Monocot Root: epidermis (root hairs), cortex (cortical cells with starch, endodermal cells with Casparian strip or passage cell as indicated with arrow), vascular cylinder or stele (pericycle, phloem, xylem), pithRoots - Internal © Kwantlen.ca/Horticulture

Tomato root tip (whole mount): root cap, region of cell division, region of elongation, region of maturation, root hairs (about 15 um wide)Roots - Internal © Kwantlen.ca/Horticulture

Coleus and onion root (l.s.): root cap, the region of cell division (apical meristem, procambium, ground meristem, protoderm), region of elongation [3 stain types]Roots - Internal © Kwantlen.ca/Horticulture

Dicot root tip model: A - cortex, B - primary phloem, C - primary xylemRoots - Internal © Kwantlen.ca/Horticulture

Dicot root (c.s., region of maturation): epidermis, cortex, vascular cylinder or steleRoots - Internal © Kwantlen.ca/Horticulture

Dicot root (c.s.): vascular cylinder or stele (pericycle, primary phloem, procambium, primary xylem), cortex [cortical cells with starch grains and endodermis with Casparianstrip (suberin in walls) and passage cells (no suberin)] Roots - Internal © Kwantlen.ca/Horticulture

Dicot root compared to monocot root (c.s.): dicot roots have xylem in center; monocot roots have pith in centerRoots - Internal © Kwantlen.ca/Horticulture

Lateral root initiation (Salix): pericycle of the parent root (seen in cross section), new lateral root (seen in longitudinal section)Roots - Internal © Kwantlen.ca/Horticulture

Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (AM): vesicle, arbuscule (enhances P, Zn, & Cu uptake)

vesicles

arbuscules

Roots - Internal © Kwantlen.ca/Horticulture

Ectomycorrhizae formed by five species of fungi (many form mushrooms): enhances NPK and water uptake, keeps pathogens out of root, keep root tips hydrated and alive longerRoots - Internal © Kwantlen.ca/Horticulture

Ectomycorrhizae (ETM) of involving three different species of fungi: mantle (m), Hartig net (n), cortical cell (c), and emanating hypha (e)

Mantles seen in plan view

c.s.

Roots - Internal © Kwantlen.ca/Horticulture

Root nodules of alder (which contain Frankia) and clover (which contain Rhizobium). The bacteria inside can fix atmospheric nitrogen gas and convert it into a form the plant can use as a source of nitrogen (do NOT confuse with ETM – no fungus can do this!)

alder clover

Roots - Internal © Kwantlen.ca/Horticulture

Root nodules of clover (l.s.): arrows indicating bacteria inside (Rhizobium sp.) that fix atmospheric nitrogen gas and convert it into a form the plant can use as a source of N.Roots - Internal © Kwantlen.ca/Horticulture

Woody root cross-section: epidermis & cortex (both being sloughed off), periderm or outer bark (phelloderm, cork cambium, cork cells), primary xylem, secondary xylem, xylem ray, vascular cambium, secondary phloem, phloem rayRoots - Internal © Kwantlen.ca/Horticulture

Fibrous and tap roots, and storage roots (type of tap root)Roots - Internal © Kwantlen.ca/Horticulture