions
• 5,000 gal (18.9 m3) of dispersant• 20:1 oil : dispersant ratio• 100,000 gal (2381 bbl = 378.5 m3 = 326 tonnes)
oil treated• Properties for pre-weathered oil (8 or 16 hrs in
5 kt winds)• Since 100 μm thick, initially circle with area =
3.8 km2
• 80%, or 45% or 20% of oil dispersed in 0.5 hr
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Trajectory and Concentrations: Examples
• 5 kt (2.5 m/s) winds, no dispersant• 5 kt (2.5 m/s) winds, with dispersant
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Dispersant: none;
Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Turbulent mixing to 10m deep:
Dissolved Aromatic Concentrations
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: none; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Dissolved Aromatic Concentrations: 1 hr after potential treatment
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: none; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Dissolved Aromatic Concentrations: 2 hrs after potential treatment
*No dissolved aromatic conc. > 1ppb (averaged) in any grid cell after 2 hrs
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Dispersant: at 16 hrs;
Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Dissolved Aromatic Concentrations
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16 hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Dissolved Aromatic Concentrations: 1 hr after dispersant application
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16 hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Dissolved Aromatic Concentrations: 2 hrs after dispersant application
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16 hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Dissolved Aromatic Concentrations: 3 hrs after dispersant application
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16 hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Dissolved Aromatic Concentrations: 4 hrs after dispersant application
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16 hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Dissolved Aromatic Concentrations: 5 hrs after dispersant application
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16 hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Dissolved Aromatic Concentrations: 6 hrs after dispersant application
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16 hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Dissolved Aromatic Concentrations: 8 hrs after dispersant application
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16 hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Dissolved Aromatic Concentrations: 10 hrs after dispersant application
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16 hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Dissolved Aromatic Concentrations: 12 hrs after dispersant application
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16 hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Dissolved Aromatic Concentrations: 18 hrs after dispersant application
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16 hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Dissolved Aromatic Concentrations: 24 hrs after dispersant application
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16 hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Dissolved Aromatic Concentrations: 36 hrs after dispersant application
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16 hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Dissolved Aromatic Concentrations: 48 hrs after dispersant application
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16 hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Dissolved Aromatic Concentrations: 60 hrs after dispersant application
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16 hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Dissolved Aromatic Concentrations: 72 hrs after dispersant application
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16 hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Dissolved Aromatic Concentrations: 84 hrs after dispersant application
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16 hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Dissolved Aromatic Concentrations: 96 hrs after dispersant application
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Modeling Matrix
• Hypothetical spills in open water (similar all locations under same environmental conditions)
• Oil type: Light Arabian crude • Spill volume: maximum volume of oil dispersed by a
single sortie of a C-130 (80%, 45% or 20% efficiency)• Oil thickness: median value for dispersant
application (100 μm) • 3 dispersant application scenarios: none; after
weathered 8 hrs, 16 hrs• 2 wind speed and associated turbulence conditions
– 5 kts (2.5 m/s), 1 m2/s– 15 kts (7.5 m/s), 10 m2/s
• Restricted to surface mixed layer: 10m, 20m• Background currents: none, 0.25 kts (13 cm/s)
downwind, 0.25 kts (13 cm/s) upwind
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5 kt (2.5m/s) wind; with no dispersant
Weathering 8 or 16 hrs; Wind 5 kts; Current 0-0.25 kts; Mixed Layer Depth 10 or 20 m; No Dispersant at 80% Efficiency
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 3 6 9 12
Tho
usan
ds
Time After Dispersant Applied (hrs)
Vol
ume
(m3 ) o
f Plu
me
>1pp
b D
isso
lved
Aro
mat
ic
Con
cent
ratio
n
weather 8hr, no current, mixed 10m
weather 8hr, no current, mixed 20m
weather 16hr, no current, mixed 10m
weather 16hr, no current, mixed 20m
weather 16hr, current 0.25kt to NNW, mixed 10m
weather 16hr, current 0.25kt to SSE, mixed 10m
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15 kt (7.5m/s) wind; with no dispersantWeathering 8 or 16 hrs; Wind 15 kts; Current 0-0.25 kts; Mixed Layer Depth 10 or 20 m; No Dispersant
at 80% Efficiency
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 24 48 72
Mill
ions
Time After Dispersant Applied (hrs)
Vol
ume
(m3 ) o
f Plu
me
>1pp
b D
isso
lved
Aro
mat
ic
Con
cent
ratio
n
weather 8hr, no current, mixed 10m
weather 8hr, no current, mixed 20m
weather 16hr, no current, mixed 10m
weather 16hr, no current, mixed 20m
weather 16hr, current 0.25kt to NNW, mixed 10m
weather 16hr, current 0.25kt to SSE, mixed 10m
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5 kt (2.5m/s) wind; with dispersantWeathering 8 or 16 hrs; Wind 5 kts; Current 0-0.25 kts; Mixed Layer Depth 10 or 20 m; With
Dispersant at 80%, 45% or 20% Efficiency
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240
Mill
ions
Time After Dispersant Applied (hrs)
Vol
ume
(m3 ) o
f Plu
me
>1pp
b D
isso
lved
Aro
mat
ic
Con
cent
ratio
n
weather 8hr, no current, mixed 10m, 80% efficiencyweather 8hr, no current, mixed 20m, 80% efficiencyweather 16hr, no current, mixed 10m, 80% efficiencyweather 16hr, no current, mixed 20m, 80% efficiencyweather 16hr, current 0.25kt to NNW, mixed 10m, 80% efficiencyweather 16hr, current 0.25kt to SSE, mixed 10m, 80% efficiencyweather 16hr, no current, mixed 10m, 45% efficiencyweather 16hr, no current, mixed 10m, 20% efficiency
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15 kt (7.5m/s) wind; with dispersantWeathering 8 or 16 hrs; Wind 15 kts; Current 0-0.25 kts; Mixed Layer Depth 10 or 20 m; With
Dispersant at 80%, 45% or 20% Efficiency
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240
Mill
ions
Time After Dispersant Applied (hrs)
Vol
ume
(m3 ) o
f Plu
me
>1pp
b D
isso
lved
Aro
mat
ic
Con
cent
ratio
n
weather 8hr, no current, mixed 10m, 80% efficiency
weather 8hr, no current, mixed 20m, 80% efficiency
weather 16hr, no current., mixed 10m, 80% efficiency
weather 16hr, no current, mixed 20m, 80% efficiency
weather 16hr, current 0.25kt to NNW, mixed 10m, 80% efficiency
weather 16hr, current 0.25kt to SSE, mixed 10m, 80% efficiency
weather 16hr, no current, mixed 10m, 45% efficiency
weather 16hr, no current, mixed 10m, 20% efficiency
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Summary of Plume Volumes (80% efficiency of 100,000 gal)
Large, lasts 3-6 days
Moderately large, lasts
2-3 days
15 kt(7.5 m/s)
Large, lasts > 10 days
Small, short lived (few
hrs)
5 kt(2.5 m/s)
With Dispersant
No Dispersant
Wind Speed
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Effects of Other Factors on Plume Volume
• Lower efficiency proportionately smaller plume volume
Subtle changes:• With weathering (8 hrs versus 16 hrs)• Deeper mixed layer
– If no dispersant faster dilution– With dispersant, more intense plume, so
stretching increases plume volume >1ppb• Background currents generally stretch plume
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Biological Impacts:Equivalent Areas of 100% Loss
Wildlife (Birds primarily)
Area swept by oil >10 μm thick multiplied by probability of encounter with water surface
Water Column (Plankton)
Sum of volumes affected divided by mixed layer depth to calculate area affected
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Summary of Impacts - Area (km2)(80% efficiency; no currents, 10-20m mixed depth)
W = wildlifePA = Plankton: Average speciesPS = Plankton: Sensitive Species
W: 68-108PA: 0.06-0.09
PS: 1.4-2.2
W: 391-425PA: 0
PS: 0.03-0.20
15 kt(7.5 m/s)
W: 83-100PA: 0.6-1.8
PS: 7-15
W: 197-209PA: 0PS: 0
5 kt(2.5 m/s)
With DispersantNo DispersantWind Speed
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Water Column Impacts
• Highest for– Large spill volumes– High turbulence (storms, blowouts)– Maximum dispersant application with high
efficiency in one contiguous area (higher in lower winds)
• This analysis was worst case– Entire C-130 application in one location– 80% efficiency and 20:1 ratio (theoretical
maximum)– In reality oil is patchy and spread out
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Conclusions
• Tradeoff in favor of dispersant use– Wildlife impacts scale of 100s km2, even if
patchy oil– Water column impact – worst case scale of
1 km2 in mixed layer (10-20 m deep)
• Dispersant use not indicated if– Sensitive species or life stages
concentrated in area– In confined water body where dilution
restrictedShallow water < 10m deepIn bays and inlets
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Questions?
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Toxic Components of Oil
Monoaromatic Hydrocarbons (MAHs)• Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylenes = BTEX
– highly soluble, highly volatile, moderately toxic• Alkyl-substituted Benzenes – soluble, less volatile,
more toxic
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)• Naphthalenes (2-ring PAHs)
– soluble, less volatile, more toxic– with more alkyl chains, less soluble but more
toxic• 3 ring PAHs
– Phenanthrenes– Fluorenes– Dibenzothiophenes
• 4-ring PAHs – parent compounds bioavailable• larger PAHs insoluble
C-C-C-C-C-CAliphatics = Straight chain hydrocarbons (e.g., alkanes) –more volatile than soluble
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Biological Exposure Model
Organisms classified by behavior
– Wildlife% of time on water
surfaceHabitats usedFeathers & fur
– Fish and InvertebratesSwimmingDrift with currentsStationary
• Movements of organisms are tracked to calculate exposure of individuals
Impact a function of dose
– WildlifeArea swept by oilOil thickness
– Fish and Invertebrates
ConcentrationExposure timeTemperature
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Oil Toxicity
• 1-3 ring aromatics cause most of acute toxicity – in diesel, heavy fuel and crude oil, most from PAHs – for gasoline, MAHs also
• Dissolved aromatic concentration bioavailable
• Narcotic mode of action• Additive toxicity – all dissolved aromatics contribute • LC50mix from published and verified estimates,
based on review of laboratory bioassays with aromatics and oils
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Species Sensitivity Ranking -- PAHs in Crudes and Fuel OilsVertical Red Lines are Geometric Mean and Range for 95% of Species
(French McCay, 2002)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
LC50 (ppb total PAHs)
Spec
ies o
r G
roup
Ran
k
Pandalus goniurusOncorhynchus gorbuscha
Penaeus aztecusSalmo trutta Oncorhynchus spp., Salmo sp., Salvelinus sp., Thymallus sp.
Neomysis americana, Mysidopsis bahiaEurytemora affinis
Crangon franciscorum Micropterus salmoides
Callinectes sapidus Oncorhynchus mykiss
Chironomus sp. Aedes spp.
10 spp. benthic amphipods Elasmopus pectinicrus
Morone saxatilis
Daphnia magna
Ictalurus punctatusPalaemonetes pugio
Eualus spp. Lepomis macrochirus
Cancer magisterArtemia salina
Cyprinodon variegatus
Pimephales promelas
Neanthes arenaceodentata
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0102030405060708090
100
0 1 2 3 4 5log(Concentration)
Perc
ent M
orta
lity
LC50
Model Calculates Percent Mortality from LC50 and Concentration
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Effect of time of exposure and temperature on LC50 (Sensitive Species -- Incipient LC50 = 5 ppb)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96
Time of Exposure (hrs)
LC50
( μg/
L)
25C
15C
2C
Model Corrects LC50 for Duration of Exposure and Temperature
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Biological Impacts:Equivalent Areas of 100% Loss
Wildlife (Birds primarily)
Area swept by oil >10 μm thick multiplied by probability of encounter with water surface:
[Area Swept ] [Probability]
Water Column (Plankton)
Weighted sum of volumes affected at λ% loss:
Σ [ Volume ] [ λ/100 ]
Divide by mixed layer depth to calculate area affected
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Scenario
Pre-Weathering for 16 hrs before potential treatment
Wind from NNW 5 kts;Currents: 0 kt;
Dispersant: none
Turbulent Mixing to 10m deep in Surface Mixed Layer
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: none; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Trajectory: 24 hrs after potential treatment
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: none; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Trajectory: 48 hrs after potential treatment
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: none; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Trajectory: 72 hrs after potential treatment
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: none; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Trajectory: 96 hrs after potential treatment
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: none; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Subsurface Oil Droplet Concentrations
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: none; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Subsurface Oil Droplet Concentrations: 1 hr after potential treatment
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: none; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Subsurface Oil Droplet Concentrations: 2 hrs after potential treatment
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: none; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Subsurface Oil Droplet Concentrations: 3 hrs after potential treatment
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: none; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Subsurface Oil Droplet Concentrations: 4 hrs after potential treatment
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: none; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Subsurface Oil Droplet Concentrations: 5 hrs after potential treatment
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: none; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Subsurface Oil Droplet Concentrations: 6 hrs after potential treatment
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: none; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Subsurface Oil Droplet Concentrations: 8 hrs after potential treatment
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: none; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Subsurface Oil Droplet Concentrations: 10 hrs after potential treatment
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: none; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Subsurface Oil Droplet Concentrations: 12 hrs after potential treatment
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: none; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Subsurface Oil Droplet Concentrations: 18 hrs after potential treatment
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: none; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Subsurface Oil Droplet Concentrations: 24 hrs after potential treatment
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: none; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Subsurface Oil Droplet Concentrations: 36 hrs after potential treatment
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: none; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Subsurface Oil Droplet Concentrations: 48 hrs after potential treatment
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: none; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Subsurface Oil Droplet Concentrations: 60 hrs after potential treatment
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: none; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Subsurface Oil Droplet Concentrations: 72 hrs after potential treatment
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: none; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Subsurface Oil Droplet Concentrations: 84 hrs after potential treatment
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: none; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Subsurface Oil Droplet Concentrations: 96 hrs after potential treatment
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Scenario
Pre-Weathering for 16 hrs before dispersant treatment
Wind from NNW 5 kts;Currents: 0 kt;
Dispersant: at 16 hrs after Spill
Turbulent Mixing to 10m deep in Surface Mixed Layer
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16 hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Trajectory: 24 hrs after dispersant application
[Polygon indicates area where dispersant could be applied]
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16 hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Trajectory: 48 hrs after dispersant application
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16 hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Trajectory: 72 hrs after dispersant application
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16 hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Trajectory: 96 hrs after dispersant application
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16 hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Subsurface Oil Droplet Concentrations
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Subsurface Oil Droplet Concentrations: 1 hr after dispersant application
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Subsurface Oil Droplet Concentrations: 2 hrs after dispersant application
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Subsurface Oil Droplet Concentrations: 3 hrs after dispersant application
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Subsurface Oil Droplet Concentrations: 4 hrs after dispersant application
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Subsurface Oil Droplet Concentrations: 5 hrs after dispersant application
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Subsurface Oil Droplet Concentrations: 8 hrs after dispersant application
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Subsurface Oil Droplet Concentrations: 10 hrs after dispersant application
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Subsurface Oil Droplet Concentrations: 12 hrs after dispersant application
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Subsurface Oil Droplet Concentrations: 18 hrs after dispersant application
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Subsurface Oil Droplet Concentrations: 36 hrs after dispersant application
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Subsurface Oil Droplet Concentrations: 48 hrs after dispersant application
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Subsurface Oil Droplet Concentrations: 60 hrs after dispersant application
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Subsurface Oil Droplet Concentrations: 72 hrs after dispersant application
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Subsurface Oil Droplet Concentrations: 84 hrs after dispersant application
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Wind from NNW 5 kts; Currents: 0 kt;Dispersant: at 16 hrs; Turbulent mixing to 10m deep;
Subsurface Oil Droplet Concentrations: 96 hrs after dispersant application