morfa 1. kolokvij

7/30/2019 Morfa 1. kolokvij

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Conversion – 'zero derivation' – the base is converted

into a different word class. Conversion can be from

adjectives and verbs. E.g. adjectives hopeful (base) –

presidential hopefuls.

Compounding – a compound lexeme is derived from

two or more simpler lexemes. (chairman)

Characteristics of adjectives – a) attributive function –

an ugly paintingb) predicative function – The painting

is ugly.c) intensifier very – They are very happy. d)

comparative and superlative forms

2. Central determiners – the articles the/a/an

demonstrative det – this, that, these, those

possesive det – my, his

wh-det – which, whose

negative det – no

universal det – every, each

dual det – either, neither

general det – some, any

quantitative det – enough

3. Postdeterminers – a) ordinals – first, fourth, last,

other.. b) quantifiers – seven many, much, a few, a

little, a lot of..

PRONOUNS are used when there is no noun, they will

the position of a noun.

a) Personal pronoun – I won't tell you how it ended.

b) Reflexive pronoun – I taught myself .

c) Possesive pronoun – mine, yours, his..

d) Demonstrative pronoun – this, that, these, those..

e) Reciprocal pronoun – They know each other pretty

well.

f) Indefinite promoun – everybody, somebody,

anyone, nothing, all, some, many, either, neither, one

g) Relative pronouns – who, whom, which, whose,

that – I had more friends that were boys.h) Interrogative pronouns – who, whom, which,

whose, what – What did he say?

SUBJECT – typically a noun phrase. It occurs with all

types of verbs. Subject pronouns are in the

nominative case. The subject preceeds the ver band it

determines the nimber of the verb.

Passive – the subject of a transitive. Verb is moved

after the ver band preceeded by by.

OBJECT – typically a noun phrase. It usually follows

the verb and it only occurs with transitive verbs. An

object pronoun is in the accusative case. The object of

a transitive verb can become the subject of a passive

clause. E.g. Everyone deserted me. – I was deserted

by everyone.Object can be direct and indirect. E.g. John poured

David (Oi) some whiskey. (Od)

Three patterns contain direct objects – the

monotransitive, ditransitive and complex transitive.



ADVERBIALS – can have different positions, initial,

medial or final. They are relatively peripheral element

(can be ommitted). They have a wide variety of

meanings – place, time, manner, cause, reason,

emphasis etc. a) Optional adverbials – can be added

to clauses with any type of a verb. They are usually

adverb phrases, prepositional phrases or noun

phrases.1. Adverb phrase – He spoke to me about it

briefly 2. Prepositional phrase – In a few minutes,

we'll know the result.3. Noun phrase – They have

travelled a very long way.b) Obligatory adverbials –

complete the meaning of a verb. There are two

patterns: copular and complex transitive.1. Copular

pattern – SVA – Your toast is on the table.2. Complex

transitive pattern – SVOA – Take your hand out of

your pockets.

VERBS – intransitive, monotransitive, ditransitive,

complex transitive, copular (linking).

1. Intransitive verbs – S + V – More people came.

2. Monotransitive verbs – S + V + IO + DO – hat

lecture bored me.

3. Ditransitive verbs – S + V + IO + DO – Fred gave the

girl (IO) a present (DO). Also, the indirect object can

often be omitted – Fred gave (the girl) a present.

Either object can be omitted (ask, pay, teach, tell,

show) – He taught us physics. / He taught us. / He

taught physics. 4. Complex transitive verbs – a) S + V

+ DO + OC – People called him Johnny.

b) S + V + DO + A – He put his hand on her shoulder.

5. Copular (linking) verbs – a) S + V + SC – Carrie felt a

little less bold.

b) S + V + A – My office is in the next building.

Current copular verb – Sc is current attribute. (The girl

seemed very restless). E.g. be, appear, feel, look,

seem.

Finite show distinctions of tense and can include

modal auxiliaries. It is a phrase in which the first and

only word is a finite-verb,and it can be simple and

complex.The finite verb phrase is simple when ti

constists of only 1 word,and complex when it consists

of 2 and more.The auxiliaries follow a strict order in

the complex VP:modal+infinitive (must go),perfect+-

ed participle (has examined),progressive+ing

participle (was talking),passive+ed participle (was

visited)( (a) + (c): must be going(b) + (d): has been

examined(a) + (d): may be visited Non-finite don't show tense and cannot occur with a

modal aux. And thus have fewer forms. The infinitive,-

ing participle and –ed participle are non-finite forms

of verb phrases. Any phrase in which one of theseverb forms is the first and only word is a non-finite

verb phrase.FVP-He smokes. NFVP-To smoke like that

must be dangerous

The most important type of concord is concord of 3rd

person number between subject and verb.( The

change in male attitudes is most obvious in.. / The

changes in male attitudes are most obvious in..

) The number of a NP depends on the number of its

head. The rule of the S-V concord is that in finite

clauses,the verb phrase in a clause agrees with the

subject in terms of number and person.There is also a

tendency to follow notional concord-to let the notion

of sg/pl in the subject determine the form of the

verb,rather than the grammatical form of thesubject.There is the principle of proximity-agreement

of the verb with noun or pronoun which follows it.



There are two major subcategories of phrasal verbs-

intransitive and transitive. Most common intrans.

Phrasal verbs are activity verbs that are used as

directive. They often occur as imperatives. In

declarative clauses common intransitive verbs have

human subjects.They constist of a verb+adverbial

particle. All prepositional verbs take a prepositional

object. There are 2 major structural patterns for

prep.verbs-with a single prep.object and direct

object+prep.object (verb+prep).the structure of a

prep. verb can be considered a single-word lexical

verb that is followed by a prep.phrase. Generally,the

particle of a prep.verb must precede the object but

the particle of a phrasal verb can precede or follow

the object.

Premodification is in general to be interpreted in

terms of postmod. And its greater

explicitness.Explicitness lies in the power of

specifying-postmod is more capable of showing

agreement with the head. Items put in

premodification position are given a linguistic status

of permanent and those in postmodification are given

a temporary status. Premodifier is limited in terms of

type and length. Postmodifier is not l imited in terms

of lenght and is more detailed. Premodification

position – permanent. (or characteristic features)

A timid man – a man who is timid.

Postmodification position – temporary reference.

(reference only to a specific time).

The man who is ready – the ready man. (a particular

situation).

Adjectives as heads of noun phrase – They do not

inflect for number or genitivr, they require the.

Plural and generic reference.Type: a) the innocent – group of people by specifying some quality.

The innocent are often deceived by the unscrupulous.

The young in spirit enjoy life.

Type: b) The Dutch – adjectives denoting nationalities.

The industrious Dutch are admired by their

neighbours.

Type: c) the mystical – singular concord.

The latest (thing/news) is that he is going to run for

re-election.

The best is yet to come.

The genitive and the of- construction (usually shows

ownership, measurement, association, somestructural relationship between a nound and noun

phrase).

- The island's inhabitants OR the inhabitants of the

island (of introduces a noun in a relationship of

„posession“ to the preceeding noun, usually the way

of indicating oisession for inanimates (refers to a

place, thing or an idea)).

of- genitive: These are father's trousers. * These are

the trousers of father.



a) possesive genitive – who posseses an object? – Mrs

Johnson's coat.

b) genitive of attribute – The victim's outrageous

courage.

c) partitive genitive – larger whole of which something

is a part. – The heart's two ventricles.

d) subjective genitive – The parent's consent.

e) objective genitive – The prisoner's release.

f) genitive of origin – England's cheeses.

g) descriptive genitive (or possesive – article the) –

Children's shoes.

h) genitive of time – This week's issue od science

magazine.

Restrictive – the head can only be identified

(linguistically) through that modification.

That tall girl (in the corner) is Angela Hunt.The flowers

in your garden are nice.

Non-restrictive – the head is independently identified.

Not essential, additional.

Come and meet my famous mother.

Angela Hunt, who is over there in the corner, wants to

meet you.

SUBJECT:

a) agentive participant – Margaret is mowing the

grass.b) external causer – The avalanche destroyed

several houses.c) instrument – The computer has

solved this problem.d) affected role – with

intransitive verbs. Jack fell down. (accidentally)

e) recipient – with have, own, possess, benefit

(from). Mr. Smith has a radio.f) experiencer subject –

perceptual verbs, e.g. see, hear. taste, smell, feel canhave both agentive or experiencer subject. I'll taste

the soup. (agentive) / I can taste the pepper in my

soup. (experiencer)g)

positioner subject – with verbs such as sit, stand,

live, stay, remain, carry, hold.

I have lived in Zagreb most of my life. / The hijacker

was holding a revolver.h) locative role – LA is foggy.

i) temporal role – Yesterday was a holiday. j) eventive

subject – The Norman invasion took place in 1066. *

PROP it, subject – 'prop' word has little or no semantic

content.a) time – It's ten o'clock precisely.b)

atmospheric conditions – Is it raining?

c) distance – It's not far to York.



OBJECT:

a) affected – James sold his digital watch yesterday.

b) locative – walk, swim, jump, cross – John swam

the river. c) resultant (effected) object – They

designed a new car.d) cognate object – semantically

and morphologically related to the verb – Chris will

sing a song for us. She lived a good life. e) eventive

object – semantic extension of the verb – They are

arguing. They are having an argument. f) indirect

object – two semantic roles connected to Oi.g)

recipient –

We piad them the money.h) affected object indirect –

I gave them a nudge. ('I nudged them'). We gave the

baby a bath. ('We bathed the baby'). COMPLEMENT –

it can be a noun phrase, an adjective phrase or

occassionally a prepositional phrase. Subject

complement – relates to the subject. He is becoming

quite mature. He's a conscious student.Object

complement – follows the direct object. It relates to

the direct object. (Doris considered Robert quite

mature.) It requires the subjective form of pronouns

in formal use. (The only one they didn't notice was

me/I).

morfa 1. kolokvij

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