monocots (1)
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Monocots
By:Pratik
ShashankRishishWalid
Wu
Sajan
Systematic
Botany
March 2014
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Basic Info
Monocots are members of the phylum,Anthophyta, also known as
angiosperms. Monocots emerged in the MesozoicEra during the early Cretaceousperiod. With many different types of biomes,
monocots are capable of growth invarious types of soil.
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Changes in Structure and
Reproduction Angiosperms have flowers, which are a
unique reproductive structure that
facilitates pollination and seedformation. Pollinators are insects, birds, bats etc.
that withdraw pollen or nectar andtransfer it to the flower s femalereproductive parts.
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Origin and Characteristics
Monophyletic Somewhere among Magnoliids and Palaeherbs Characteristics
Parallel venation (some have reticulate venation, ?reversals)
Single cotyledon Scattered vascular bundles (also in Nymphaeaceae,
Piperaceae) Sieve cell plastids with several cuneate protein
crystals (also in paleoherbs) Adventitious roots Leaves from basal primordium Monosulcate pollen
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Lineages within monocots
Alismatales Wetland and aquatic
habitats
Lilianae Liliales Asparagales
Commelinanae Arecales (Palms) Bromeliales
(Pineapples) Juncales Typhales Commelinales
Phylidrales Zingiberales (Ginger)
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Lilianae
Liliales Nectaries at base of
tepals or filaments
Extrorse anthers Spots on tepals Lack of phytomelanin
Asparagales Nectaries in septa of
ovaries
Unspotted petals Phytomelanin Sometimes anomalous
secondary growth
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Liliales Liliaceae NEW
Bulbs or corms, contractileroots
Inflorescence terminal,determinate
Flowers conspicuous Tepals often lined or
spotted Nectaries at base of tepals Loculidal capsules T6,A6,G(3) capsule or
berry Fritillaria, Erythronium,
Lilium
Melianthaceae (DeathCamas) Bulblike rhizomes Toxic alkaloids
Inflorescence terminal,indeterminate Flowers small Anther sacs confluent,
opening by single slit Ventricidal capsules
Seeds winged orappendaged T6,A6,G(3) capsules (T
sometimes connate atbase)
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Liliales (cont). Calochortaceae
Bulbs/corms present Flowers large Capsules septicidal
Other families Trilliaceae Colchicaceae
Uvulariaceae
Rhizomes Leaves sheathing at base Inflorescence
indeterminate Tepals sometimes spotted Nectaries at base of tepals Filaments sometimes
connate
Stigmas elongate Capsules septicidal orloculicidal or berry
Prosartes [=Disporum ],
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Asparagales
Convallariaceae New Asphodelaceae New Agavaceae
Alliaceae New Hyacinthaceae New Asparagaceae New Hemerocallidaceae New
Amaryllidaceae Iridaceae Orchidaceae
Convallariaceae
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Alternation of Generations
Haploid
Diploid
FemaleMale
Dominant Life CycleStage (sporophyte)
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Orchid Morphology
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Morphology Cont.
Features Monocots
Number of Floral Parts 3
Number of Pollen Grains 1
Leaf Venation Parallel
Arrangement of VascularBundles
Scattered thru GroundTissue
Number of Cotyledons 1
Roots Adventitious
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Fertilization
Double fertilization1. one sperm nucleus
fuses with a eggnucleus to form adiploid zygote
2. Another spermnucleus fuses withboth nuclei of theendosperm.
3. The resultingnucleus is triploid nutritive tissue.
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Gametophyte Dependency
The male gametophyte consists of thepollen tube and two sperm.
The female gametophyte consists ofseven cells, one of which is the egg.The endosperm will form from anothercell.
Once a seed is formed, it is releasedand a new sporophyte grows.
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Representative Species
Lilium bulbiferum
Cocos nucifera
Saccharum arundinaceum
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Habitat
Monocots are found in all environmentswhere vegetation is possible.
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Level of Diversity
Monocots are found worldwide. There are between 50,000 and 60,000
monocot species worldwide.
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Benefits
Various species of monocots havebeen used in medicine. Alocasia macrorrhizos
Many monocots are edible andconsumed by humans daily. Pineapples
Some species are used to makeclothing, roofing, and other items. Cordyline fruticosa
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Works CitedConrad, Jim. "Monocots & Dicots." . September 5, 2007. Blossom
Basics. 7 April 2009. http://www.backyardnature.net/monodico.htm.
Doritaenopsis orchid. November 2, 2008. Orchids of Wickford. 7April 2009. www.wickfordorchids.com.
"Monocotyledon." . April 2, 2009. 7 April 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocots.
Monocot Life Cycle. 10 April 2009. https://
eapbiofield.wikispaces.com/file/view/399px-Angiosperm_life_cycle_diagram.svg.png.
Orchid Morphology. c. . . . . 14 April 2009. http://spolo.ru/images/fig_08%20copy.gif.