morfologi kromosom
DESCRIPTION
genetikaTRANSCRIPT
CELL
Kuliah Genetika
Upik A Miskad PhD SpPA
The picture on the right shows a cell The darker spot is its nucleus which contains the DNA The membrane of the nucleus separate the DNA from the rest of the cells contents because the external environment outside the nucleus may cause the genetic coding on DNA to change
STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SELbull Cell membranebull Cytoplasmabull Ribosomesbull Centriolesbull Mitochondrionbull Smooth ERbull Rough ERbull Golgi apparatusbull Lysosomebull Chromosomesbull Nucleolusbull Nucleusbull Nuclear envelope
ER = ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Definisi SelSel adalah unit kehidupan struktural dan fungsional terkecil dari tubuh
Terdiri atas 2 jenis
1 Sel Prokariotik2 Sel Eukariotik
Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel EukariotikEukariotik
Sel Prokariotik Sel Eukariotik
Tidak memiliki selubung inti Memiliki selubung inti
Tidak ada nekleolus Terdapat nekleolus
Pembelahan secara amitosis Pembelahan secara mitosismeiosis
Tidak memiliki organel bermembran Memiliki organel bermembran
Tidak memiliki mitokondria Memiliki Mitokondria
Metabolisme anaerob Metabolisme aerob
Tanpa sitoskelettidak ada gerakan sitoplasma
Memiliki sitoskeletterjadi aliran sitoplasma
Struktur Dasar SelStruktur Dasar Sel
bull Plasmalemma = membran sel
bull Sitoplasma bull Organel Selbull Nukleus
KROMOSOM
Kuliah Genetika
Upik A Miskad PhD SpPA
bull A discrete unit of genome carrying many genes
bull Each chromosome consist of a very long molecule of duplex DNA and proteins (histone and nonhistone)
bull It is visible as morphological entity only during cell division
bull Chromos = color and soma= body because they stain deeply with certain biological dyes
Chromosome
Struktur Kromosom
bull Kromosom merupakan suatu struktur yang terdiri dari dua komponen molekul yaitu protein dan DNA
bull Terdapat di dalam nukleus
bull Tersusun dari benang-benang kromatin yang halus
bull Kromosom = suatu struktur yang terdiri dari 2 molekul yaitu protein dan DNA
Sejarah penemuan kromosombull Flemming 1879 Pertama kali membedah
benda-benda kecil di dalam selbull Roux (1883) Pertama kali menduga
keterlibatan benda-benda kecil tersebut dalam mekanisme keturunan
bull Benden dan Boveri (1887) menyatakan bahwa tiap mahluk memiliki jumlah benda-benda kecil berbeda pda sel masing-masing
bull Waldeyer (1888) pertama kali memberi nama `kromosom` = krom = warna soma = tubuh
bull Morgan (1933) menemukan fungsi kromosom sebagai pemindah sifat-sifat genetik
bull Sel kelamin (gamet ovumspermatozoon) memiliki separuh jumlah kromosom di dalam sel somatis Haploid Satu set kromosome haploid dinamakan `genome`
bull Sel somatis memiliki 2 genom Diploidbull Terjadi nya sel somatis yang diploid karena
persatuan gamet jantan dan gamet betina yang masing-masing haploid pada saat reproduksi seksual
Morfologi kromosomebull Panjang kromosome 02-
50 microbull Diameter 02-20 microbull Kromosome manusia ada
yang panjang 6 microbull Sentromer = bagian yang
menyempit dan lebih terang yang membagi kromosom menjadi 2 lengan panjang dan pendek (q dan p)
Our genetic information is stored in 23 pairs of chromosomes that vary widely in size and shape Chromosome 1 is the largest and is over three times bigger than chromosome 22 The 23rd pair of chromosomes are two special chromosomes X and Y that determine our sex Females have a pair of X chromosomes (46 XX) whereas males have one X and one Y chromosomes (46 XY) Chromosomes are made of DNA and genes are special units of chromosomal DNA Each chromosome is a very long molecule so it needs to be wrapped tightly around proteins for efficient packaging
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbookresfcgigndpdfhtml
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbvfcgirid=gndTOCampdepth=2
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbvfcgirid=gndchapter272
Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
BacteriaFruits fliesPeasBeesCornFrogFox
CatMouseRatRabbitHumanChickenSome species of fern plans
181416202634
384042444678gt1000
Number of chromosomes in one cell of different species
Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
bull 1 Kromatid
bull 2 Sentromer
bull 3 Lengan pendek
bull 4 Lengan panjang
Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
bull Metasentris = sentromer di median bentuk seperti huruf V
bull Submetasentris = sentromer terletak submedian membentuk lengan tak sama panjang bentuk huruf J
bull Akrosentris = sentromer terletak subterminal (dekat ujung kromosom) Lurus seperti batang Satu jauh lebih panjang dari yang lainnya
bull Telosentris = sentromer terletak di ujung kromosom sehingga hanya satu lengan saja (manusia tidak ada yang telosentris)
MetaSubmeta
AkrosenTelosen
Tipe kromosombull Inti sel manusia terdiri atas 23 pasang
kromosome (46 kromosom) terdiri atas 22 pasang kromosom autosom dan 1 pasang kromosom kelamin
bull Autosom = kromosome yang tidak ada hubungan nya dengan penentuan jenis kelamin
bull Seks kromosom = sepasang kromosom yang menentukan jenis kelamin Laki-laki (XY) dan wanita (XX)
bull Ovum (sel telur) yang dimiliki oleh wanita normal adalah haploid dan mengandung 22 autosom + sebuah kromosom X
bull Spermatozoon (sel sperma) membentuk 2 jenis spermatozoa 22 autosome + 1 kromosom X (ginospermium) dan 22 autosom + 1 kromosom Y (androspermium)
bull Jadi lahirnya anak perempuan dan laki-laki memiliki peluang sama = 50 (secara teoritis)
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY
IBU AYAH
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ Y
Ovum Ginospermium
Androspermium
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY46XX wanita 46XY laki-laki
For example the hemoglobin beta gene (HBB) is found on chromosome 11p154 This means that the HBB gene lies on the short arm (p) of chromosome 11 and is found at the band labeled 154
Contains approximately 1200 genes Contains approximately 100 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 15 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 1
Contains over 3000 genes Contains over 240 million base pairs of which ~90 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 1 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
bullContains approximately 800 genes bullContains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined bullSee the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
Contains approximately 800 genes Contains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome X
Contains over 1400 genes Contains over 150 million base pairs of which approximately 95 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome X in the MapViewer
GENbull Bagian fungsional terkecil dari sebuah
kromosome yang disusun oleh potongan DNA
Structure DNA
bull DNA was made up of individual unit called nucleotidesbull The nucleotide are linked each other to form long chain
A nucleotide consists of three components
1 An organic base2 A five-carbon sugar (pentose) 3 A phosphate group
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
H
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Deoxyribosa
P group attached to the 5` carbon of the sugarOrganic base attached to the 1` carbon of the sugar
Structure RNA
Similar to DNA except
Single strandedRibose replaces deoxyribose as a pentoseUracil replaces thymine
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
OH
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Ribose
Uracil
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Gbr purine and pirimidine
Double- stranded helix of DNA
1 Two long chains (strand)
2 The coiled polynucleotide chains are held together by
hidrogen bonds between the bases of the opposite strands
3 The base pairs (bp) occur as specific set of complementary pairs
A pairs only with T---- (AT) and G only pairs with C----- (CG)4 AT with two hidrogen bonds and CG with three hodrogen bonds
The numbers of base pairs (bp) determine the length of double stranded DNA
1000 bp4 kb2 Mb
Model of double-helical DNA
Base pair
Deoxyribose-phosphat backbone
agctcaggcc ttcgcagcat tcttgggtgg gagcagccac gggtcagcca caagggccac agccatgaat ggcacagaag gccctaactt ctacgtgccc ttctccaatg cgacgggtgt ggtacgcagc cccttcgagt acccacagta ctacctggct gagccatggc agttctccat gctggccgcc tacatgtttc tgctgatcgt gctgggcttc cccatcaact ct ctacgtcacc gtccagcaca agaagctgcg cacgcctctc aactacatcc tgctcaacct agccgtggct gacctcttca tggtcctagg tggcttcacc agcaccctct acacctctct gcatggatac ttcgtcttcg ggcccacagg atgcaatttg gagggcttct ttgccaccct gggcggtatg agccgggtgt gggtggggtg tgcaggagcc cgggagcatg gaggggtctg ggagagtccc gggcttggcg gtggtggctg agaggccttc tcccttctcc tgtcctgtca atgttatcca aagccctc
Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
Heterozygote= TC
Wild type = TT
Homozygote=CC
ORF
The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene
ORF
ORF
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
The picture on the right shows a cell The darker spot is its nucleus which contains the DNA The membrane of the nucleus separate the DNA from the rest of the cells contents because the external environment outside the nucleus may cause the genetic coding on DNA to change
STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SELbull Cell membranebull Cytoplasmabull Ribosomesbull Centriolesbull Mitochondrionbull Smooth ERbull Rough ERbull Golgi apparatusbull Lysosomebull Chromosomesbull Nucleolusbull Nucleusbull Nuclear envelope
ER = ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Definisi SelSel adalah unit kehidupan struktural dan fungsional terkecil dari tubuh
Terdiri atas 2 jenis
1 Sel Prokariotik2 Sel Eukariotik
Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel EukariotikEukariotik
Sel Prokariotik Sel Eukariotik
Tidak memiliki selubung inti Memiliki selubung inti
Tidak ada nekleolus Terdapat nekleolus
Pembelahan secara amitosis Pembelahan secara mitosismeiosis
Tidak memiliki organel bermembran Memiliki organel bermembran
Tidak memiliki mitokondria Memiliki Mitokondria
Metabolisme anaerob Metabolisme aerob
Tanpa sitoskelettidak ada gerakan sitoplasma
Memiliki sitoskeletterjadi aliran sitoplasma
Struktur Dasar SelStruktur Dasar Sel
bull Plasmalemma = membran sel
bull Sitoplasma bull Organel Selbull Nukleus
KROMOSOM
Kuliah Genetika
Upik A Miskad PhD SpPA
bull A discrete unit of genome carrying many genes
bull Each chromosome consist of a very long molecule of duplex DNA and proteins (histone and nonhistone)
bull It is visible as morphological entity only during cell division
bull Chromos = color and soma= body because they stain deeply with certain biological dyes
Chromosome
Struktur Kromosom
bull Kromosom merupakan suatu struktur yang terdiri dari dua komponen molekul yaitu protein dan DNA
bull Terdapat di dalam nukleus
bull Tersusun dari benang-benang kromatin yang halus
bull Kromosom = suatu struktur yang terdiri dari 2 molekul yaitu protein dan DNA
Sejarah penemuan kromosombull Flemming 1879 Pertama kali membedah
benda-benda kecil di dalam selbull Roux (1883) Pertama kali menduga
keterlibatan benda-benda kecil tersebut dalam mekanisme keturunan
bull Benden dan Boveri (1887) menyatakan bahwa tiap mahluk memiliki jumlah benda-benda kecil berbeda pda sel masing-masing
bull Waldeyer (1888) pertama kali memberi nama `kromosom` = krom = warna soma = tubuh
bull Morgan (1933) menemukan fungsi kromosom sebagai pemindah sifat-sifat genetik
bull Sel kelamin (gamet ovumspermatozoon) memiliki separuh jumlah kromosom di dalam sel somatis Haploid Satu set kromosome haploid dinamakan `genome`
bull Sel somatis memiliki 2 genom Diploidbull Terjadi nya sel somatis yang diploid karena
persatuan gamet jantan dan gamet betina yang masing-masing haploid pada saat reproduksi seksual
Morfologi kromosomebull Panjang kromosome 02-
50 microbull Diameter 02-20 microbull Kromosome manusia ada
yang panjang 6 microbull Sentromer = bagian yang
menyempit dan lebih terang yang membagi kromosom menjadi 2 lengan panjang dan pendek (q dan p)
Our genetic information is stored in 23 pairs of chromosomes that vary widely in size and shape Chromosome 1 is the largest and is over three times bigger than chromosome 22 The 23rd pair of chromosomes are two special chromosomes X and Y that determine our sex Females have a pair of X chromosomes (46 XX) whereas males have one X and one Y chromosomes (46 XY) Chromosomes are made of DNA and genes are special units of chromosomal DNA Each chromosome is a very long molecule so it needs to be wrapped tightly around proteins for efficient packaging
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbookresfcgigndpdfhtml
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbvfcgirid=gndTOCampdepth=2
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbvfcgirid=gndchapter272
Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
BacteriaFruits fliesPeasBeesCornFrogFox
CatMouseRatRabbitHumanChickenSome species of fern plans
181416202634
384042444678gt1000
Number of chromosomes in one cell of different species
Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
bull 1 Kromatid
bull 2 Sentromer
bull 3 Lengan pendek
bull 4 Lengan panjang
Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
bull Metasentris = sentromer di median bentuk seperti huruf V
bull Submetasentris = sentromer terletak submedian membentuk lengan tak sama panjang bentuk huruf J
bull Akrosentris = sentromer terletak subterminal (dekat ujung kromosom) Lurus seperti batang Satu jauh lebih panjang dari yang lainnya
bull Telosentris = sentromer terletak di ujung kromosom sehingga hanya satu lengan saja (manusia tidak ada yang telosentris)
MetaSubmeta
AkrosenTelosen
Tipe kromosombull Inti sel manusia terdiri atas 23 pasang
kromosome (46 kromosom) terdiri atas 22 pasang kromosom autosom dan 1 pasang kromosom kelamin
bull Autosom = kromosome yang tidak ada hubungan nya dengan penentuan jenis kelamin
bull Seks kromosom = sepasang kromosom yang menentukan jenis kelamin Laki-laki (XY) dan wanita (XX)
bull Ovum (sel telur) yang dimiliki oleh wanita normal adalah haploid dan mengandung 22 autosom + sebuah kromosom X
bull Spermatozoon (sel sperma) membentuk 2 jenis spermatozoa 22 autosome + 1 kromosom X (ginospermium) dan 22 autosom + 1 kromosom Y (androspermium)
bull Jadi lahirnya anak perempuan dan laki-laki memiliki peluang sama = 50 (secara teoritis)
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY
IBU AYAH
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ Y
Ovum Ginospermium
Androspermium
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY46XX wanita 46XY laki-laki
For example the hemoglobin beta gene (HBB) is found on chromosome 11p154 This means that the HBB gene lies on the short arm (p) of chromosome 11 and is found at the band labeled 154
Contains approximately 1200 genes Contains approximately 100 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 15 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 1
Contains over 3000 genes Contains over 240 million base pairs of which ~90 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 1 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
bullContains approximately 800 genes bullContains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined bullSee the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
Contains approximately 800 genes Contains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome X
Contains over 1400 genes Contains over 150 million base pairs of which approximately 95 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome X in the MapViewer
GENbull Bagian fungsional terkecil dari sebuah
kromosome yang disusun oleh potongan DNA
Structure DNA
bull DNA was made up of individual unit called nucleotidesbull The nucleotide are linked each other to form long chain
A nucleotide consists of three components
1 An organic base2 A five-carbon sugar (pentose) 3 A phosphate group
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
H
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Deoxyribosa
P group attached to the 5` carbon of the sugarOrganic base attached to the 1` carbon of the sugar
Structure RNA
Similar to DNA except
Single strandedRibose replaces deoxyribose as a pentoseUracil replaces thymine
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
OH
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Ribose
Uracil
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Gbr purine and pirimidine
Double- stranded helix of DNA
1 Two long chains (strand)
2 The coiled polynucleotide chains are held together by
hidrogen bonds between the bases of the opposite strands
3 The base pairs (bp) occur as specific set of complementary pairs
A pairs only with T---- (AT) and G only pairs with C----- (CG)4 AT with two hidrogen bonds and CG with three hodrogen bonds
The numbers of base pairs (bp) determine the length of double stranded DNA
1000 bp4 kb2 Mb
Model of double-helical DNA
Base pair
Deoxyribose-phosphat backbone
agctcaggcc ttcgcagcat tcttgggtgg gagcagccac gggtcagcca caagggccac agccatgaat ggcacagaag gccctaactt ctacgtgccc ttctccaatg cgacgggtgt ggtacgcagc cccttcgagt acccacagta ctacctggct gagccatggc agttctccat gctggccgcc tacatgtttc tgctgatcgt gctgggcttc cccatcaact ct ctacgtcacc gtccagcaca agaagctgcg cacgcctctc aactacatcc tgctcaacct agccgtggct gacctcttca tggtcctagg tggcttcacc agcaccctct acacctctct gcatggatac ttcgtcttcg ggcccacagg atgcaatttg gagggcttct ttgccaccct gggcggtatg agccgggtgt gggtggggtg tgcaggagcc cgggagcatg gaggggtctg ggagagtccc gggcttggcg gtggtggctg agaggccttc tcccttctcc tgtcctgtca atgttatcca aagccctc
Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
Heterozygote= TC
Wild type = TT
Homozygote=CC
ORF
The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene
ORF
ORF
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SELbull Cell membranebull Cytoplasmabull Ribosomesbull Centriolesbull Mitochondrionbull Smooth ERbull Rough ERbull Golgi apparatusbull Lysosomebull Chromosomesbull Nucleolusbull Nucleusbull Nuclear envelope
ER = ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Definisi SelSel adalah unit kehidupan struktural dan fungsional terkecil dari tubuh
Terdiri atas 2 jenis
1 Sel Prokariotik2 Sel Eukariotik
Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel EukariotikEukariotik
Sel Prokariotik Sel Eukariotik
Tidak memiliki selubung inti Memiliki selubung inti
Tidak ada nekleolus Terdapat nekleolus
Pembelahan secara amitosis Pembelahan secara mitosismeiosis
Tidak memiliki organel bermembran Memiliki organel bermembran
Tidak memiliki mitokondria Memiliki Mitokondria
Metabolisme anaerob Metabolisme aerob
Tanpa sitoskelettidak ada gerakan sitoplasma
Memiliki sitoskeletterjadi aliran sitoplasma
Struktur Dasar SelStruktur Dasar Sel
bull Plasmalemma = membran sel
bull Sitoplasma bull Organel Selbull Nukleus
KROMOSOM
Kuliah Genetika
Upik A Miskad PhD SpPA
bull A discrete unit of genome carrying many genes
bull Each chromosome consist of a very long molecule of duplex DNA and proteins (histone and nonhistone)
bull It is visible as morphological entity only during cell division
bull Chromos = color and soma= body because they stain deeply with certain biological dyes
Chromosome
Struktur Kromosom
bull Kromosom merupakan suatu struktur yang terdiri dari dua komponen molekul yaitu protein dan DNA
bull Terdapat di dalam nukleus
bull Tersusun dari benang-benang kromatin yang halus
bull Kromosom = suatu struktur yang terdiri dari 2 molekul yaitu protein dan DNA
Sejarah penemuan kromosombull Flemming 1879 Pertama kali membedah
benda-benda kecil di dalam selbull Roux (1883) Pertama kali menduga
keterlibatan benda-benda kecil tersebut dalam mekanisme keturunan
bull Benden dan Boveri (1887) menyatakan bahwa tiap mahluk memiliki jumlah benda-benda kecil berbeda pda sel masing-masing
bull Waldeyer (1888) pertama kali memberi nama `kromosom` = krom = warna soma = tubuh
bull Morgan (1933) menemukan fungsi kromosom sebagai pemindah sifat-sifat genetik
bull Sel kelamin (gamet ovumspermatozoon) memiliki separuh jumlah kromosom di dalam sel somatis Haploid Satu set kromosome haploid dinamakan `genome`
bull Sel somatis memiliki 2 genom Diploidbull Terjadi nya sel somatis yang diploid karena
persatuan gamet jantan dan gamet betina yang masing-masing haploid pada saat reproduksi seksual
Morfologi kromosomebull Panjang kromosome 02-
50 microbull Diameter 02-20 microbull Kromosome manusia ada
yang panjang 6 microbull Sentromer = bagian yang
menyempit dan lebih terang yang membagi kromosom menjadi 2 lengan panjang dan pendek (q dan p)
Our genetic information is stored in 23 pairs of chromosomes that vary widely in size and shape Chromosome 1 is the largest and is over three times bigger than chromosome 22 The 23rd pair of chromosomes are two special chromosomes X and Y that determine our sex Females have a pair of X chromosomes (46 XX) whereas males have one X and one Y chromosomes (46 XY) Chromosomes are made of DNA and genes are special units of chromosomal DNA Each chromosome is a very long molecule so it needs to be wrapped tightly around proteins for efficient packaging
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbookresfcgigndpdfhtml
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbvfcgirid=gndTOCampdepth=2
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbvfcgirid=gndchapter272
Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
BacteriaFruits fliesPeasBeesCornFrogFox
CatMouseRatRabbitHumanChickenSome species of fern plans
181416202634
384042444678gt1000
Number of chromosomes in one cell of different species
Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
bull 1 Kromatid
bull 2 Sentromer
bull 3 Lengan pendek
bull 4 Lengan panjang
Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
bull Metasentris = sentromer di median bentuk seperti huruf V
bull Submetasentris = sentromer terletak submedian membentuk lengan tak sama panjang bentuk huruf J
bull Akrosentris = sentromer terletak subterminal (dekat ujung kromosom) Lurus seperti batang Satu jauh lebih panjang dari yang lainnya
bull Telosentris = sentromer terletak di ujung kromosom sehingga hanya satu lengan saja (manusia tidak ada yang telosentris)
MetaSubmeta
AkrosenTelosen
Tipe kromosombull Inti sel manusia terdiri atas 23 pasang
kromosome (46 kromosom) terdiri atas 22 pasang kromosom autosom dan 1 pasang kromosom kelamin
bull Autosom = kromosome yang tidak ada hubungan nya dengan penentuan jenis kelamin
bull Seks kromosom = sepasang kromosom yang menentukan jenis kelamin Laki-laki (XY) dan wanita (XX)
bull Ovum (sel telur) yang dimiliki oleh wanita normal adalah haploid dan mengandung 22 autosom + sebuah kromosom X
bull Spermatozoon (sel sperma) membentuk 2 jenis spermatozoa 22 autosome + 1 kromosom X (ginospermium) dan 22 autosom + 1 kromosom Y (androspermium)
bull Jadi lahirnya anak perempuan dan laki-laki memiliki peluang sama = 50 (secara teoritis)
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY
IBU AYAH
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ Y
Ovum Ginospermium
Androspermium
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY46XX wanita 46XY laki-laki
For example the hemoglobin beta gene (HBB) is found on chromosome 11p154 This means that the HBB gene lies on the short arm (p) of chromosome 11 and is found at the band labeled 154
Contains approximately 1200 genes Contains approximately 100 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 15 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 1
Contains over 3000 genes Contains over 240 million base pairs of which ~90 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 1 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
bullContains approximately 800 genes bullContains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined bullSee the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
Contains approximately 800 genes Contains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome X
Contains over 1400 genes Contains over 150 million base pairs of which approximately 95 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome X in the MapViewer
GENbull Bagian fungsional terkecil dari sebuah
kromosome yang disusun oleh potongan DNA
Structure DNA
bull DNA was made up of individual unit called nucleotidesbull The nucleotide are linked each other to form long chain
A nucleotide consists of three components
1 An organic base2 A five-carbon sugar (pentose) 3 A phosphate group
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
H
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Deoxyribosa
P group attached to the 5` carbon of the sugarOrganic base attached to the 1` carbon of the sugar
Structure RNA
Similar to DNA except
Single strandedRibose replaces deoxyribose as a pentoseUracil replaces thymine
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
OH
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Ribose
Uracil
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Gbr purine and pirimidine
Double- stranded helix of DNA
1 Two long chains (strand)
2 The coiled polynucleotide chains are held together by
hidrogen bonds between the bases of the opposite strands
3 The base pairs (bp) occur as specific set of complementary pairs
A pairs only with T---- (AT) and G only pairs with C----- (CG)4 AT with two hidrogen bonds and CG with three hodrogen bonds
The numbers of base pairs (bp) determine the length of double stranded DNA
1000 bp4 kb2 Mb
Model of double-helical DNA
Base pair
Deoxyribose-phosphat backbone
agctcaggcc ttcgcagcat tcttgggtgg gagcagccac gggtcagcca caagggccac agccatgaat ggcacagaag gccctaactt ctacgtgccc ttctccaatg cgacgggtgt ggtacgcagc cccttcgagt acccacagta ctacctggct gagccatggc agttctccat gctggccgcc tacatgtttc tgctgatcgt gctgggcttc cccatcaact ct ctacgtcacc gtccagcaca agaagctgcg cacgcctctc aactacatcc tgctcaacct agccgtggct gacctcttca tggtcctagg tggcttcacc agcaccctct acacctctct gcatggatac ttcgtcttcg ggcccacagg atgcaatttg gagggcttct ttgccaccct gggcggtatg agccgggtgt gggtggggtg tgcaggagcc cgggagcatg gaggggtctg ggagagtccc gggcttggcg gtggtggctg agaggccttc tcccttctcc tgtcctgtca atgttatcca aagccctc
Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
Heterozygote= TC
Wild type = TT
Homozygote=CC
ORF
The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene
ORF
ORF
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
Definisi SelSel adalah unit kehidupan struktural dan fungsional terkecil dari tubuh
Terdiri atas 2 jenis
1 Sel Prokariotik2 Sel Eukariotik
Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel EukariotikEukariotik
Sel Prokariotik Sel Eukariotik
Tidak memiliki selubung inti Memiliki selubung inti
Tidak ada nekleolus Terdapat nekleolus
Pembelahan secara amitosis Pembelahan secara mitosismeiosis
Tidak memiliki organel bermembran Memiliki organel bermembran
Tidak memiliki mitokondria Memiliki Mitokondria
Metabolisme anaerob Metabolisme aerob
Tanpa sitoskelettidak ada gerakan sitoplasma
Memiliki sitoskeletterjadi aliran sitoplasma
Struktur Dasar SelStruktur Dasar Sel
bull Plasmalemma = membran sel
bull Sitoplasma bull Organel Selbull Nukleus
KROMOSOM
Kuliah Genetika
Upik A Miskad PhD SpPA
bull A discrete unit of genome carrying many genes
bull Each chromosome consist of a very long molecule of duplex DNA and proteins (histone and nonhistone)
bull It is visible as morphological entity only during cell division
bull Chromos = color and soma= body because they stain deeply with certain biological dyes
Chromosome
Struktur Kromosom
bull Kromosom merupakan suatu struktur yang terdiri dari dua komponen molekul yaitu protein dan DNA
bull Terdapat di dalam nukleus
bull Tersusun dari benang-benang kromatin yang halus
bull Kromosom = suatu struktur yang terdiri dari 2 molekul yaitu protein dan DNA
Sejarah penemuan kromosombull Flemming 1879 Pertama kali membedah
benda-benda kecil di dalam selbull Roux (1883) Pertama kali menduga
keterlibatan benda-benda kecil tersebut dalam mekanisme keturunan
bull Benden dan Boveri (1887) menyatakan bahwa tiap mahluk memiliki jumlah benda-benda kecil berbeda pda sel masing-masing
bull Waldeyer (1888) pertama kali memberi nama `kromosom` = krom = warna soma = tubuh
bull Morgan (1933) menemukan fungsi kromosom sebagai pemindah sifat-sifat genetik
bull Sel kelamin (gamet ovumspermatozoon) memiliki separuh jumlah kromosom di dalam sel somatis Haploid Satu set kromosome haploid dinamakan `genome`
bull Sel somatis memiliki 2 genom Diploidbull Terjadi nya sel somatis yang diploid karena
persatuan gamet jantan dan gamet betina yang masing-masing haploid pada saat reproduksi seksual
Morfologi kromosomebull Panjang kromosome 02-
50 microbull Diameter 02-20 microbull Kromosome manusia ada
yang panjang 6 microbull Sentromer = bagian yang
menyempit dan lebih terang yang membagi kromosom menjadi 2 lengan panjang dan pendek (q dan p)
Our genetic information is stored in 23 pairs of chromosomes that vary widely in size and shape Chromosome 1 is the largest and is over three times bigger than chromosome 22 The 23rd pair of chromosomes are two special chromosomes X and Y that determine our sex Females have a pair of X chromosomes (46 XX) whereas males have one X and one Y chromosomes (46 XY) Chromosomes are made of DNA and genes are special units of chromosomal DNA Each chromosome is a very long molecule so it needs to be wrapped tightly around proteins for efficient packaging
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbookresfcgigndpdfhtml
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbvfcgirid=gndTOCampdepth=2
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbvfcgirid=gndchapter272
Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
BacteriaFruits fliesPeasBeesCornFrogFox
CatMouseRatRabbitHumanChickenSome species of fern plans
181416202634
384042444678gt1000
Number of chromosomes in one cell of different species
Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
bull 1 Kromatid
bull 2 Sentromer
bull 3 Lengan pendek
bull 4 Lengan panjang
Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
bull Metasentris = sentromer di median bentuk seperti huruf V
bull Submetasentris = sentromer terletak submedian membentuk lengan tak sama panjang bentuk huruf J
bull Akrosentris = sentromer terletak subterminal (dekat ujung kromosom) Lurus seperti batang Satu jauh lebih panjang dari yang lainnya
bull Telosentris = sentromer terletak di ujung kromosom sehingga hanya satu lengan saja (manusia tidak ada yang telosentris)
MetaSubmeta
AkrosenTelosen
Tipe kromosombull Inti sel manusia terdiri atas 23 pasang
kromosome (46 kromosom) terdiri atas 22 pasang kromosom autosom dan 1 pasang kromosom kelamin
bull Autosom = kromosome yang tidak ada hubungan nya dengan penentuan jenis kelamin
bull Seks kromosom = sepasang kromosom yang menentukan jenis kelamin Laki-laki (XY) dan wanita (XX)
bull Ovum (sel telur) yang dimiliki oleh wanita normal adalah haploid dan mengandung 22 autosom + sebuah kromosom X
bull Spermatozoon (sel sperma) membentuk 2 jenis spermatozoa 22 autosome + 1 kromosom X (ginospermium) dan 22 autosom + 1 kromosom Y (androspermium)
bull Jadi lahirnya anak perempuan dan laki-laki memiliki peluang sama = 50 (secara teoritis)
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY
IBU AYAH
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ Y
Ovum Ginospermium
Androspermium
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY46XX wanita 46XY laki-laki
For example the hemoglobin beta gene (HBB) is found on chromosome 11p154 This means that the HBB gene lies on the short arm (p) of chromosome 11 and is found at the band labeled 154
Contains approximately 1200 genes Contains approximately 100 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 15 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 1
Contains over 3000 genes Contains over 240 million base pairs of which ~90 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 1 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
bullContains approximately 800 genes bullContains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined bullSee the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
Contains approximately 800 genes Contains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome X
Contains over 1400 genes Contains over 150 million base pairs of which approximately 95 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome X in the MapViewer
GENbull Bagian fungsional terkecil dari sebuah
kromosome yang disusun oleh potongan DNA
Structure DNA
bull DNA was made up of individual unit called nucleotidesbull The nucleotide are linked each other to form long chain
A nucleotide consists of three components
1 An organic base2 A five-carbon sugar (pentose) 3 A phosphate group
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
H
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Deoxyribosa
P group attached to the 5` carbon of the sugarOrganic base attached to the 1` carbon of the sugar
Structure RNA
Similar to DNA except
Single strandedRibose replaces deoxyribose as a pentoseUracil replaces thymine
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
OH
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Ribose
Uracil
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Gbr purine and pirimidine
Double- stranded helix of DNA
1 Two long chains (strand)
2 The coiled polynucleotide chains are held together by
hidrogen bonds between the bases of the opposite strands
3 The base pairs (bp) occur as specific set of complementary pairs
A pairs only with T---- (AT) and G only pairs with C----- (CG)4 AT with two hidrogen bonds and CG with three hodrogen bonds
The numbers of base pairs (bp) determine the length of double stranded DNA
1000 bp4 kb2 Mb
Model of double-helical DNA
Base pair
Deoxyribose-phosphat backbone
agctcaggcc ttcgcagcat tcttgggtgg gagcagccac gggtcagcca caagggccac agccatgaat ggcacagaag gccctaactt ctacgtgccc ttctccaatg cgacgggtgt ggtacgcagc cccttcgagt acccacagta ctacctggct gagccatggc agttctccat gctggccgcc tacatgtttc tgctgatcgt gctgggcttc cccatcaact ct ctacgtcacc gtccagcaca agaagctgcg cacgcctctc aactacatcc tgctcaacct agccgtggct gacctcttca tggtcctagg tggcttcacc agcaccctct acacctctct gcatggatac ttcgtcttcg ggcccacagg atgcaatttg gagggcttct ttgccaccct gggcggtatg agccgggtgt gggtggggtg tgcaggagcc cgggagcatg gaggggtctg ggagagtccc gggcttggcg gtggtggctg agaggccttc tcccttctcc tgtcctgtca atgttatcca aagccctc
Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
Heterozygote= TC
Wild type = TT
Homozygote=CC
ORF
The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene
ORF
ORF
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel EukariotikEukariotik
Sel Prokariotik Sel Eukariotik
Tidak memiliki selubung inti Memiliki selubung inti
Tidak ada nekleolus Terdapat nekleolus
Pembelahan secara amitosis Pembelahan secara mitosismeiosis
Tidak memiliki organel bermembran Memiliki organel bermembran
Tidak memiliki mitokondria Memiliki Mitokondria
Metabolisme anaerob Metabolisme aerob
Tanpa sitoskelettidak ada gerakan sitoplasma
Memiliki sitoskeletterjadi aliran sitoplasma
Struktur Dasar SelStruktur Dasar Sel
bull Plasmalemma = membran sel
bull Sitoplasma bull Organel Selbull Nukleus
KROMOSOM
Kuliah Genetika
Upik A Miskad PhD SpPA
bull A discrete unit of genome carrying many genes
bull Each chromosome consist of a very long molecule of duplex DNA and proteins (histone and nonhistone)
bull It is visible as morphological entity only during cell division
bull Chromos = color and soma= body because they stain deeply with certain biological dyes
Chromosome
Struktur Kromosom
bull Kromosom merupakan suatu struktur yang terdiri dari dua komponen molekul yaitu protein dan DNA
bull Terdapat di dalam nukleus
bull Tersusun dari benang-benang kromatin yang halus
bull Kromosom = suatu struktur yang terdiri dari 2 molekul yaitu protein dan DNA
Sejarah penemuan kromosombull Flemming 1879 Pertama kali membedah
benda-benda kecil di dalam selbull Roux (1883) Pertama kali menduga
keterlibatan benda-benda kecil tersebut dalam mekanisme keturunan
bull Benden dan Boveri (1887) menyatakan bahwa tiap mahluk memiliki jumlah benda-benda kecil berbeda pda sel masing-masing
bull Waldeyer (1888) pertama kali memberi nama `kromosom` = krom = warna soma = tubuh
bull Morgan (1933) menemukan fungsi kromosom sebagai pemindah sifat-sifat genetik
bull Sel kelamin (gamet ovumspermatozoon) memiliki separuh jumlah kromosom di dalam sel somatis Haploid Satu set kromosome haploid dinamakan `genome`
bull Sel somatis memiliki 2 genom Diploidbull Terjadi nya sel somatis yang diploid karena
persatuan gamet jantan dan gamet betina yang masing-masing haploid pada saat reproduksi seksual
Morfologi kromosomebull Panjang kromosome 02-
50 microbull Diameter 02-20 microbull Kromosome manusia ada
yang panjang 6 microbull Sentromer = bagian yang
menyempit dan lebih terang yang membagi kromosom menjadi 2 lengan panjang dan pendek (q dan p)
Our genetic information is stored in 23 pairs of chromosomes that vary widely in size and shape Chromosome 1 is the largest and is over three times bigger than chromosome 22 The 23rd pair of chromosomes are two special chromosomes X and Y that determine our sex Females have a pair of X chromosomes (46 XX) whereas males have one X and one Y chromosomes (46 XY) Chromosomes are made of DNA and genes are special units of chromosomal DNA Each chromosome is a very long molecule so it needs to be wrapped tightly around proteins for efficient packaging
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbookresfcgigndpdfhtml
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbvfcgirid=gndTOCampdepth=2
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbvfcgirid=gndchapter272
Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
BacteriaFruits fliesPeasBeesCornFrogFox
CatMouseRatRabbitHumanChickenSome species of fern plans
181416202634
384042444678gt1000
Number of chromosomes in one cell of different species
Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
bull 1 Kromatid
bull 2 Sentromer
bull 3 Lengan pendek
bull 4 Lengan panjang
Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
bull Metasentris = sentromer di median bentuk seperti huruf V
bull Submetasentris = sentromer terletak submedian membentuk lengan tak sama panjang bentuk huruf J
bull Akrosentris = sentromer terletak subterminal (dekat ujung kromosom) Lurus seperti batang Satu jauh lebih panjang dari yang lainnya
bull Telosentris = sentromer terletak di ujung kromosom sehingga hanya satu lengan saja (manusia tidak ada yang telosentris)
MetaSubmeta
AkrosenTelosen
Tipe kromosombull Inti sel manusia terdiri atas 23 pasang
kromosome (46 kromosom) terdiri atas 22 pasang kromosom autosom dan 1 pasang kromosom kelamin
bull Autosom = kromosome yang tidak ada hubungan nya dengan penentuan jenis kelamin
bull Seks kromosom = sepasang kromosom yang menentukan jenis kelamin Laki-laki (XY) dan wanita (XX)
bull Ovum (sel telur) yang dimiliki oleh wanita normal adalah haploid dan mengandung 22 autosom + sebuah kromosom X
bull Spermatozoon (sel sperma) membentuk 2 jenis spermatozoa 22 autosome + 1 kromosom X (ginospermium) dan 22 autosom + 1 kromosom Y (androspermium)
bull Jadi lahirnya anak perempuan dan laki-laki memiliki peluang sama = 50 (secara teoritis)
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY
IBU AYAH
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ Y
Ovum Ginospermium
Androspermium
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY46XX wanita 46XY laki-laki
For example the hemoglobin beta gene (HBB) is found on chromosome 11p154 This means that the HBB gene lies on the short arm (p) of chromosome 11 and is found at the band labeled 154
Contains approximately 1200 genes Contains approximately 100 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 15 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 1
Contains over 3000 genes Contains over 240 million base pairs of which ~90 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 1 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
bullContains approximately 800 genes bullContains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined bullSee the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
Contains approximately 800 genes Contains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome X
Contains over 1400 genes Contains over 150 million base pairs of which approximately 95 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome X in the MapViewer
GENbull Bagian fungsional terkecil dari sebuah
kromosome yang disusun oleh potongan DNA
Structure DNA
bull DNA was made up of individual unit called nucleotidesbull The nucleotide are linked each other to form long chain
A nucleotide consists of three components
1 An organic base2 A five-carbon sugar (pentose) 3 A phosphate group
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
H
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Deoxyribosa
P group attached to the 5` carbon of the sugarOrganic base attached to the 1` carbon of the sugar
Structure RNA
Similar to DNA except
Single strandedRibose replaces deoxyribose as a pentoseUracil replaces thymine
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
OH
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Ribose
Uracil
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Gbr purine and pirimidine
Double- stranded helix of DNA
1 Two long chains (strand)
2 The coiled polynucleotide chains are held together by
hidrogen bonds between the bases of the opposite strands
3 The base pairs (bp) occur as specific set of complementary pairs
A pairs only with T---- (AT) and G only pairs with C----- (CG)4 AT with two hidrogen bonds and CG with three hodrogen bonds
The numbers of base pairs (bp) determine the length of double stranded DNA
1000 bp4 kb2 Mb
Model of double-helical DNA
Base pair
Deoxyribose-phosphat backbone
agctcaggcc ttcgcagcat tcttgggtgg gagcagccac gggtcagcca caagggccac agccatgaat ggcacagaag gccctaactt ctacgtgccc ttctccaatg cgacgggtgt ggtacgcagc cccttcgagt acccacagta ctacctggct gagccatggc agttctccat gctggccgcc tacatgtttc tgctgatcgt gctgggcttc cccatcaact ct ctacgtcacc gtccagcaca agaagctgcg cacgcctctc aactacatcc tgctcaacct agccgtggct gacctcttca tggtcctagg tggcttcacc agcaccctct acacctctct gcatggatac ttcgtcttcg ggcccacagg atgcaatttg gagggcttct ttgccaccct gggcggtatg agccgggtgt gggtggggtg tgcaggagcc cgggagcatg gaggggtctg ggagagtccc gggcttggcg gtggtggctg agaggccttc tcccttctcc tgtcctgtca atgttatcca aagccctc
Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
Heterozygote= TC
Wild type = TT
Homozygote=CC
ORF
The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene
ORF
ORF
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
Struktur Dasar SelStruktur Dasar Sel
bull Plasmalemma = membran sel
bull Sitoplasma bull Organel Selbull Nukleus
KROMOSOM
Kuliah Genetika
Upik A Miskad PhD SpPA
bull A discrete unit of genome carrying many genes
bull Each chromosome consist of a very long molecule of duplex DNA and proteins (histone and nonhistone)
bull It is visible as morphological entity only during cell division
bull Chromos = color and soma= body because they stain deeply with certain biological dyes
Chromosome
Struktur Kromosom
bull Kromosom merupakan suatu struktur yang terdiri dari dua komponen molekul yaitu protein dan DNA
bull Terdapat di dalam nukleus
bull Tersusun dari benang-benang kromatin yang halus
bull Kromosom = suatu struktur yang terdiri dari 2 molekul yaitu protein dan DNA
Sejarah penemuan kromosombull Flemming 1879 Pertama kali membedah
benda-benda kecil di dalam selbull Roux (1883) Pertama kali menduga
keterlibatan benda-benda kecil tersebut dalam mekanisme keturunan
bull Benden dan Boveri (1887) menyatakan bahwa tiap mahluk memiliki jumlah benda-benda kecil berbeda pda sel masing-masing
bull Waldeyer (1888) pertama kali memberi nama `kromosom` = krom = warna soma = tubuh
bull Morgan (1933) menemukan fungsi kromosom sebagai pemindah sifat-sifat genetik
bull Sel kelamin (gamet ovumspermatozoon) memiliki separuh jumlah kromosom di dalam sel somatis Haploid Satu set kromosome haploid dinamakan `genome`
bull Sel somatis memiliki 2 genom Diploidbull Terjadi nya sel somatis yang diploid karena
persatuan gamet jantan dan gamet betina yang masing-masing haploid pada saat reproduksi seksual
Morfologi kromosomebull Panjang kromosome 02-
50 microbull Diameter 02-20 microbull Kromosome manusia ada
yang panjang 6 microbull Sentromer = bagian yang
menyempit dan lebih terang yang membagi kromosom menjadi 2 lengan panjang dan pendek (q dan p)
Our genetic information is stored in 23 pairs of chromosomes that vary widely in size and shape Chromosome 1 is the largest and is over three times bigger than chromosome 22 The 23rd pair of chromosomes are two special chromosomes X and Y that determine our sex Females have a pair of X chromosomes (46 XX) whereas males have one X and one Y chromosomes (46 XY) Chromosomes are made of DNA and genes are special units of chromosomal DNA Each chromosome is a very long molecule so it needs to be wrapped tightly around proteins for efficient packaging
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbookresfcgigndpdfhtml
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbvfcgirid=gndTOCampdepth=2
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbvfcgirid=gndchapter272
Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
BacteriaFruits fliesPeasBeesCornFrogFox
CatMouseRatRabbitHumanChickenSome species of fern plans
181416202634
384042444678gt1000
Number of chromosomes in one cell of different species
Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
bull 1 Kromatid
bull 2 Sentromer
bull 3 Lengan pendek
bull 4 Lengan panjang
Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
bull Metasentris = sentromer di median bentuk seperti huruf V
bull Submetasentris = sentromer terletak submedian membentuk lengan tak sama panjang bentuk huruf J
bull Akrosentris = sentromer terletak subterminal (dekat ujung kromosom) Lurus seperti batang Satu jauh lebih panjang dari yang lainnya
bull Telosentris = sentromer terletak di ujung kromosom sehingga hanya satu lengan saja (manusia tidak ada yang telosentris)
MetaSubmeta
AkrosenTelosen
Tipe kromosombull Inti sel manusia terdiri atas 23 pasang
kromosome (46 kromosom) terdiri atas 22 pasang kromosom autosom dan 1 pasang kromosom kelamin
bull Autosom = kromosome yang tidak ada hubungan nya dengan penentuan jenis kelamin
bull Seks kromosom = sepasang kromosom yang menentukan jenis kelamin Laki-laki (XY) dan wanita (XX)
bull Ovum (sel telur) yang dimiliki oleh wanita normal adalah haploid dan mengandung 22 autosom + sebuah kromosom X
bull Spermatozoon (sel sperma) membentuk 2 jenis spermatozoa 22 autosome + 1 kromosom X (ginospermium) dan 22 autosom + 1 kromosom Y (androspermium)
bull Jadi lahirnya anak perempuan dan laki-laki memiliki peluang sama = 50 (secara teoritis)
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY
IBU AYAH
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ Y
Ovum Ginospermium
Androspermium
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY46XX wanita 46XY laki-laki
For example the hemoglobin beta gene (HBB) is found on chromosome 11p154 This means that the HBB gene lies on the short arm (p) of chromosome 11 and is found at the band labeled 154
Contains approximately 1200 genes Contains approximately 100 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 15 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 1
Contains over 3000 genes Contains over 240 million base pairs of which ~90 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 1 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
bullContains approximately 800 genes bullContains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined bullSee the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
Contains approximately 800 genes Contains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome X
Contains over 1400 genes Contains over 150 million base pairs of which approximately 95 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome X in the MapViewer
GENbull Bagian fungsional terkecil dari sebuah
kromosome yang disusun oleh potongan DNA
Structure DNA
bull DNA was made up of individual unit called nucleotidesbull The nucleotide are linked each other to form long chain
A nucleotide consists of three components
1 An organic base2 A five-carbon sugar (pentose) 3 A phosphate group
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
H
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Deoxyribosa
P group attached to the 5` carbon of the sugarOrganic base attached to the 1` carbon of the sugar
Structure RNA
Similar to DNA except
Single strandedRibose replaces deoxyribose as a pentoseUracil replaces thymine
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
OH
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Ribose
Uracil
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Gbr purine and pirimidine
Double- stranded helix of DNA
1 Two long chains (strand)
2 The coiled polynucleotide chains are held together by
hidrogen bonds between the bases of the opposite strands
3 The base pairs (bp) occur as specific set of complementary pairs
A pairs only with T---- (AT) and G only pairs with C----- (CG)4 AT with two hidrogen bonds and CG with three hodrogen bonds
The numbers of base pairs (bp) determine the length of double stranded DNA
1000 bp4 kb2 Mb
Model of double-helical DNA
Base pair
Deoxyribose-phosphat backbone
agctcaggcc ttcgcagcat tcttgggtgg gagcagccac gggtcagcca caagggccac agccatgaat ggcacagaag gccctaactt ctacgtgccc ttctccaatg cgacgggtgt ggtacgcagc cccttcgagt acccacagta ctacctggct gagccatggc agttctccat gctggccgcc tacatgtttc tgctgatcgt gctgggcttc cccatcaact ct ctacgtcacc gtccagcaca agaagctgcg cacgcctctc aactacatcc tgctcaacct agccgtggct gacctcttca tggtcctagg tggcttcacc agcaccctct acacctctct gcatggatac ttcgtcttcg ggcccacagg atgcaatttg gagggcttct ttgccaccct gggcggtatg agccgggtgt gggtggggtg tgcaggagcc cgggagcatg gaggggtctg ggagagtccc gggcttggcg gtggtggctg agaggccttc tcccttctcc tgtcctgtca atgttatcca aagccctc
Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
Heterozygote= TC
Wild type = TT
Homozygote=CC
ORF
The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene
ORF
ORF
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
KROMOSOM
Kuliah Genetika
Upik A Miskad PhD SpPA
bull A discrete unit of genome carrying many genes
bull Each chromosome consist of a very long molecule of duplex DNA and proteins (histone and nonhistone)
bull It is visible as morphological entity only during cell division
bull Chromos = color and soma= body because they stain deeply with certain biological dyes
Chromosome
Struktur Kromosom
bull Kromosom merupakan suatu struktur yang terdiri dari dua komponen molekul yaitu protein dan DNA
bull Terdapat di dalam nukleus
bull Tersusun dari benang-benang kromatin yang halus
bull Kromosom = suatu struktur yang terdiri dari 2 molekul yaitu protein dan DNA
Sejarah penemuan kromosombull Flemming 1879 Pertama kali membedah
benda-benda kecil di dalam selbull Roux (1883) Pertama kali menduga
keterlibatan benda-benda kecil tersebut dalam mekanisme keturunan
bull Benden dan Boveri (1887) menyatakan bahwa tiap mahluk memiliki jumlah benda-benda kecil berbeda pda sel masing-masing
bull Waldeyer (1888) pertama kali memberi nama `kromosom` = krom = warna soma = tubuh
bull Morgan (1933) menemukan fungsi kromosom sebagai pemindah sifat-sifat genetik
bull Sel kelamin (gamet ovumspermatozoon) memiliki separuh jumlah kromosom di dalam sel somatis Haploid Satu set kromosome haploid dinamakan `genome`
bull Sel somatis memiliki 2 genom Diploidbull Terjadi nya sel somatis yang diploid karena
persatuan gamet jantan dan gamet betina yang masing-masing haploid pada saat reproduksi seksual
Morfologi kromosomebull Panjang kromosome 02-
50 microbull Diameter 02-20 microbull Kromosome manusia ada
yang panjang 6 microbull Sentromer = bagian yang
menyempit dan lebih terang yang membagi kromosom menjadi 2 lengan panjang dan pendek (q dan p)
Our genetic information is stored in 23 pairs of chromosomes that vary widely in size and shape Chromosome 1 is the largest and is over three times bigger than chromosome 22 The 23rd pair of chromosomes are two special chromosomes X and Y that determine our sex Females have a pair of X chromosomes (46 XX) whereas males have one X and one Y chromosomes (46 XY) Chromosomes are made of DNA and genes are special units of chromosomal DNA Each chromosome is a very long molecule so it needs to be wrapped tightly around proteins for efficient packaging
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbookresfcgigndpdfhtml
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbvfcgirid=gndTOCampdepth=2
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbvfcgirid=gndchapter272
Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
BacteriaFruits fliesPeasBeesCornFrogFox
CatMouseRatRabbitHumanChickenSome species of fern plans
181416202634
384042444678gt1000
Number of chromosomes in one cell of different species
Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
bull 1 Kromatid
bull 2 Sentromer
bull 3 Lengan pendek
bull 4 Lengan panjang
Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
bull Metasentris = sentromer di median bentuk seperti huruf V
bull Submetasentris = sentromer terletak submedian membentuk lengan tak sama panjang bentuk huruf J
bull Akrosentris = sentromer terletak subterminal (dekat ujung kromosom) Lurus seperti batang Satu jauh lebih panjang dari yang lainnya
bull Telosentris = sentromer terletak di ujung kromosom sehingga hanya satu lengan saja (manusia tidak ada yang telosentris)
MetaSubmeta
AkrosenTelosen
Tipe kromosombull Inti sel manusia terdiri atas 23 pasang
kromosome (46 kromosom) terdiri atas 22 pasang kromosom autosom dan 1 pasang kromosom kelamin
bull Autosom = kromosome yang tidak ada hubungan nya dengan penentuan jenis kelamin
bull Seks kromosom = sepasang kromosom yang menentukan jenis kelamin Laki-laki (XY) dan wanita (XX)
bull Ovum (sel telur) yang dimiliki oleh wanita normal adalah haploid dan mengandung 22 autosom + sebuah kromosom X
bull Spermatozoon (sel sperma) membentuk 2 jenis spermatozoa 22 autosome + 1 kromosom X (ginospermium) dan 22 autosom + 1 kromosom Y (androspermium)
bull Jadi lahirnya anak perempuan dan laki-laki memiliki peluang sama = 50 (secara teoritis)
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY
IBU AYAH
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ Y
Ovum Ginospermium
Androspermium
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY46XX wanita 46XY laki-laki
For example the hemoglobin beta gene (HBB) is found on chromosome 11p154 This means that the HBB gene lies on the short arm (p) of chromosome 11 and is found at the band labeled 154
Contains approximately 1200 genes Contains approximately 100 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 15 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 1
Contains over 3000 genes Contains over 240 million base pairs of which ~90 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 1 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
bullContains approximately 800 genes bullContains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined bullSee the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
Contains approximately 800 genes Contains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome X
Contains over 1400 genes Contains over 150 million base pairs of which approximately 95 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome X in the MapViewer
GENbull Bagian fungsional terkecil dari sebuah
kromosome yang disusun oleh potongan DNA
Structure DNA
bull DNA was made up of individual unit called nucleotidesbull The nucleotide are linked each other to form long chain
A nucleotide consists of three components
1 An organic base2 A five-carbon sugar (pentose) 3 A phosphate group
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
H
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Deoxyribosa
P group attached to the 5` carbon of the sugarOrganic base attached to the 1` carbon of the sugar
Structure RNA
Similar to DNA except
Single strandedRibose replaces deoxyribose as a pentoseUracil replaces thymine
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
OH
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Ribose
Uracil
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Gbr purine and pirimidine
Double- stranded helix of DNA
1 Two long chains (strand)
2 The coiled polynucleotide chains are held together by
hidrogen bonds between the bases of the opposite strands
3 The base pairs (bp) occur as specific set of complementary pairs
A pairs only with T---- (AT) and G only pairs with C----- (CG)4 AT with two hidrogen bonds and CG with three hodrogen bonds
The numbers of base pairs (bp) determine the length of double stranded DNA
1000 bp4 kb2 Mb
Model of double-helical DNA
Base pair
Deoxyribose-phosphat backbone
agctcaggcc ttcgcagcat tcttgggtgg gagcagccac gggtcagcca caagggccac agccatgaat ggcacagaag gccctaactt ctacgtgccc ttctccaatg cgacgggtgt ggtacgcagc cccttcgagt acccacagta ctacctggct gagccatggc agttctccat gctggccgcc tacatgtttc tgctgatcgt gctgggcttc cccatcaact ct ctacgtcacc gtccagcaca agaagctgcg cacgcctctc aactacatcc tgctcaacct agccgtggct gacctcttca tggtcctagg tggcttcacc agcaccctct acacctctct gcatggatac ttcgtcttcg ggcccacagg atgcaatttg gagggcttct ttgccaccct gggcggtatg agccgggtgt gggtggggtg tgcaggagcc cgggagcatg gaggggtctg ggagagtccc gggcttggcg gtggtggctg agaggccttc tcccttctcc tgtcctgtca atgttatcca aagccctc
Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
Heterozygote= TC
Wild type = TT
Homozygote=CC
ORF
The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene
ORF
ORF
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
bull A discrete unit of genome carrying many genes
bull Each chromosome consist of a very long molecule of duplex DNA and proteins (histone and nonhistone)
bull It is visible as morphological entity only during cell division
bull Chromos = color and soma= body because they stain deeply with certain biological dyes
Chromosome
Struktur Kromosom
bull Kromosom merupakan suatu struktur yang terdiri dari dua komponen molekul yaitu protein dan DNA
bull Terdapat di dalam nukleus
bull Tersusun dari benang-benang kromatin yang halus
bull Kromosom = suatu struktur yang terdiri dari 2 molekul yaitu protein dan DNA
Sejarah penemuan kromosombull Flemming 1879 Pertama kali membedah
benda-benda kecil di dalam selbull Roux (1883) Pertama kali menduga
keterlibatan benda-benda kecil tersebut dalam mekanisme keturunan
bull Benden dan Boveri (1887) menyatakan bahwa tiap mahluk memiliki jumlah benda-benda kecil berbeda pda sel masing-masing
bull Waldeyer (1888) pertama kali memberi nama `kromosom` = krom = warna soma = tubuh
bull Morgan (1933) menemukan fungsi kromosom sebagai pemindah sifat-sifat genetik
bull Sel kelamin (gamet ovumspermatozoon) memiliki separuh jumlah kromosom di dalam sel somatis Haploid Satu set kromosome haploid dinamakan `genome`
bull Sel somatis memiliki 2 genom Diploidbull Terjadi nya sel somatis yang diploid karena
persatuan gamet jantan dan gamet betina yang masing-masing haploid pada saat reproduksi seksual
Morfologi kromosomebull Panjang kromosome 02-
50 microbull Diameter 02-20 microbull Kromosome manusia ada
yang panjang 6 microbull Sentromer = bagian yang
menyempit dan lebih terang yang membagi kromosom menjadi 2 lengan panjang dan pendek (q dan p)
Our genetic information is stored in 23 pairs of chromosomes that vary widely in size and shape Chromosome 1 is the largest and is over three times bigger than chromosome 22 The 23rd pair of chromosomes are two special chromosomes X and Y that determine our sex Females have a pair of X chromosomes (46 XX) whereas males have one X and one Y chromosomes (46 XY) Chromosomes are made of DNA and genes are special units of chromosomal DNA Each chromosome is a very long molecule so it needs to be wrapped tightly around proteins for efficient packaging
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbookresfcgigndpdfhtml
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbvfcgirid=gndTOCampdepth=2
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbvfcgirid=gndchapter272
Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
BacteriaFruits fliesPeasBeesCornFrogFox
CatMouseRatRabbitHumanChickenSome species of fern plans
181416202634
384042444678gt1000
Number of chromosomes in one cell of different species
Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
bull 1 Kromatid
bull 2 Sentromer
bull 3 Lengan pendek
bull 4 Lengan panjang
Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
bull Metasentris = sentromer di median bentuk seperti huruf V
bull Submetasentris = sentromer terletak submedian membentuk lengan tak sama panjang bentuk huruf J
bull Akrosentris = sentromer terletak subterminal (dekat ujung kromosom) Lurus seperti batang Satu jauh lebih panjang dari yang lainnya
bull Telosentris = sentromer terletak di ujung kromosom sehingga hanya satu lengan saja (manusia tidak ada yang telosentris)
MetaSubmeta
AkrosenTelosen
Tipe kromosombull Inti sel manusia terdiri atas 23 pasang
kromosome (46 kromosom) terdiri atas 22 pasang kromosom autosom dan 1 pasang kromosom kelamin
bull Autosom = kromosome yang tidak ada hubungan nya dengan penentuan jenis kelamin
bull Seks kromosom = sepasang kromosom yang menentukan jenis kelamin Laki-laki (XY) dan wanita (XX)
bull Ovum (sel telur) yang dimiliki oleh wanita normal adalah haploid dan mengandung 22 autosom + sebuah kromosom X
bull Spermatozoon (sel sperma) membentuk 2 jenis spermatozoa 22 autosome + 1 kromosom X (ginospermium) dan 22 autosom + 1 kromosom Y (androspermium)
bull Jadi lahirnya anak perempuan dan laki-laki memiliki peluang sama = 50 (secara teoritis)
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY
IBU AYAH
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ Y
Ovum Ginospermium
Androspermium
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY46XX wanita 46XY laki-laki
For example the hemoglobin beta gene (HBB) is found on chromosome 11p154 This means that the HBB gene lies on the short arm (p) of chromosome 11 and is found at the band labeled 154
Contains approximately 1200 genes Contains approximately 100 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 15 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 1
Contains over 3000 genes Contains over 240 million base pairs of which ~90 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 1 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
bullContains approximately 800 genes bullContains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined bullSee the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
Contains approximately 800 genes Contains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome X
Contains over 1400 genes Contains over 150 million base pairs of which approximately 95 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome X in the MapViewer
GENbull Bagian fungsional terkecil dari sebuah
kromosome yang disusun oleh potongan DNA
Structure DNA
bull DNA was made up of individual unit called nucleotidesbull The nucleotide are linked each other to form long chain
A nucleotide consists of three components
1 An organic base2 A five-carbon sugar (pentose) 3 A phosphate group
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
H
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Deoxyribosa
P group attached to the 5` carbon of the sugarOrganic base attached to the 1` carbon of the sugar
Structure RNA
Similar to DNA except
Single strandedRibose replaces deoxyribose as a pentoseUracil replaces thymine
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
OH
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Ribose
Uracil
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Gbr purine and pirimidine
Double- stranded helix of DNA
1 Two long chains (strand)
2 The coiled polynucleotide chains are held together by
hidrogen bonds between the bases of the opposite strands
3 The base pairs (bp) occur as specific set of complementary pairs
A pairs only with T---- (AT) and G only pairs with C----- (CG)4 AT with two hidrogen bonds and CG with three hodrogen bonds
The numbers of base pairs (bp) determine the length of double stranded DNA
1000 bp4 kb2 Mb
Model of double-helical DNA
Base pair
Deoxyribose-phosphat backbone
agctcaggcc ttcgcagcat tcttgggtgg gagcagccac gggtcagcca caagggccac agccatgaat ggcacagaag gccctaactt ctacgtgccc ttctccaatg cgacgggtgt ggtacgcagc cccttcgagt acccacagta ctacctggct gagccatggc agttctccat gctggccgcc tacatgtttc tgctgatcgt gctgggcttc cccatcaact ct ctacgtcacc gtccagcaca agaagctgcg cacgcctctc aactacatcc tgctcaacct agccgtggct gacctcttca tggtcctagg tggcttcacc agcaccctct acacctctct gcatggatac ttcgtcttcg ggcccacagg atgcaatttg gagggcttct ttgccaccct gggcggtatg agccgggtgt gggtggggtg tgcaggagcc cgggagcatg gaggggtctg ggagagtccc gggcttggcg gtggtggctg agaggccttc tcccttctcc tgtcctgtca atgttatcca aagccctc
Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
Heterozygote= TC
Wild type = TT
Homozygote=CC
ORF
The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene
ORF
ORF
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
Struktur Kromosom
bull Kromosom merupakan suatu struktur yang terdiri dari dua komponen molekul yaitu protein dan DNA
bull Terdapat di dalam nukleus
bull Tersusun dari benang-benang kromatin yang halus
bull Kromosom = suatu struktur yang terdiri dari 2 molekul yaitu protein dan DNA
Sejarah penemuan kromosombull Flemming 1879 Pertama kali membedah
benda-benda kecil di dalam selbull Roux (1883) Pertama kali menduga
keterlibatan benda-benda kecil tersebut dalam mekanisme keturunan
bull Benden dan Boveri (1887) menyatakan bahwa tiap mahluk memiliki jumlah benda-benda kecil berbeda pda sel masing-masing
bull Waldeyer (1888) pertama kali memberi nama `kromosom` = krom = warna soma = tubuh
bull Morgan (1933) menemukan fungsi kromosom sebagai pemindah sifat-sifat genetik
bull Sel kelamin (gamet ovumspermatozoon) memiliki separuh jumlah kromosom di dalam sel somatis Haploid Satu set kromosome haploid dinamakan `genome`
bull Sel somatis memiliki 2 genom Diploidbull Terjadi nya sel somatis yang diploid karena
persatuan gamet jantan dan gamet betina yang masing-masing haploid pada saat reproduksi seksual
Morfologi kromosomebull Panjang kromosome 02-
50 microbull Diameter 02-20 microbull Kromosome manusia ada
yang panjang 6 microbull Sentromer = bagian yang
menyempit dan lebih terang yang membagi kromosom menjadi 2 lengan panjang dan pendek (q dan p)
Our genetic information is stored in 23 pairs of chromosomes that vary widely in size and shape Chromosome 1 is the largest and is over three times bigger than chromosome 22 The 23rd pair of chromosomes are two special chromosomes X and Y that determine our sex Females have a pair of X chromosomes (46 XX) whereas males have one X and one Y chromosomes (46 XY) Chromosomes are made of DNA and genes are special units of chromosomal DNA Each chromosome is a very long molecule so it needs to be wrapped tightly around proteins for efficient packaging
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbookresfcgigndpdfhtml
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbvfcgirid=gndTOCampdepth=2
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbvfcgirid=gndchapter272
Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
BacteriaFruits fliesPeasBeesCornFrogFox
CatMouseRatRabbitHumanChickenSome species of fern plans
181416202634
384042444678gt1000
Number of chromosomes in one cell of different species
Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
bull 1 Kromatid
bull 2 Sentromer
bull 3 Lengan pendek
bull 4 Lengan panjang
Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
bull Metasentris = sentromer di median bentuk seperti huruf V
bull Submetasentris = sentromer terletak submedian membentuk lengan tak sama panjang bentuk huruf J
bull Akrosentris = sentromer terletak subterminal (dekat ujung kromosom) Lurus seperti batang Satu jauh lebih panjang dari yang lainnya
bull Telosentris = sentromer terletak di ujung kromosom sehingga hanya satu lengan saja (manusia tidak ada yang telosentris)
MetaSubmeta
AkrosenTelosen
Tipe kromosombull Inti sel manusia terdiri atas 23 pasang
kromosome (46 kromosom) terdiri atas 22 pasang kromosom autosom dan 1 pasang kromosom kelamin
bull Autosom = kromosome yang tidak ada hubungan nya dengan penentuan jenis kelamin
bull Seks kromosom = sepasang kromosom yang menentukan jenis kelamin Laki-laki (XY) dan wanita (XX)
bull Ovum (sel telur) yang dimiliki oleh wanita normal adalah haploid dan mengandung 22 autosom + sebuah kromosom X
bull Spermatozoon (sel sperma) membentuk 2 jenis spermatozoa 22 autosome + 1 kromosom X (ginospermium) dan 22 autosom + 1 kromosom Y (androspermium)
bull Jadi lahirnya anak perempuan dan laki-laki memiliki peluang sama = 50 (secara teoritis)
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY
IBU AYAH
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ Y
Ovum Ginospermium
Androspermium
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY46XX wanita 46XY laki-laki
For example the hemoglobin beta gene (HBB) is found on chromosome 11p154 This means that the HBB gene lies on the short arm (p) of chromosome 11 and is found at the band labeled 154
Contains approximately 1200 genes Contains approximately 100 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 15 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 1
Contains over 3000 genes Contains over 240 million base pairs of which ~90 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 1 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
bullContains approximately 800 genes bullContains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined bullSee the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
Contains approximately 800 genes Contains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome X
Contains over 1400 genes Contains over 150 million base pairs of which approximately 95 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome X in the MapViewer
GENbull Bagian fungsional terkecil dari sebuah
kromosome yang disusun oleh potongan DNA
Structure DNA
bull DNA was made up of individual unit called nucleotidesbull The nucleotide are linked each other to form long chain
A nucleotide consists of three components
1 An organic base2 A five-carbon sugar (pentose) 3 A phosphate group
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
H
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Deoxyribosa
P group attached to the 5` carbon of the sugarOrganic base attached to the 1` carbon of the sugar
Structure RNA
Similar to DNA except
Single strandedRibose replaces deoxyribose as a pentoseUracil replaces thymine
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
OH
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Ribose
Uracil
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Gbr purine and pirimidine
Double- stranded helix of DNA
1 Two long chains (strand)
2 The coiled polynucleotide chains are held together by
hidrogen bonds between the bases of the opposite strands
3 The base pairs (bp) occur as specific set of complementary pairs
A pairs only with T---- (AT) and G only pairs with C----- (CG)4 AT with two hidrogen bonds and CG with three hodrogen bonds
The numbers of base pairs (bp) determine the length of double stranded DNA
1000 bp4 kb2 Mb
Model of double-helical DNA
Base pair
Deoxyribose-phosphat backbone
agctcaggcc ttcgcagcat tcttgggtgg gagcagccac gggtcagcca caagggccac agccatgaat ggcacagaag gccctaactt ctacgtgccc ttctccaatg cgacgggtgt ggtacgcagc cccttcgagt acccacagta ctacctggct gagccatggc agttctccat gctggccgcc tacatgtttc tgctgatcgt gctgggcttc cccatcaact ct ctacgtcacc gtccagcaca agaagctgcg cacgcctctc aactacatcc tgctcaacct agccgtggct gacctcttca tggtcctagg tggcttcacc agcaccctct acacctctct gcatggatac ttcgtcttcg ggcccacagg atgcaatttg gagggcttct ttgccaccct gggcggtatg agccgggtgt gggtggggtg tgcaggagcc cgggagcatg gaggggtctg ggagagtccc gggcttggcg gtggtggctg agaggccttc tcccttctcc tgtcctgtca atgttatcca aagccctc
Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
Heterozygote= TC
Wild type = TT
Homozygote=CC
ORF
The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene
ORF
ORF
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
bull Kromosom = suatu struktur yang terdiri dari 2 molekul yaitu protein dan DNA
Sejarah penemuan kromosombull Flemming 1879 Pertama kali membedah
benda-benda kecil di dalam selbull Roux (1883) Pertama kali menduga
keterlibatan benda-benda kecil tersebut dalam mekanisme keturunan
bull Benden dan Boveri (1887) menyatakan bahwa tiap mahluk memiliki jumlah benda-benda kecil berbeda pda sel masing-masing
bull Waldeyer (1888) pertama kali memberi nama `kromosom` = krom = warna soma = tubuh
bull Morgan (1933) menemukan fungsi kromosom sebagai pemindah sifat-sifat genetik
bull Sel kelamin (gamet ovumspermatozoon) memiliki separuh jumlah kromosom di dalam sel somatis Haploid Satu set kromosome haploid dinamakan `genome`
bull Sel somatis memiliki 2 genom Diploidbull Terjadi nya sel somatis yang diploid karena
persatuan gamet jantan dan gamet betina yang masing-masing haploid pada saat reproduksi seksual
Morfologi kromosomebull Panjang kromosome 02-
50 microbull Diameter 02-20 microbull Kromosome manusia ada
yang panjang 6 microbull Sentromer = bagian yang
menyempit dan lebih terang yang membagi kromosom menjadi 2 lengan panjang dan pendek (q dan p)
Our genetic information is stored in 23 pairs of chromosomes that vary widely in size and shape Chromosome 1 is the largest and is over three times bigger than chromosome 22 The 23rd pair of chromosomes are two special chromosomes X and Y that determine our sex Females have a pair of X chromosomes (46 XX) whereas males have one X and one Y chromosomes (46 XY) Chromosomes are made of DNA and genes are special units of chromosomal DNA Each chromosome is a very long molecule so it needs to be wrapped tightly around proteins for efficient packaging
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbookresfcgigndpdfhtml
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbvfcgirid=gndTOCampdepth=2
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbvfcgirid=gndchapter272
Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
BacteriaFruits fliesPeasBeesCornFrogFox
CatMouseRatRabbitHumanChickenSome species of fern plans
181416202634
384042444678gt1000
Number of chromosomes in one cell of different species
Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
bull 1 Kromatid
bull 2 Sentromer
bull 3 Lengan pendek
bull 4 Lengan panjang
Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
bull Metasentris = sentromer di median bentuk seperti huruf V
bull Submetasentris = sentromer terletak submedian membentuk lengan tak sama panjang bentuk huruf J
bull Akrosentris = sentromer terletak subterminal (dekat ujung kromosom) Lurus seperti batang Satu jauh lebih panjang dari yang lainnya
bull Telosentris = sentromer terletak di ujung kromosom sehingga hanya satu lengan saja (manusia tidak ada yang telosentris)
MetaSubmeta
AkrosenTelosen
Tipe kromosombull Inti sel manusia terdiri atas 23 pasang
kromosome (46 kromosom) terdiri atas 22 pasang kromosom autosom dan 1 pasang kromosom kelamin
bull Autosom = kromosome yang tidak ada hubungan nya dengan penentuan jenis kelamin
bull Seks kromosom = sepasang kromosom yang menentukan jenis kelamin Laki-laki (XY) dan wanita (XX)
bull Ovum (sel telur) yang dimiliki oleh wanita normal adalah haploid dan mengandung 22 autosom + sebuah kromosom X
bull Spermatozoon (sel sperma) membentuk 2 jenis spermatozoa 22 autosome + 1 kromosom X (ginospermium) dan 22 autosom + 1 kromosom Y (androspermium)
bull Jadi lahirnya anak perempuan dan laki-laki memiliki peluang sama = 50 (secara teoritis)
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY
IBU AYAH
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ Y
Ovum Ginospermium
Androspermium
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY46XX wanita 46XY laki-laki
For example the hemoglobin beta gene (HBB) is found on chromosome 11p154 This means that the HBB gene lies on the short arm (p) of chromosome 11 and is found at the band labeled 154
Contains approximately 1200 genes Contains approximately 100 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 15 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 1
Contains over 3000 genes Contains over 240 million base pairs of which ~90 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 1 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
bullContains approximately 800 genes bullContains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined bullSee the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
Contains approximately 800 genes Contains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome X
Contains over 1400 genes Contains over 150 million base pairs of which approximately 95 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome X in the MapViewer
GENbull Bagian fungsional terkecil dari sebuah
kromosome yang disusun oleh potongan DNA
Structure DNA
bull DNA was made up of individual unit called nucleotidesbull The nucleotide are linked each other to form long chain
A nucleotide consists of three components
1 An organic base2 A five-carbon sugar (pentose) 3 A phosphate group
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
H
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Deoxyribosa
P group attached to the 5` carbon of the sugarOrganic base attached to the 1` carbon of the sugar
Structure RNA
Similar to DNA except
Single strandedRibose replaces deoxyribose as a pentoseUracil replaces thymine
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
OH
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Ribose
Uracil
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Gbr purine and pirimidine
Double- stranded helix of DNA
1 Two long chains (strand)
2 The coiled polynucleotide chains are held together by
hidrogen bonds between the bases of the opposite strands
3 The base pairs (bp) occur as specific set of complementary pairs
A pairs only with T---- (AT) and G only pairs with C----- (CG)4 AT with two hidrogen bonds and CG with three hodrogen bonds
The numbers of base pairs (bp) determine the length of double stranded DNA
1000 bp4 kb2 Mb
Model of double-helical DNA
Base pair
Deoxyribose-phosphat backbone
agctcaggcc ttcgcagcat tcttgggtgg gagcagccac gggtcagcca caagggccac agccatgaat ggcacagaag gccctaactt ctacgtgccc ttctccaatg cgacgggtgt ggtacgcagc cccttcgagt acccacagta ctacctggct gagccatggc agttctccat gctggccgcc tacatgtttc tgctgatcgt gctgggcttc cccatcaact ct ctacgtcacc gtccagcaca agaagctgcg cacgcctctc aactacatcc tgctcaacct agccgtggct gacctcttca tggtcctagg tggcttcacc agcaccctct acacctctct gcatggatac ttcgtcttcg ggcccacagg atgcaatttg gagggcttct ttgccaccct gggcggtatg agccgggtgt gggtggggtg tgcaggagcc cgggagcatg gaggggtctg ggagagtccc gggcttggcg gtggtggctg agaggccttc tcccttctcc tgtcctgtca atgttatcca aagccctc
Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
Heterozygote= TC
Wild type = TT
Homozygote=CC
ORF
The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene
ORF
ORF
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
Sejarah penemuan kromosombull Flemming 1879 Pertama kali membedah
benda-benda kecil di dalam selbull Roux (1883) Pertama kali menduga
keterlibatan benda-benda kecil tersebut dalam mekanisme keturunan
bull Benden dan Boveri (1887) menyatakan bahwa tiap mahluk memiliki jumlah benda-benda kecil berbeda pda sel masing-masing
bull Waldeyer (1888) pertama kali memberi nama `kromosom` = krom = warna soma = tubuh
bull Morgan (1933) menemukan fungsi kromosom sebagai pemindah sifat-sifat genetik
bull Sel kelamin (gamet ovumspermatozoon) memiliki separuh jumlah kromosom di dalam sel somatis Haploid Satu set kromosome haploid dinamakan `genome`
bull Sel somatis memiliki 2 genom Diploidbull Terjadi nya sel somatis yang diploid karena
persatuan gamet jantan dan gamet betina yang masing-masing haploid pada saat reproduksi seksual
Morfologi kromosomebull Panjang kromosome 02-
50 microbull Diameter 02-20 microbull Kromosome manusia ada
yang panjang 6 microbull Sentromer = bagian yang
menyempit dan lebih terang yang membagi kromosom menjadi 2 lengan panjang dan pendek (q dan p)
Our genetic information is stored in 23 pairs of chromosomes that vary widely in size and shape Chromosome 1 is the largest and is over three times bigger than chromosome 22 The 23rd pair of chromosomes are two special chromosomes X and Y that determine our sex Females have a pair of X chromosomes (46 XX) whereas males have one X and one Y chromosomes (46 XY) Chromosomes are made of DNA and genes are special units of chromosomal DNA Each chromosome is a very long molecule so it needs to be wrapped tightly around proteins for efficient packaging
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbookresfcgigndpdfhtml
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbvfcgirid=gndTOCampdepth=2
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbvfcgirid=gndchapter272
Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
BacteriaFruits fliesPeasBeesCornFrogFox
CatMouseRatRabbitHumanChickenSome species of fern plans
181416202634
384042444678gt1000
Number of chromosomes in one cell of different species
Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
bull 1 Kromatid
bull 2 Sentromer
bull 3 Lengan pendek
bull 4 Lengan panjang
Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
bull Metasentris = sentromer di median bentuk seperti huruf V
bull Submetasentris = sentromer terletak submedian membentuk lengan tak sama panjang bentuk huruf J
bull Akrosentris = sentromer terletak subterminal (dekat ujung kromosom) Lurus seperti batang Satu jauh lebih panjang dari yang lainnya
bull Telosentris = sentromer terletak di ujung kromosom sehingga hanya satu lengan saja (manusia tidak ada yang telosentris)
MetaSubmeta
AkrosenTelosen
Tipe kromosombull Inti sel manusia terdiri atas 23 pasang
kromosome (46 kromosom) terdiri atas 22 pasang kromosom autosom dan 1 pasang kromosom kelamin
bull Autosom = kromosome yang tidak ada hubungan nya dengan penentuan jenis kelamin
bull Seks kromosom = sepasang kromosom yang menentukan jenis kelamin Laki-laki (XY) dan wanita (XX)
bull Ovum (sel telur) yang dimiliki oleh wanita normal adalah haploid dan mengandung 22 autosom + sebuah kromosom X
bull Spermatozoon (sel sperma) membentuk 2 jenis spermatozoa 22 autosome + 1 kromosom X (ginospermium) dan 22 autosom + 1 kromosom Y (androspermium)
bull Jadi lahirnya anak perempuan dan laki-laki memiliki peluang sama = 50 (secara teoritis)
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY
IBU AYAH
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ Y
Ovum Ginospermium
Androspermium
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY46XX wanita 46XY laki-laki
For example the hemoglobin beta gene (HBB) is found on chromosome 11p154 This means that the HBB gene lies on the short arm (p) of chromosome 11 and is found at the band labeled 154
Contains approximately 1200 genes Contains approximately 100 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 15 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 1
Contains over 3000 genes Contains over 240 million base pairs of which ~90 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 1 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
bullContains approximately 800 genes bullContains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined bullSee the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
Contains approximately 800 genes Contains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome X
Contains over 1400 genes Contains over 150 million base pairs of which approximately 95 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome X in the MapViewer
GENbull Bagian fungsional terkecil dari sebuah
kromosome yang disusun oleh potongan DNA
Structure DNA
bull DNA was made up of individual unit called nucleotidesbull The nucleotide are linked each other to form long chain
A nucleotide consists of three components
1 An organic base2 A five-carbon sugar (pentose) 3 A phosphate group
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
H
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Deoxyribosa
P group attached to the 5` carbon of the sugarOrganic base attached to the 1` carbon of the sugar
Structure RNA
Similar to DNA except
Single strandedRibose replaces deoxyribose as a pentoseUracil replaces thymine
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
OH
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Ribose
Uracil
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Gbr purine and pirimidine
Double- stranded helix of DNA
1 Two long chains (strand)
2 The coiled polynucleotide chains are held together by
hidrogen bonds between the bases of the opposite strands
3 The base pairs (bp) occur as specific set of complementary pairs
A pairs only with T---- (AT) and G only pairs with C----- (CG)4 AT with two hidrogen bonds and CG with three hodrogen bonds
The numbers of base pairs (bp) determine the length of double stranded DNA
1000 bp4 kb2 Mb
Model of double-helical DNA
Base pair
Deoxyribose-phosphat backbone
agctcaggcc ttcgcagcat tcttgggtgg gagcagccac gggtcagcca caagggccac agccatgaat ggcacagaag gccctaactt ctacgtgccc ttctccaatg cgacgggtgt ggtacgcagc cccttcgagt acccacagta ctacctggct gagccatggc agttctccat gctggccgcc tacatgtttc tgctgatcgt gctgggcttc cccatcaact ct ctacgtcacc gtccagcaca agaagctgcg cacgcctctc aactacatcc tgctcaacct agccgtggct gacctcttca tggtcctagg tggcttcacc agcaccctct acacctctct gcatggatac ttcgtcttcg ggcccacagg atgcaatttg gagggcttct ttgccaccct gggcggtatg agccgggtgt gggtggggtg tgcaggagcc cgggagcatg gaggggtctg ggagagtccc gggcttggcg gtggtggctg agaggccttc tcccttctcc tgtcctgtca atgttatcca aagccctc
Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
Heterozygote= TC
Wild type = TT
Homozygote=CC
ORF
The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene
ORF
ORF
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
bull Sel kelamin (gamet ovumspermatozoon) memiliki separuh jumlah kromosom di dalam sel somatis Haploid Satu set kromosome haploid dinamakan `genome`
bull Sel somatis memiliki 2 genom Diploidbull Terjadi nya sel somatis yang diploid karena
persatuan gamet jantan dan gamet betina yang masing-masing haploid pada saat reproduksi seksual
Morfologi kromosomebull Panjang kromosome 02-
50 microbull Diameter 02-20 microbull Kromosome manusia ada
yang panjang 6 microbull Sentromer = bagian yang
menyempit dan lebih terang yang membagi kromosom menjadi 2 lengan panjang dan pendek (q dan p)
Our genetic information is stored in 23 pairs of chromosomes that vary widely in size and shape Chromosome 1 is the largest and is over three times bigger than chromosome 22 The 23rd pair of chromosomes are two special chromosomes X and Y that determine our sex Females have a pair of X chromosomes (46 XX) whereas males have one X and one Y chromosomes (46 XY) Chromosomes are made of DNA and genes are special units of chromosomal DNA Each chromosome is a very long molecule so it needs to be wrapped tightly around proteins for efficient packaging
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbookresfcgigndpdfhtml
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbvfcgirid=gndTOCampdepth=2
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbvfcgirid=gndchapter272
Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
BacteriaFruits fliesPeasBeesCornFrogFox
CatMouseRatRabbitHumanChickenSome species of fern plans
181416202634
384042444678gt1000
Number of chromosomes in one cell of different species
Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
bull 1 Kromatid
bull 2 Sentromer
bull 3 Lengan pendek
bull 4 Lengan panjang
Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
bull Metasentris = sentromer di median bentuk seperti huruf V
bull Submetasentris = sentromer terletak submedian membentuk lengan tak sama panjang bentuk huruf J
bull Akrosentris = sentromer terletak subterminal (dekat ujung kromosom) Lurus seperti batang Satu jauh lebih panjang dari yang lainnya
bull Telosentris = sentromer terletak di ujung kromosom sehingga hanya satu lengan saja (manusia tidak ada yang telosentris)
MetaSubmeta
AkrosenTelosen
Tipe kromosombull Inti sel manusia terdiri atas 23 pasang
kromosome (46 kromosom) terdiri atas 22 pasang kromosom autosom dan 1 pasang kromosom kelamin
bull Autosom = kromosome yang tidak ada hubungan nya dengan penentuan jenis kelamin
bull Seks kromosom = sepasang kromosom yang menentukan jenis kelamin Laki-laki (XY) dan wanita (XX)
bull Ovum (sel telur) yang dimiliki oleh wanita normal adalah haploid dan mengandung 22 autosom + sebuah kromosom X
bull Spermatozoon (sel sperma) membentuk 2 jenis spermatozoa 22 autosome + 1 kromosom X (ginospermium) dan 22 autosom + 1 kromosom Y (androspermium)
bull Jadi lahirnya anak perempuan dan laki-laki memiliki peluang sama = 50 (secara teoritis)
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY
IBU AYAH
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ Y
Ovum Ginospermium
Androspermium
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY46XX wanita 46XY laki-laki
For example the hemoglobin beta gene (HBB) is found on chromosome 11p154 This means that the HBB gene lies on the short arm (p) of chromosome 11 and is found at the band labeled 154
Contains approximately 1200 genes Contains approximately 100 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 15 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 1
Contains over 3000 genes Contains over 240 million base pairs of which ~90 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 1 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
bullContains approximately 800 genes bullContains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined bullSee the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
Contains approximately 800 genes Contains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome X
Contains over 1400 genes Contains over 150 million base pairs of which approximately 95 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome X in the MapViewer
GENbull Bagian fungsional terkecil dari sebuah
kromosome yang disusun oleh potongan DNA
Structure DNA
bull DNA was made up of individual unit called nucleotidesbull The nucleotide are linked each other to form long chain
A nucleotide consists of three components
1 An organic base2 A five-carbon sugar (pentose) 3 A phosphate group
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
H
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Deoxyribosa
P group attached to the 5` carbon of the sugarOrganic base attached to the 1` carbon of the sugar
Structure RNA
Similar to DNA except
Single strandedRibose replaces deoxyribose as a pentoseUracil replaces thymine
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
OH
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Ribose
Uracil
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Gbr purine and pirimidine
Double- stranded helix of DNA
1 Two long chains (strand)
2 The coiled polynucleotide chains are held together by
hidrogen bonds between the bases of the opposite strands
3 The base pairs (bp) occur as specific set of complementary pairs
A pairs only with T---- (AT) and G only pairs with C----- (CG)4 AT with two hidrogen bonds and CG with three hodrogen bonds
The numbers of base pairs (bp) determine the length of double stranded DNA
1000 bp4 kb2 Mb
Model of double-helical DNA
Base pair
Deoxyribose-phosphat backbone
agctcaggcc ttcgcagcat tcttgggtgg gagcagccac gggtcagcca caagggccac agccatgaat ggcacagaag gccctaactt ctacgtgccc ttctccaatg cgacgggtgt ggtacgcagc cccttcgagt acccacagta ctacctggct gagccatggc agttctccat gctggccgcc tacatgtttc tgctgatcgt gctgggcttc cccatcaact ct ctacgtcacc gtccagcaca agaagctgcg cacgcctctc aactacatcc tgctcaacct agccgtggct gacctcttca tggtcctagg tggcttcacc agcaccctct acacctctct gcatggatac ttcgtcttcg ggcccacagg atgcaatttg gagggcttct ttgccaccct gggcggtatg agccgggtgt gggtggggtg tgcaggagcc cgggagcatg gaggggtctg ggagagtccc gggcttggcg gtggtggctg agaggccttc tcccttctcc tgtcctgtca atgttatcca aagccctc
Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
Heterozygote= TC
Wild type = TT
Homozygote=CC
ORF
The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene
ORF
ORF
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
Morfologi kromosomebull Panjang kromosome 02-
50 microbull Diameter 02-20 microbull Kromosome manusia ada
yang panjang 6 microbull Sentromer = bagian yang
menyempit dan lebih terang yang membagi kromosom menjadi 2 lengan panjang dan pendek (q dan p)
Our genetic information is stored in 23 pairs of chromosomes that vary widely in size and shape Chromosome 1 is the largest and is over three times bigger than chromosome 22 The 23rd pair of chromosomes are two special chromosomes X and Y that determine our sex Females have a pair of X chromosomes (46 XX) whereas males have one X and one Y chromosomes (46 XY) Chromosomes are made of DNA and genes are special units of chromosomal DNA Each chromosome is a very long molecule so it needs to be wrapped tightly around proteins for efficient packaging
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbookresfcgigndpdfhtml
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbvfcgirid=gndTOCampdepth=2
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbvfcgirid=gndchapter272
Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
BacteriaFruits fliesPeasBeesCornFrogFox
CatMouseRatRabbitHumanChickenSome species of fern plans
181416202634
384042444678gt1000
Number of chromosomes in one cell of different species
Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
bull 1 Kromatid
bull 2 Sentromer
bull 3 Lengan pendek
bull 4 Lengan panjang
Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
bull Metasentris = sentromer di median bentuk seperti huruf V
bull Submetasentris = sentromer terletak submedian membentuk lengan tak sama panjang bentuk huruf J
bull Akrosentris = sentromer terletak subterminal (dekat ujung kromosom) Lurus seperti batang Satu jauh lebih panjang dari yang lainnya
bull Telosentris = sentromer terletak di ujung kromosom sehingga hanya satu lengan saja (manusia tidak ada yang telosentris)
MetaSubmeta
AkrosenTelosen
Tipe kromosombull Inti sel manusia terdiri atas 23 pasang
kromosome (46 kromosom) terdiri atas 22 pasang kromosom autosom dan 1 pasang kromosom kelamin
bull Autosom = kromosome yang tidak ada hubungan nya dengan penentuan jenis kelamin
bull Seks kromosom = sepasang kromosom yang menentukan jenis kelamin Laki-laki (XY) dan wanita (XX)
bull Ovum (sel telur) yang dimiliki oleh wanita normal adalah haploid dan mengandung 22 autosom + sebuah kromosom X
bull Spermatozoon (sel sperma) membentuk 2 jenis spermatozoa 22 autosome + 1 kromosom X (ginospermium) dan 22 autosom + 1 kromosom Y (androspermium)
bull Jadi lahirnya anak perempuan dan laki-laki memiliki peluang sama = 50 (secara teoritis)
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY
IBU AYAH
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ Y
Ovum Ginospermium
Androspermium
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY46XX wanita 46XY laki-laki
For example the hemoglobin beta gene (HBB) is found on chromosome 11p154 This means that the HBB gene lies on the short arm (p) of chromosome 11 and is found at the band labeled 154
Contains approximately 1200 genes Contains approximately 100 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 15 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 1
Contains over 3000 genes Contains over 240 million base pairs of which ~90 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 1 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
bullContains approximately 800 genes bullContains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined bullSee the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
Contains approximately 800 genes Contains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome X
Contains over 1400 genes Contains over 150 million base pairs of which approximately 95 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome X in the MapViewer
GENbull Bagian fungsional terkecil dari sebuah
kromosome yang disusun oleh potongan DNA
Structure DNA
bull DNA was made up of individual unit called nucleotidesbull The nucleotide are linked each other to form long chain
A nucleotide consists of three components
1 An organic base2 A five-carbon sugar (pentose) 3 A phosphate group
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
H
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Deoxyribosa
P group attached to the 5` carbon of the sugarOrganic base attached to the 1` carbon of the sugar
Structure RNA
Similar to DNA except
Single strandedRibose replaces deoxyribose as a pentoseUracil replaces thymine
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
OH
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Ribose
Uracil
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Gbr purine and pirimidine
Double- stranded helix of DNA
1 Two long chains (strand)
2 The coiled polynucleotide chains are held together by
hidrogen bonds between the bases of the opposite strands
3 The base pairs (bp) occur as specific set of complementary pairs
A pairs only with T---- (AT) and G only pairs with C----- (CG)4 AT with two hidrogen bonds and CG with three hodrogen bonds
The numbers of base pairs (bp) determine the length of double stranded DNA
1000 bp4 kb2 Mb
Model of double-helical DNA
Base pair
Deoxyribose-phosphat backbone
agctcaggcc ttcgcagcat tcttgggtgg gagcagccac gggtcagcca caagggccac agccatgaat ggcacagaag gccctaactt ctacgtgccc ttctccaatg cgacgggtgt ggtacgcagc cccttcgagt acccacagta ctacctggct gagccatggc agttctccat gctggccgcc tacatgtttc tgctgatcgt gctgggcttc cccatcaact ct ctacgtcacc gtccagcaca agaagctgcg cacgcctctc aactacatcc tgctcaacct agccgtggct gacctcttca tggtcctagg tggcttcacc agcaccctct acacctctct gcatggatac ttcgtcttcg ggcccacagg atgcaatttg gagggcttct ttgccaccct gggcggtatg agccgggtgt gggtggggtg tgcaggagcc cgggagcatg gaggggtctg ggagagtccc gggcttggcg gtggtggctg agaggccttc tcccttctcc tgtcctgtca atgttatcca aagccctc
Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
Heterozygote= TC
Wild type = TT
Homozygote=CC
ORF
The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene
ORF
ORF
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
Our genetic information is stored in 23 pairs of chromosomes that vary widely in size and shape Chromosome 1 is the largest and is over three times bigger than chromosome 22 The 23rd pair of chromosomes are two special chromosomes X and Y that determine our sex Females have a pair of X chromosomes (46 XX) whereas males have one X and one Y chromosomes (46 XY) Chromosomes are made of DNA and genes are special units of chromosomal DNA Each chromosome is a very long molecule so it needs to be wrapped tightly around proteins for efficient packaging
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbookresfcgigndpdfhtml
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbvfcgirid=gndTOCampdepth=2
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovbooksbvfcgirid=gndchapter272
Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
BacteriaFruits fliesPeasBeesCornFrogFox
CatMouseRatRabbitHumanChickenSome species of fern plans
181416202634
384042444678gt1000
Number of chromosomes in one cell of different species
Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
bull 1 Kromatid
bull 2 Sentromer
bull 3 Lengan pendek
bull 4 Lengan panjang
Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
bull Metasentris = sentromer di median bentuk seperti huruf V
bull Submetasentris = sentromer terletak submedian membentuk lengan tak sama panjang bentuk huruf J
bull Akrosentris = sentromer terletak subterminal (dekat ujung kromosom) Lurus seperti batang Satu jauh lebih panjang dari yang lainnya
bull Telosentris = sentromer terletak di ujung kromosom sehingga hanya satu lengan saja (manusia tidak ada yang telosentris)
MetaSubmeta
AkrosenTelosen
Tipe kromosombull Inti sel manusia terdiri atas 23 pasang
kromosome (46 kromosom) terdiri atas 22 pasang kromosom autosom dan 1 pasang kromosom kelamin
bull Autosom = kromosome yang tidak ada hubungan nya dengan penentuan jenis kelamin
bull Seks kromosom = sepasang kromosom yang menentukan jenis kelamin Laki-laki (XY) dan wanita (XX)
bull Ovum (sel telur) yang dimiliki oleh wanita normal adalah haploid dan mengandung 22 autosom + sebuah kromosom X
bull Spermatozoon (sel sperma) membentuk 2 jenis spermatozoa 22 autosome + 1 kromosom X (ginospermium) dan 22 autosom + 1 kromosom Y (androspermium)
bull Jadi lahirnya anak perempuan dan laki-laki memiliki peluang sama = 50 (secara teoritis)
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY
IBU AYAH
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ Y
Ovum Ginospermium
Androspermium
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY46XX wanita 46XY laki-laki
For example the hemoglobin beta gene (HBB) is found on chromosome 11p154 This means that the HBB gene lies on the short arm (p) of chromosome 11 and is found at the band labeled 154
Contains approximately 1200 genes Contains approximately 100 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 15 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 1
Contains over 3000 genes Contains over 240 million base pairs of which ~90 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 1 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
bullContains approximately 800 genes bullContains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined bullSee the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
Contains approximately 800 genes Contains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome X
Contains over 1400 genes Contains over 150 million base pairs of which approximately 95 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome X in the MapViewer
GENbull Bagian fungsional terkecil dari sebuah
kromosome yang disusun oleh potongan DNA
Structure DNA
bull DNA was made up of individual unit called nucleotidesbull The nucleotide are linked each other to form long chain
A nucleotide consists of three components
1 An organic base2 A five-carbon sugar (pentose) 3 A phosphate group
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
H
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Deoxyribosa
P group attached to the 5` carbon of the sugarOrganic base attached to the 1` carbon of the sugar
Structure RNA
Similar to DNA except
Single strandedRibose replaces deoxyribose as a pentoseUracil replaces thymine
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
OH
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Ribose
Uracil
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Gbr purine and pirimidine
Double- stranded helix of DNA
1 Two long chains (strand)
2 The coiled polynucleotide chains are held together by
hidrogen bonds between the bases of the opposite strands
3 The base pairs (bp) occur as specific set of complementary pairs
A pairs only with T---- (AT) and G only pairs with C----- (CG)4 AT with two hidrogen bonds and CG with three hodrogen bonds
The numbers of base pairs (bp) determine the length of double stranded DNA
1000 bp4 kb2 Mb
Model of double-helical DNA
Base pair
Deoxyribose-phosphat backbone
agctcaggcc ttcgcagcat tcttgggtgg gagcagccac gggtcagcca caagggccac agccatgaat ggcacagaag gccctaactt ctacgtgccc ttctccaatg cgacgggtgt ggtacgcagc cccttcgagt acccacagta ctacctggct gagccatggc agttctccat gctggccgcc tacatgtttc tgctgatcgt gctgggcttc cccatcaact ct ctacgtcacc gtccagcaca agaagctgcg cacgcctctc aactacatcc tgctcaacct agccgtggct gacctcttca tggtcctagg tggcttcacc agcaccctct acacctctct gcatggatac ttcgtcttcg ggcccacagg atgcaatttg gagggcttct ttgccaccct gggcggtatg agccgggtgt gggtggggtg tgcaggagcc cgggagcatg gaggggtctg ggagagtccc gggcttggcg gtggtggctg agaggccttc tcccttctcc tgtcctgtca atgttatcca aagccctc
Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
Heterozygote= TC
Wild type = TT
Homozygote=CC
ORF
The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene
ORF
ORF
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
BacteriaFruits fliesPeasBeesCornFrogFox
CatMouseRatRabbitHumanChickenSome species of fern plans
181416202634
384042444678gt1000
Number of chromosomes in one cell of different species
Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
bull 1 Kromatid
bull 2 Sentromer
bull 3 Lengan pendek
bull 4 Lengan panjang
Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
bull Metasentris = sentromer di median bentuk seperti huruf V
bull Submetasentris = sentromer terletak submedian membentuk lengan tak sama panjang bentuk huruf J
bull Akrosentris = sentromer terletak subterminal (dekat ujung kromosom) Lurus seperti batang Satu jauh lebih panjang dari yang lainnya
bull Telosentris = sentromer terletak di ujung kromosom sehingga hanya satu lengan saja (manusia tidak ada yang telosentris)
MetaSubmeta
AkrosenTelosen
Tipe kromosombull Inti sel manusia terdiri atas 23 pasang
kromosome (46 kromosom) terdiri atas 22 pasang kromosom autosom dan 1 pasang kromosom kelamin
bull Autosom = kromosome yang tidak ada hubungan nya dengan penentuan jenis kelamin
bull Seks kromosom = sepasang kromosom yang menentukan jenis kelamin Laki-laki (XY) dan wanita (XX)
bull Ovum (sel telur) yang dimiliki oleh wanita normal adalah haploid dan mengandung 22 autosom + sebuah kromosom X
bull Spermatozoon (sel sperma) membentuk 2 jenis spermatozoa 22 autosome + 1 kromosom X (ginospermium) dan 22 autosom + 1 kromosom Y (androspermium)
bull Jadi lahirnya anak perempuan dan laki-laki memiliki peluang sama = 50 (secara teoritis)
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY
IBU AYAH
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ Y
Ovum Ginospermium
Androspermium
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY46XX wanita 46XY laki-laki
For example the hemoglobin beta gene (HBB) is found on chromosome 11p154 This means that the HBB gene lies on the short arm (p) of chromosome 11 and is found at the band labeled 154
Contains approximately 1200 genes Contains approximately 100 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 15 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 1
Contains over 3000 genes Contains over 240 million base pairs of which ~90 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 1 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
bullContains approximately 800 genes bullContains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined bullSee the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
Contains approximately 800 genes Contains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome X
Contains over 1400 genes Contains over 150 million base pairs of which approximately 95 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome X in the MapViewer
GENbull Bagian fungsional terkecil dari sebuah
kromosome yang disusun oleh potongan DNA
Structure DNA
bull DNA was made up of individual unit called nucleotidesbull The nucleotide are linked each other to form long chain
A nucleotide consists of three components
1 An organic base2 A five-carbon sugar (pentose) 3 A phosphate group
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
H
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Deoxyribosa
P group attached to the 5` carbon of the sugarOrganic base attached to the 1` carbon of the sugar
Structure RNA
Similar to DNA except
Single strandedRibose replaces deoxyribose as a pentoseUracil replaces thymine
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
OH
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Ribose
Uracil
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Gbr purine and pirimidine
Double- stranded helix of DNA
1 Two long chains (strand)
2 The coiled polynucleotide chains are held together by
hidrogen bonds between the bases of the opposite strands
3 The base pairs (bp) occur as specific set of complementary pairs
A pairs only with T---- (AT) and G only pairs with C----- (CG)4 AT with two hidrogen bonds and CG with three hodrogen bonds
The numbers of base pairs (bp) determine the length of double stranded DNA
1000 bp4 kb2 Mb
Model of double-helical DNA
Base pair
Deoxyribose-phosphat backbone
agctcaggcc ttcgcagcat tcttgggtgg gagcagccac gggtcagcca caagggccac agccatgaat ggcacagaag gccctaactt ctacgtgccc ttctccaatg cgacgggtgt ggtacgcagc cccttcgagt acccacagta ctacctggct gagccatggc agttctccat gctggccgcc tacatgtttc tgctgatcgt gctgggcttc cccatcaact ct ctacgtcacc gtccagcaca agaagctgcg cacgcctctc aactacatcc tgctcaacct agccgtggct gacctcttca tggtcctagg tggcttcacc agcaccctct acacctctct gcatggatac ttcgtcttcg ggcccacagg atgcaatttg gagggcttct ttgccaccct gggcggtatg agccgggtgt gggtggggtg tgcaggagcc cgggagcatg gaggggtctg ggagagtccc gggcttggcg gtggtggctg agaggccttc tcccttctcc tgtcctgtca atgttatcca aagccctc
Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
Heterozygote= TC
Wild type = TT
Homozygote=CC
ORF
The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene
ORF
ORF
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
bull 1 Kromatid
bull 2 Sentromer
bull 3 Lengan pendek
bull 4 Lengan panjang
Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
bull Metasentris = sentromer di median bentuk seperti huruf V
bull Submetasentris = sentromer terletak submedian membentuk lengan tak sama panjang bentuk huruf J
bull Akrosentris = sentromer terletak subterminal (dekat ujung kromosom) Lurus seperti batang Satu jauh lebih panjang dari yang lainnya
bull Telosentris = sentromer terletak di ujung kromosom sehingga hanya satu lengan saja (manusia tidak ada yang telosentris)
MetaSubmeta
AkrosenTelosen
Tipe kromosombull Inti sel manusia terdiri atas 23 pasang
kromosome (46 kromosom) terdiri atas 22 pasang kromosom autosom dan 1 pasang kromosom kelamin
bull Autosom = kromosome yang tidak ada hubungan nya dengan penentuan jenis kelamin
bull Seks kromosom = sepasang kromosom yang menentukan jenis kelamin Laki-laki (XY) dan wanita (XX)
bull Ovum (sel telur) yang dimiliki oleh wanita normal adalah haploid dan mengandung 22 autosom + sebuah kromosom X
bull Spermatozoon (sel sperma) membentuk 2 jenis spermatozoa 22 autosome + 1 kromosom X (ginospermium) dan 22 autosom + 1 kromosom Y (androspermium)
bull Jadi lahirnya anak perempuan dan laki-laki memiliki peluang sama = 50 (secara teoritis)
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY
IBU AYAH
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ Y
Ovum Ginospermium
Androspermium
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY46XX wanita 46XY laki-laki
For example the hemoglobin beta gene (HBB) is found on chromosome 11p154 This means that the HBB gene lies on the short arm (p) of chromosome 11 and is found at the band labeled 154
Contains approximately 1200 genes Contains approximately 100 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 15 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 1
Contains over 3000 genes Contains over 240 million base pairs of which ~90 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 1 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
bullContains approximately 800 genes bullContains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined bullSee the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
Contains approximately 800 genes Contains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome X
Contains over 1400 genes Contains over 150 million base pairs of which approximately 95 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome X in the MapViewer
GENbull Bagian fungsional terkecil dari sebuah
kromosome yang disusun oleh potongan DNA
Structure DNA
bull DNA was made up of individual unit called nucleotidesbull The nucleotide are linked each other to form long chain
A nucleotide consists of three components
1 An organic base2 A five-carbon sugar (pentose) 3 A phosphate group
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
H
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Deoxyribosa
P group attached to the 5` carbon of the sugarOrganic base attached to the 1` carbon of the sugar
Structure RNA
Similar to DNA except
Single strandedRibose replaces deoxyribose as a pentoseUracil replaces thymine
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
OH
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Ribose
Uracil
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Gbr purine and pirimidine
Double- stranded helix of DNA
1 Two long chains (strand)
2 The coiled polynucleotide chains are held together by
hidrogen bonds between the bases of the opposite strands
3 The base pairs (bp) occur as specific set of complementary pairs
A pairs only with T---- (AT) and G only pairs with C----- (CG)4 AT with two hidrogen bonds and CG with three hodrogen bonds
The numbers of base pairs (bp) determine the length of double stranded DNA
1000 bp4 kb2 Mb
Model of double-helical DNA
Base pair
Deoxyribose-phosphat backbone
agctcaggcc ttcgcagcat tcttgggtgg gagcagccac gggtcagcca caagggccac agccatgaat ggcacagaag gccctaactt ctacgtgccc ttctccaatg cgacgggtgt ggtacgcagc cccttcgagt acccacagta ctacctggct gagccatggc agttctccat gctggccgcc tacatgtttc tgctgatcgt gctgggcttc cccatcaact ct ctacgtcacc gtccagcaca agaagctgcg cacgcctctc aactacatcc tgctcaacct agccgtggct gacctcttca tggtcctagg tggcttcacc agcaccctct acacctctct gcatggatac ttcgtcttcg ggcccacagg atgcaatttg gagggcttct ttgccaccct gggcggtatg agccgggtgt gggtggggtg tgcaggagcc cgggagcatg gaggggtctg ggagagtccc gggcttggcg gtggtggctg agaggccttc tcccttctcc tgtcctgtca atgttatcca aagccctc
Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
Heterozygote= TC
Wild type = TT
Homozygote=CC
ORF
The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene
ORF
ORF
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
bull Metasentris = sentromer di median bentuk seperti huruf V
bull Submetasentris = sentromer terletak submedian membentuk lengan tak sama panjang bentuk huruf J
bull Akrosentris = sentromer terletak subterminal (dekat ujung kromosom) Lurus seperti batang Satu jauh lebih panjang dari yang lainnya
bull Telosentris = sentromer terletak di ujung kromosom sehingga hanya satu lengan saja (manusia tidak ada yang telosentris)
MetaSubmeta
AkrosenTelosen
Tipe kromosombull Inti sel manusia terdiri atas 23 pasang
kromosome (46 kromosom) terdiri atas 22 pasang kromosom autosom dan 1 pasang kromosom kelamin
bull Autosom = kromosome yang tidak ada hubungan nya dengan penentuan jenis kelamin
bull Seks kromosom = sepasang kromosom yang menentukan jenis kelamin Laki-laki (XY) dan wanita (XX)
bull Ovum (sel telur) yang dimiliki oleh wanita normal adalah haploid dan mengandung 22 autosom + sebuah kromosom X
bull Spermatozoon (sel sperma) membentuk 2 jenis spermatozoa 22 autosome + 1 kromosom X (ginospermium) dan 22 autosom + 1 kromosom Y (androspermium)
bull Jadi lahirnya anak perempuan dan laki-laki memiliki peluang sama = 50 (secara teoritis)
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY
IBU AYAH
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ Y
Ovum Ginospermium
Androspermium
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY46XX wanita 46XY laki-laki
For example the hemoglobin beta gene (HBB) is found on chromosome 11p154 This means that the HBB gene lies on the short arm (p) of chromosome 11 and is found at the band labeled 154
Contains approximately 1200 genes Contains approximately 100 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 15 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 1
Contains over 3000 genes Contains over 240 million base pairs of which ~90 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 1 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
bullContains approximately 800 genes bullContains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined bullSee the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
Contains approximately 800 genes Contains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome X
Contains over 1400 genes Contains over 150 million base pairs of which approximately 95 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome X in the MapViewer
GENbull Bagian fungsional terkecil dari sebuah
kromosome yang disusun oleh potongan DNA
Structure DNA
bull DNA was made up of individual unit called nucleotidesbull The nucleotide are linked each other to form long chain
A nucleotide consists of three components
1 An organic base2 A five-carbon sugar (pentose) 3 A phosphate group
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
H
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Deoxyribosa
P group attached to the 5` carbon of the sugarOrganic base attached to the 1` carbon of the sugar
Structure RNA
Similar to DNA except
Single strandedRibose replaces deoxyribose as a pentoseUracil replaces thymine
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
OH
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Ribose
Uracil
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Gbr purine and pirimidine
Double- stranded helix of DNA
1 Two long chains (strand)
2 The coiled polynucleotide chains are held together by
hidrogen bonds between the bases of the opposite strands
3 The base pairs (bp) occur as specific set of complementary pairs
A pairs only with T---- (AT) and G only pairs with C----- (CG)4 AT with two hidrogen bonds and CG with three hodrogen bonds
The numbers of base pairs (bp) determine the length of double stranded DNA
1000 bp4 kb2 Mb
Model of double-helical DNA
Base pair
Deoxyribose-phosphat backbone
agctcaggcc ttcgcagcat tcttgggtgg gagcagccac gggtcagcca caagggccac agccatgaat ggcacagaag gccctaactt ctacgtgccc ttctccaatg cgacgggtgt ggtacgcagc cccttcgagt acccacagta ctacctggct gagccatggc agttctccat gctggccgcc tacatgtttc tgctgatcgt gctgggcttc cccatcaact ct ctacgtcacc gtccagcaca agaagctgcg cacgcctctc aactacatcc tgctcaacct agccgtggct gacctcttca tggtcctagg tggcttcacc agcaccctct acacctctct gcatggatac ttcgtcttcg ggcccacagg atgcaatttg gagggcttct ttgccaccct gggcggtatg agccgggtgt gggtggggtg tgcaggagcc cgggagcatg gaggggtctg ggagagtccc gggcttggcg gtggtggctg agaggccttc tcccttctcc tgtcctgtca atgttatcca aagccctc
Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
Heterozygote= TC
Wild type = TT
Homozygote=CC
ORF
The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene
ORF
ORF
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
MetaSubmeta
AkrosenTelosen
Tipe kromosombull Inti sel manusia terdiri atas 23 pasang
kromosome (46 kromosom) terdiri atas 22 pasang kromosom autosom dan 1 pasang kromosom kelamin
bull Autosom = kromosome yang tidak ada hubungan nya dengan penentuan jenis kelamin
bull Seks kromosom = sepasang kromosom yang menentukan jenis kelamin Laki-laki (XY) dan wanita (XX)
bull Ovum (sel telur) yang dimiliki oleh wanita normal adalah haploid dan mengandung 22 autosom + sebuah kromosom X
bull Spermatozoon (sel sperma) membentuk 2 jenis spermatozoa 22 autosome + 1 kromosom X (ginospermium) dan 22 autosom + 1 kromosom Y (androspermium)
bull Jadi lahirnya anak perempuan dan laki-laki memiliki peluang sama = 50 (secara teoritis)
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY
IBU AYAH
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ Y
Ovum Ginospermium
Androspermium
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY46XX wanita 46XY laki-laki
For example the hemoglobin beta gene (HBB) is found on chromosome 11p154 This means that the HBB gene lies on the short arm (p) of chromosome 11 and is found at the band labeled 154
Contains approximately 1200 genes Contains approximately 100 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 15 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 1
Contains over 3000 genes Contains over 240 million base pairs of which ~90 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 1 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
bullContains approximately 800 genes bullContains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined bullSee the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
Contains approximately 800 genes Contains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome X
Contains over 1400 genes Contains over 150 million base pairs of which approximately 95 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome X in the MapViewer
GENbull Bagian fungsional terkecil dari sebuah
kromosome yang disusun oleh potongan DNA
Structure DNA
bull DNA was made up of individual unit called nucleotidesbull The nucleotide are linked each other to form long chain
A nucleotide consists of three components
1 An organic base2 A five-carbon sugar (pentose) 3 A phosphate group
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
H
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Deoxyribosa
P group attached to the 5` carbon of the sugarOrganic base attached to the 1` carbon of the sugar
Structure RNA
Similar to DNA except
Single strandedRibose replaces deoxyribose as a pentoseUracil replaces thymine
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
OH
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Ribose
Uracil
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Gbr purine and pirimidine
Double- stranded helix of DNA
1 Two long chains (strand)
2 The coiled polynucleotide chains are held together by
hidrogen bonds between the bases of the opposite strands
3 The base pairs (bp) occur as specific set of complementary pairs
A pairs only with T---- (AT) and G only pairs with C----- (CG)4 AT with two hidrogen bonds and CG with three hodrogen bonds
The numbers of base pairs (bp) determine the length of double stranded DNA
1000 bp4 kb2 Mb
Model of double-helical DNA
Base pair
Deoxyribose-phosphat backbone
agctcaggcc ttcgcagcat tcttgggtgg gagcagccac gggtcagcca caagggccac agccatgaat ggcacagaag gccctaactt ctacgtgccc ttctccaatg cgacgggtgt ggtacgcagc cccttcgagt acccacagta ctacctggct gagccatggc agttctccat gctggccgcc tacatgtttc tgctgatcgt gctgggcttc cccatcaact ct ctacgtcacc gtccagcaca agaagctgcg cacgcctctc aactacatcc tgctcaacct agccgtggct gacctcttca tggtcctagg tggcttcacc agcaccctct acacctctct gcatggatac ttcgtcttcg ggcccacagg atgcaatttg gagggcttct ttgccaccct gggcggtatg agccgggtgt gggtggggtg tgcaggagcc cgggagcatg gaggggtctg ggagagtccc gggcttggcg gtggtggctg agaggccttc tcccttctcc tgtcctgtca atgttatcca aagccctc
Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
Heterozygote= TC
Wild type = TT
Homozygote=CC
ORF
The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene
ORF
ORF
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
Tipe kromosombull Inti sel manusia terdiri atas 23 pasang
kromosome (46 kromosom) terdiri atas 22 pasang kromosom autosom dan 1 pasang kromosom kelamin
bull Autosom = kromosome yang tidak ada hubungan nya dengan penentuan jenis kelamin
bull Seks kromosom = sepasang kromosom yang menentukan jenis kelamin Laki-laki (XY) dan wanita (XX)
bull Ovum (sel telur) yang dimiliki oleh wanita normal adalah haploid dan mengandung 22 autosom + sebuah kromosom X
bull Spermatozoon (sel sperma) membentuk 2 jenis spermatozoa 22 autosome + 1 kromosom X (ginospermium) dan 22 autosom + 1 kromosom Y (androspermium)
bull Jadi lahirnya anak perempuan dan laki-laki memiliki peluang sama = 50 (secara teoritis)
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY
IBU AYAH
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ Y
Ovum Ginospermium
Androspermium
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY46XX wanita 46XY laki-laki
For example the hemoglobin beta gene (HBB) is found on chromosome 11p154 This means that the HBB gene lies on the short arm (p) of chromosome 11 and is found at the band labeled 154
Contains approximately 1200 genes Contains approximately 100 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 15 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 1
Contains over 3000 genes Contains over 240 million base pairs of which ~90 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 1 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
bullContains approximately 800 genes bullContains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined bullSee the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
Contains approximately 800 genes Contains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome X
Contains over 1400 genes Contains over 150 million base pairs of which approximately 95 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome X in the MapViewer
GENbull Bagian fungsional terkecil dari sebuah
kromosome yang disusun oleh potongan DNA
Structure DNA
bull DNA was made up of individual unit called nucleotidesbull The nucleotide are linked each other to form long chain
A nucleotide consists of three components
1 An organic base2 A five-carbon sugar (pentose) 3 A phosphate group
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
H
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Deoxyribosa
P group attached to the 5` carbon of the sugarOrganic base attached to the 1` carbon of the sugar
Structure RNA
Similar to DNA except
Single strandedRibose replaces deoxyribose as a pentoseUracil replaces thymine
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
OH
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Ribose
Uracil
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Gbr purine and pirimidine
Double- stranded helix of DNA
1 Two long chains (strand)
2 The coiled polynucleotide chains are held together by
hidrogen bonds between the bases of the opposite strands
3 The base pairs (bp) occur as specific set of complementary pairs
A pairs only with T---- (AT) and G only pairs with C----- (CG)4 AT with two hidrogen bonds and CG with three hodrogen bonds
The numbers of base pairs (bp) determine the length of double stranded DNA
1000 bp4 kb2 Mb
Model of double-helical DNA
Base pair
Deoxyribose-phosphat backbone
agctcaggcc ttcgcagcat tcttgggtgg gagcagccac gggtcagcca caagggccac agccatgaat ggcacagaag gccctaactt ctacgtgccc ttctccaatg cgacgggtgt ggtacgcagc cccttcgagt acccacagta ctacctggct gagccatggc agttctccat gctggccgcc tacatgtttc tgctgatcgt gctgggcttc cccatcaact ct ctacgtcacc gtccagcaca agaagctgcg cacgcctctc aactacatcc tgctcaacct agccgtggct gacctcttca tggtcctagg tggcttcacc agcaccctct acacctctct gcatggatac ttcgtcttcg ggcccacagg atgcaatttg gagggcttct ttgccaccct gggcggtatg agccgggtgt gggtggggtg tgcaggagcc cgggagcatg gaggggtctg ggagagtccc gggcttggcg gtggtggctg agaggccttc tcccttctcc tgtcctgtca atgttatcca aagccctc
Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
Heterozygote= TC
Wild type = TT
Homozygote=CC
ORF
The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene
ORF
ORF
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
bull Ovum (sel telur) yang dimiliki oleh wanita normal adalah haploid dan mengandung 22 autosom + sebuah kromosom X
bull Spermatozoon (sel sperma) membentuk 2 jenis spermatozoa 22 autosome + 1 kromosom X (ginospermium) dan 22 autosom + 1 kromosom Y (androspermium)
bull Jadi lahirnya anak perempuan dan laki-laki memiliki peluang sama = 50 (secara teoritis)
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY
IBU AYAH
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ Y
Ovum Ginospermium
Androspermium
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY46XX wanita 46XY laki-laki
For example the hemoglobin beta gene (HBB) is found on chromosome 11p154 This means that the HBB gene lies on the short arm (p) of chromosome 11 and is found at the band labeled 154
Contains approximately 1200 genes Contains approximately 100 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 15 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 1
Contains over 3000 genes Contains over 240 million base pairs of which ~90 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 1 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
bullContains approximately 800 genes bullContains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined bullSee the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
Contains approximately 800 genes Contains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome X
Contains over 1400 genes Contains over 150 million base pairs of which approximately 95 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome X in the MapViewer
GENbull Bagian fungsional terkecil dari sebuah
kromosome yang disusun oleh potongan DNA
Structure DNA
bull DNA was made up of individual unit called nucleotidesbull The nucleotide are linked each other to form long chain
A nucleotide consists of three components
1 An organic base2 A five-carbon sugar (pentose) 3 A phosphate group
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
H
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Deoxyribosa
P group attached to the 5` carbon of the sugarOrganic base attached to the 1` carbon of the sugar
Structure RNA
Similar to DNA except
Single strandedRibose replaces deoxyribose as a pentoseUracil replaces thymine
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
OH
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Ribose
Uracil
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Gbr purine and pirimidine
Double- stranded helix of DNA
1 Two long chains (strand)
2 The coiled polynucleotide chains are held together by
hidrogen bonds between the bases of the opposite strands
3 The base pairs (bp) occur as specific set of complementary pairs
A pairs only with T---- (AT) and G only pairs with C----- (CG)4 AT with two hidrogen bonds and CG with three hodrogen bonds
The numbers of base pairs (bp) determine the length of double stranded DNA
1000 bp4 kb2 Mb
Model of double-helical DNA
Base pair
Deoxyribose-phosphat backbone
agctcaggcc ttcgcagcat tcttgggtgg gagcagccac gggtcagcca caagggccac agccatgaat ggcacagaag gccctaactt ctacgtgccc ttctccaatg cgacgggtgt ggtacgcagc cccttcgagt acccacagta ctacctggct gagccatggc agttctccat gctggccgcc tacatgtttc tgctgatcgt gctgggcttc cccatcaact ct ctacgtcacc gtccagcaca agaagctgcg cacgcctctc aactacatcc tgctcaacct agccgtggct gacctcttca tggtcctagg tggcttcacc agcaccctct acacctctct gcatggatac ttcgtcttcg ggcccacagg atgcaatttg gagggcttct ttgccaccct gggcggtatg agccgggtgt gggtggggtg tgcaggagcc cgggagcatg gaggggtctg ggagagtccc gggcttggcg gtggtggctg agaggccttc tcccttctcc tgtcctgtca atgttatcca aagccctc
Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
Heterozygote= TC
Wild type = TT
Homozygote=CC
ORF
The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene
ORF
ORF
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY
IBU AYAH
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ x
22 AUTOSOM
+ Y
Ovum Ginospermium
Androspermium
44 autosom
+ XX
44 autosom
+ XY46XX wanita 46XY laki-laki
For example the hemoglobin beta gene (HBB) is found on chromosome 11p154 This means that the HBB gene lies on the short arm (p) of chromosome 11 and is found at the band labeled 154
Contains approximately 1200 genes Contains approximately 100 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 15 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 1
Contains over 3000 genes Contains over 240 million base pairs of which ~90 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 1 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
bullContains approximately 800 genes bullContains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined bullSee the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
Contains approximately 800 genes Contains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome X
Contains over 1400 genes Contains over 150 million base pairs of which approximately 95 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome X in the MapViewer
GENbull Bagian fungsional terkecil dari sebuah
kromosome yang disusun oleh potongan DNA
Structure DNA
bull DNA was made up of individual unit called nucleotidesbull The nucleotide are linked each other to form long chain
A nucleotide consists of three components
1 An organic base2 A five-carbon sugar (pentose) 3 A phosphate group
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
H
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Deoxyribosa
P group attached to the 5` carbon of the sugarOrganic base attached to the 1` carbon of the sugar
Structure RNA
Similar to DNA except
Single strandedRibose replaces deoxyribose as a pentoseUracil replaces thymine
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
OH
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Ribose
Uracil
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Gbr purine and pirimidine
Double- stranded helix of DNA
1 Two long chains (strand)
2 The coiled polynucleotide chains are held together by
hidrogen bonds between the bases of the opposite strands
3 The base pairs (bp) occur as specific set of complementary pairs
A pairs only with T---- (AT) and G only pairs with C----- (CG)4 AT with two hidrogen bonds and CG with three hodrogen bonds
The numbers of base pairs (bp) determine the length of double stranded DNA
1000 bp4 kb2 Mb
Model of double-helical DNA
Base pair
Deoxyribose-phosphat backbone
agctcaggcc ttcgcagcat tcttgggtgg gagcagccac gggtcagcca caagggccac agccatgaat ggcacagaag gccctaactt ctacgtgccc ttctccaatg cgacgggtgt ggtacgcagc cccttcgagt acccacagta ctacctggct gagccatggc agttctccat gctggccgcc tacatgtttc tgctgatcgt gctgggcttc cccatcaact ct ctacgtcacc gtccagcaca agaagctgcg cacgcctctc aactacatcc tgctcaacct agccgtggct gacctcttca tggtcctagg tggcttcacc agcaccctct acacctctct gcatggatac ttcgtcttcg ggcccacagg atgcaatttg gagggcttct ttgccaccct gggcggtatg agccgggtgt gggtggggtg tgcaggagcc cgggagcatg gaggggtctg ggagagtccc gggcttggcg gtggtggctg agaggccttc tcccttctcc tgtcctgtca atgttatcca aagccctc
Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
Heterozygote= TC
Wild type = TT
Homozygote=CC
ORF
The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene
ORF
ORF
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
For example the hemoglobin beta gene (HBB) is found on chromosome 11p154 This means that the HBB gene lies on the short arm (p) of chromosome 11 and is found at the band labeled 154
Contains approximately 1200 genes Contains approximately 100 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 15 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 1
Contains over 3000 genes Contains over 240 million base pairs of which ~90 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 1 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
bullContains approximately 800 genes bullContains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined bullSee the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
Contains approximately 800 genes Contains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome X
Contains over 1400 genes Contains over 150 million base pairs of which approximately 95 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome X in the MapViewer
GENbull Bagian fungsional terkecil dari sebuah
kromosome yang disusun oleh potongan DNA
Structure DNA
bull DNA was made up of individual unit called nucleotidesbull The nucleotide are linked each other to form long chain
A nucleotide consists of three components
1 An organic base2 A five-carbon sugar (pentose) 3 A phosphate group
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
H
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Deoxyribosa
P group attached to the 5` carbon of the sugarOrganic base attached to the 1` carbon of the sugar
Structure RNA
Similar to DNA except
Single strandedRibose replaces deoxyribose as a pentoseUracil replaces thymine
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
OH
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Ribose
Uracil
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Gbr purine and pirimidine
Double- stranded helix of DNA
1 Two long chains (strand)
2 The coiled polynucleotide chains are held together by
hidrogen bonds between the bases of the opposite strands
3 The base pairs (bp) occur as specific set of complementary pairs
A pairs only with T---- (AT) and G only pairs with C----- (CG)4 AT with two hidrogen bonds and CG with three hodrogen bonds
The numbers of base pairs (bp) determine the length of double stranded DNA
1000 bp4 kb2 Mb
Model of double-helical DNA
Base pair
Deoxyribose-phosphat backbone
agctcaggcc ttcgcagcat tcttgggtgg gagcagccac gggtcagcca caagggccac agccatgaat ggcacagaag gccctaactt ctacgtgccc ttctccaatg cgacgggtgt ggtacgcagc cccttcgagt acccacagta ctacctggct gagccatggc agttctccat gctggccgcc tacatgtttc tgctgatcgt gctgggcttc cccatcaact ct ctacgtcacc gtccagcaca agaagctgcg cacgcctctc aactacatcc tgctcaacct agccgtggct gacctcttca tggtcctagg tggcttcacc agcaccctct acacctctct gcatggatac ttcgtcttcg ggcccacagg atgcaatttg gagggcttct ttgccaccct gggcggtatg agccgggtgt gggtggggtg tgcaggagcc cgggagcatg gaggggtctg ggagagtccc gggcttggcg gtggtggctg agaggccttc tcccttctcc tgtcctgtca atgttatcca aagccctc
Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
Heterozygote= TC
Wild type = TT
Homozygote=CC
ORF
The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene
ORF
ORF
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
Chromosome 1
Contains over 3000 genes Contains over 240 million base pairs of which ~90 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 1 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
bullContains approximately 800 genes bullContains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined bullSee the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
Contains approximately 800 genes Contains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome X
Contains over 1400 genes Contains over 150 million base pairs of which approximately 95 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome X in the MapViewer
GENbull Bagian fungsional terkecil dari sebuah
kromosome yang disusun oleh potongan DNA
Structure DNA
bull DNA was made up of individual unit called nucleotidesbull The nucleotide are linked each other to form long chain
A nucleotide consists of three components
1 An organic base2 A five-carbon sugar (pentose) 3 A phosphate group
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
H
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Deoxyribosa
P group attached to the 5` carbon of the sugarOrganic base attached to the 1` carbon of the sugar
Structure RNA
Similar to DNA except
Single strandedRibose replaces deoxyribose as a pentoseUracil replaces thymine
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
OH
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Ribose
Uracil
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Gbr purine and pirimidine
Double- stranded helix of DNA
1 Two long chains (strand)
2 The coiled polynucleotide chains are held together by
hidrogen bonds between the bases of the opposite strands
3 The base pairs (bp) occur as specific set of complementary pairs
A pairs only with T---- (AT) and G only pairs with C----- (CG)4 AT with two hidrogen bonds and CG with three hodrogen bonds
The numbers of base pairs (bp) determine the length of double stranded DNA
1000 bp4 kb2 Mb
Model of double-helical DNA
Base pair
Deoxyribose-phosphat backbone
agctcaggcc ttcgcagcat tcttgggtgg gagcagccac gggtcagcca caagggccac agccatgaat ggcacagaag gccctaactt ctacgtgccc ttctccaatg cgacgggtgt ggtacgcagc cccttcgagt acccacagta ctacctggct gagccatggc agttctccat gctggccgcc tacatgtttc tgctgatcgt gctgggcttc cccatcaact ct ctacgtcacc gtccagcaca agaagctgcg cacgcctctc aactacatcc tgctcaacct agccgtggct gacctcttca tggtcctagg tggcttcacc agcaccctct acacctctct gcatggatac ttcgtcttcg ggcccacagg atgcaatttg gagggcttct ttgccaccct gggcggtatg agccgggtgt gggtggggtg tgcaggagcc cgggagcatg gaggggtctg ggagagtccc gggcttggcg gtggtggctg agaggccttc tcccttctcc tgtcctgtca atgttatcca aagccctc
Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
Heterozygote= TC
Wild type = TT
Homozygote=CC
ORF
The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene
ORF
ORF
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
Chromosome 13
bullContains approximately 800 genes bullContains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined bullSee the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome 13
Contains approximately 800 genes Contains over 110 million base pairs of which over 80 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome 13 in the MapViewer
Chromosome X
Contains over 1400 genes Contains over 150 million base pairs of which approximately 95 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome X in the MapViewer
GENbull Bagian fungsional terkecil dari sebuah
kromosome yang disusun oleh potongan DNA
Structure DNA
bull DNA was made up of individual unit called nucleotidesbull The nucleotide are linked each other to form long chain
A nucleotide consists of three components
1 An organic base2 A five-carbon sugar (pentose) 3 A phosphate group
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
H
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Deoxyribosa
P group attached to the 5` carbon of the sugarOrganic base attached to the 1` carbon of the sugar
Structure RNA
Similar to DNA except
Single strandedRibose replaces deoxyribose as a pentoseUracil replaces thymine
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
OH
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Ribose
Uracil
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Gbr purine and pirimidine
Double- stranded helix of DNA
1 Two long chains (strand)
2 The coiled polynucleotide chains are held together by
hidrogen bonds between the bases of the opposite strands
3 The base pairs (bp) occur as specific set of complementary pairs
A pairs only with T---- (AT) and G only pairs with C----- (CG)4 AT with two hidrogen bonds and CG with three hodrogen bonds
The numbers of base pairs (bp) determine the length of double stranded DNA
1000 bp4 kb2 Mb
Model of double-helical DNA
Base pair
Deoxyribose-phosphat backbone
agctcaggcc ttcgcagcat tcttgggtgg gagcagccac gggtcagcca caagggccac agccatgaat ggcacagaag gccctaactt ctacgtgccc ttctccaatg cgacgggtgt ggtacgcagc cccttcgagt acccacagta ctacctggct gagccatggc agttctccat gctggccgcc tacatgtttc tgctgatcgt gctgggcttc cccatcaact ct ctacgtcacc gtccagcaca agaagctgcg cacgcctctc aactacatcc tgctcaacct agccgtggct gacctcttca tggtcctagg tggcttcacc agcaccctct acacctctct gcatggatac ttcgtcttcg ggcccacagg atgcaatttg gagggcttct ttgccaccct gggcggtatg agccgggtgt gggtggggtg tgcaggagcc cgggagcatg gaggggtctg ggagagtccc gggcttggcg gtggtggctg agaggccttc tcccttctcc tgtcctgtca atgttatcca aagccctc
Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
Heterozygote= TC
Wild type = TT
Homozygote=CC
ORF
The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene
ORF
ORF
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
Chromosome X
Contains over 1400 genes Contains over 150 million base pairs of which approximately 95 have been determined See the diseases associated with chromosome X in the MapViewer
GENbull Bagian fungsional terkecil dari sebuah
kromosome yang disusun oleh potongan DNA
Structure DNA
bull DNA was made up of individual unit called nucleotidesbull The nucleotide are linked each other to form long chain
A nucleotide consists of three components
1 An organic base2 A five-carbon sugar (pentose) 3 A phosphate group
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
H
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Deoxyribosa
P group attached to the 5` carbon of the sugarOrganic base attached to the 1` carbon of the sugar
Structure RNA
Similar to DNA except
Single strandedRibose replaces deoxyribose as a pentoseUracil replaces thymine
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
OH
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Ribose
Uracil
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Gbr purine and pirimidine
Double- stranded helix of DNA
1 Two long chains (strand)
2 The coiled polynucleotide chains are held together by
hidrogen bonds between the bases of the opposite strands
3 The base pairs (bp) occur as specific set of complementary pairs
A pairs only with T---- (AT) and G only pairs with C----- (CG)4 AT with two hidrogen bonds and CG with three hodrogen bonds
The numbers of base pairs (bp) determine the length of double stranded DNA
1000 bp4 kb2 Mb
Model of double-helical DNA
Base pair
Deoxyribose-phosphat backbone
agctcaggcc ttcgcagcat tcttgggtgg gagcagccac gggtcagcca caagggccac agccatgaat ggcacagaag gccctaactt ctacgtgccc ttctccaatg cgacgggtgt ggtacgcagc cccttcgagt acccacagta ctacctggct gagccatggc agttctccat gctggccgcc tacatgtttc tgctgatcgt gctgggcttc cccatcaact ct ctacgtcacc gtccagcaca agaagctgcg cacgcctctc aactacatcc tgctcaacct agccgtggct gacctcttca tggtcctagg tggcttcacc agcaccctct acacctctct gcatggatac ttcgtcttcg ggcccacagg atgcaatttg gagggcttct ttgccaccct gggcggtatg agccgggtgt gggtggggtg tgcaggagcc cgggagcatg gaggggtctg ggagagtccc gggcttggcg gtggtggctg agaggccttc tcccttctcc tgtcctgtca atgttatcca aagccctc
Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
Heterozygote= TC
Wild type = TT
Homozygote=CC
ORF
The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene
ORF
ORF
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
GENbull Bagian fungsional terkecil dari sebuah
kromosome yang disusun oleh potongan DNA
Structure DNA
bull DNA was made up of individual unit called nucleotidesbull The nucleotide are linked each other to form long chain
A nucleotide consists of three components
1 An organic base2 A five-carbon sugar (pentose) 3 A phosphate group
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
H
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Deoxyribosa
P group attached to the 5` carbon of the sugarOrganic base attached to the 1` carbon of the sugar
Structure RNA
Similar to DNA except
Single strandedRibose replaces deoxyribose as a pentoseUracil replaces thymine
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
OH
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Ribose
Uracil
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Gbr purine and pirimidine
Double- stranded helix of DNA
1 Two long chains (strand)
2 The coiled polynucleotide chains are held together by
hidrogen bonds between the bases of the opposite strands
3 The base pairs (bp) occur as specific set of complementary pairs
A pairs only with T---- (AT) and G only pairs with C----- (CG)4 AT with two hidrogen bonds and CG with three hodrogen bonds
The numbers of base pairs (bp) determine the length of double stranded DNA
1000 bp4 kb2 Mb
Model of double-helical DNA
Base pair
Deoxyribose-phosphat backbone
agctcaggcc ttcgcagcat tcttgggtgg gagcagccac gggtcagcca caagggccac agccatgaat ggcacagaag gccctaactt ctacgtgccc ttctccaatg cgacgggtgt ggtacgcagc cccttcgagt acccacagta ctacctggct gagccatggc agttctccat gctggccgcc tacatgtttc tgctgatcgt gctgggcttc cccatcaact ct ctacgtcacc gtccagcaca agaagctgcg cacgcctctc aactacatcc tgctcaacct agccgtggct gacctcttca tggtcctagg tggcttcacc agcaccctct acacctctct gcatggatac ttcgtcttcg ggcccacagg atgcaatttg gagggcttct ttgccaccct gggcggtatg agccgggtgt gggtggggtg tgcaggagcc cgggagcatg gaggggtctg ggagagtccc gggcttggcg gtggtggctg agaggccttc tcccttctcc tgtcctgtca atgttatcca aagccctc
Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
Heterozygote= TC
Wild type = TT
Homozygote=CC
ORF
The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene
ORF
ORF
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
Structure DNA
bull DNA was made up of individual unit called nucleotidesbull The nucleotide are linked each other to form long chain
A nucleotide consists of three components
1 An organic base2 A five-carbon sugar (pentose) 3 A phosphate group
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
H
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Deoxyribosa
P group attached to the 5` carbon of the sugarOrganic base attached to the 1` carbon of the sugar
Structure RNA
Similar to DNA except
Single strandedRibose replaces deoxyribose as a pentoseUracil replaces thymine
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
OH
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Ribose
Uracil
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Gbr purine and pirimidine
Double- stranded helix of DNA
1 Two long chains (strand)
2 The coiled polynucleotide chains are held together by
hidrogen bonds between the bases of the opposite strands
3 The base pairs (bp) occur as specific set of complementary pairs
A pairs only with T---- (AT) and G only pairs with C----- (CG)4 AT with two hidrogen bonds and CG with three hodrogen bonds
The numbers of base pairs (bp) determine the length of double stranded DNA
1000 bp4 kb2 Mb
Model of double-helical DNA
Base pair
Deoxyribose-phosphat backbone
agctcaggcc ttcgcagcat tcttgggtgg gagcagccac gggtcagcca caagggccac agccatgaat ggcacagaag gccctaactt ctacgtgccc ttctccaatg cgacgggtgt ggtacgcagc cccttcgagt acccacagta ctacctggct gagccatggc agttctccat gctggccgcc tacatgtttc tgctgatcgt gctgggcttc cccatcaact ct ctacgtcacc gtccagcaca agaagctgcg cacgcctctc aactacatcc tgctcaacct agccgtggct gacctcttca tggtcctagg tggcttcacc agcaccctct acacctctct gcatggatac ttcgtcttcg ggcccacagg atgcaatttg gagggcttct ttgccaccct gggcggtatg agccgggtgt gggtggggtg tgcaggagcc cgggagcatg gaggggtctg ggagagtccc gggcttggcg gtggtggctg agaggccttc tcccttctcc tgtcctgtca atgttatcca aagccctc
Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
Heterozygote= TC
Wild type = TT
Homozygote=CC
ORF
The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene
ORF
ORF
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
H
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Deoxyribosa
P group attached to the 5` carbon of the sugarOrganic base attached to the 1` carbon of the sugar
Structure RNA
Similar to DNA except
Single strandedRibose replaces deoxyribose as a pentoseUracil replaces thymine
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
OH
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Ribose
Uracil
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Gbr purine and pirimidine
Double- stranded helix of DNA
1 Two long chains (strand)
2 The coiled polynucleotide chains are held together by
hidrogen bonds between the bases of the opposite strands
3 The base pairs (bp) occur as specific set of complementary pairs
A pairs only with T---- (AT) and G only pairs with C----- (CG)4 AT with two hidrogen bonds and CG with three hodrogen bonds
The numbers of base pairs (bp) determine the length of double stranded DNA
1000 bp4 kb2 Mb
Model of double-helical DNA
Base pair
Deoxyribose-phosphat backbone
agctcaggcc ttcgcagcat tcttgggtgg gagcagccac gggtcagcca caagggccac agccatgaat ggcacagaag gccctaactt ctacgtgccc ttctccaatg cgacgggtgt ggtacgcagc cccttcgagt acccacagta ctacctggct gagccatggc agttctccat gctggccgcc tacatgtttc tgctgatcgt gctgggcttc cccatcaact ct ctacgtcacc gtccagcaca agaagctgcg cacgcctctc aactacatcc tgctcaacct agccgtggct gacctcttca tggtcctagg tggcttcacc agcaccctct acacctctct gcatggatac ttcgtcttcg ggcccacagg atgcaatttg gagggcttct ttgccaccct gggcggtatg agccgggtgt gggtggggtg tgcaggagcc cgggagcatg gaggggtctg ggagagtccc gggcttggcg gtggtggctg agaggccttc tcccttctcc tgtcctgtca atgttatcca aagccctc
Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
Heterozygote= TC
Wild type = TT
Homozygote=CC
ORF
The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene
ORF
ORF
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
Structure RNA
Similar to DNA except
Single strandedRibose replaces deoxyribose as a pentoseUracil replaces thymine
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
OH
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Ribose
Uracil
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Gbr purine and pirimidine
Double- stranded helix of DNA
1 Two long chains (strand)
2 The coiled polynucleotide chains are held together by
hidrogen bonds between the bases of the opposite strands
3 The base pairs (bp) occur as specific set of complementary pairs
A pairs only with T---- (AT) and G only pairs with C----- (CG)4 AT with two hidrogen bonds and CG with three hodrogen bonds
The numbers of base pairs (bp) determine the length of double stranded DNA
1000 bp4 kb2 Mb
Model of double-helical DNA
Base pair
Deoxyribose-phosphat backbone
agctcaggcc ttcgcagcat tcttgggtgg gagcagccac gggtcagcca caagggccac agccatgaat ggcacagaag gccctaactt ctacgtgccc ttctccaatg cgacgggtgt ggtacgcagc cccttcgagt acccacagta ctacctggct gagccatggc agttctccat gctggccgcc tacatgtttc tgctgatcgt gctgggcttc cccatcaact ct ctacgtcacc gtccagcaca agaagctgcg cacgcctctc aactacatcc tgctcaacct agccgtggct gacctcttca tggtcctagg tggcttcacc agcaccctct acacctctct gcatggatac ttcgtcttcg ggcccacagg atgcaatttg gagggcttct ttgccaccct gggcggtatg agccgggtgt gggtggggtg tgcaggagcc cgggagcatg gaggggtctg ggagagtccc gggcttggcg gtggtggctg agaggccttc tcccttctcc tgtcctgtca atgttatcca aagccctc
Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
Heterozygote= TC
Wild type = TT
Homozygote=CC
ORF
The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene
ORF
ORF
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
B a s e
CH2
P
-
HH
H
OH
H
OH
4
5
32
1
Ribose
Uracil
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Gbr purine and pirimidine
Double- stranded helix of DNA
1 Two long chains (strand)
2 The coiled polynucleotide chains are held together by
hidrogen bonds between the bases of the opposite strands
3 The base pairs (bp) occur as specific set of complementary pairs
A pairs only with T---- (AT) and G only pairs with C----- (CG)4 AT with two hidrogen bonds and CG with three hodrogen bonds
The numbers of base pairs (bp) determine the length of double stranded DNA
1000 bp4 kb2 Mb
Model of double-helical DNA
Base pair
Deoxyribose-phosphat backbone
agctcaggcc ttcgcagcat tcttgggtgg gagcagccac gggtcagcca caagggccac agccatgaat ggcacagaag gccctaactt ctacgtgccc ttctccaatg cgacgggtgt ggtacgcagc cccttcgagt acccacagta ctacctggct gagccatggc agttctccat gctggccgcc tacatgtttc tgctgatcgt gctgggcttc cccatcaact ct ctacgtcacc gtccagcaca agaagctgcg cacgcctctc aactacatcc tgctcaacct agccgtggct gacctcttca tggtcctagg tggcttcacc agcaccctct acacctctct gcatggatac ttcgtcttcg ggcccacagg atgcaatttg gagggcttct ttgccaccct gggcggtatg agccgggtgt gggtggggtg tgcaggagcc cgggagcatg gaggggtctg ggagagtccc gggcttggcg gtggtggctg agaggccttc tcccttctcc tgtcctgtca atgttatcca aagccctc
Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
Heterozygote= TC
Wild type = TT
Homozygote=CC
ORF
The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene
ORF
ORF
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Gbr purine and pirimidine
Double- stranded helix of DNA
1 Two long chains (strand)
2 The coiled polynucleotide chains are held together by
hidrogen bonds between the bases of the opposite strands
3 The base pairs (bp) occur as specific set of complementary pairs
A pairs only with T---- (AT) and G only pairs with C----- (CG)4 AT with two hidrogen bonds and CG with three hodrogen bonds
The numbers of base pairs (bp) determine the length of double stranded DNA
1000 bp4 kb2 Mb
Model of double-helical DNA
Base pair
Deoxyribose-phosphat backbone
agctcaggcc ttcgcagcat tcttgggtgg gagcagccac gggtcagcca caagggccac agccatgaat ggcacagaag gccctaactt ctacgtgccc ttctccaatg cgacgggtgt ggtacgcagc cccttcgagt acccacagta ctacctggct gagccatggc agttctccat gctggccgcc tacatgtttc tgctgatcgt gctgggcttc cccatcaact ct ctacgtcacc gtccagcaca agaagctgcg cacgcctctc aactacatcc tgctcaacct agccgtggct gacctcttca tggtcctagg tggcttcacc agcaccctct acacctctct gcatggatac ttcgtcttcg ggcccacagg atgcaatttg gagggcttct ttgccaccct gggcggtatg agccgggtgt gggtggggtg tgcaggagcc cgggagcatg gaggggtctg ggagagtccc gggcttggcg gtggtggctg agaggccttc tcccttctcc tgtcctgtca atgttatcca aagccctc
Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
Heterozygote= TC
Wild type = TT
Homozygote=CC
ORF
The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene
ORF
ORF
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
Gbr purine and pirimidine
Double- stranded helix of DNA
1 Two long chains (strand)
2 The coiled polynucleotide chains are held together by
hidrogen bonds between the bases of the opposite strands
3 The base pairs (bp) occur as specific set of complementary pairs
A pairs only with T---- (AT) and G only pairs with C----- (CG)4 AT with two hidrogen bonds and CG with three hodrogen bonds
The numbers of base pairs (bp) determine the length of double stranded DNA
1000 bp4 kb2 Mb
Model of double-helical DNA
Base pair
Deoxyribose-phosphat backbone
agctcaggcc ttcgcagcat tcttgggtgg gagcagccac gggtcagcca caagggccac agccatgaat ggcacagaag gccctaactt ctacgtgccc ttctccaatg cgacgggtgt ggtacgcagc cccttcgagt acccacagta ctacctggct gagccatggc agttctccat gctggccgcc tacatgtttc tgctgatcgt gctgggcttc cccatcaact ct ctacgtcacc gtccagcaca agaagctgcg cacgcctctc aactacatcc tgctcaacct agccgtggct gacctcttca tggtcctagg tggcttcacc agcaccctct acacctctct gcatggatac ttcgtcttcg ggcccacagg atgcaatttg gagggcttct ttgccaccct gggcggtatg agccgggtgt gggtggggtg tgcaggagcc cgggagcatg gaggggtctg ggagagtccc gggcttggcg gtggtggctg agaggccttc tcccttctcc tgtcctgtca atgttatcca aagccctc
Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
Heterozygote= TC
Wild type = TT
Homozygote=CC
ORF
The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene
ORF
ORF
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
Double- stranded helix of DNA
1 Two long chains (strand)
2 The coiled polynucleotide chains are held together by
hidrogen bonds between the bases of the opposite strands
3 The base pairs (bp) occur as specific set of complementary pairs
A pairs only with T---- (AT) and G only pairs with C----- (CG)4 AT with two hidrogen bonds and CG with three hodrogen bonds
The numbers of base pairs (bp) determine the length of double stranded DNA
1000 bp4 kb2 Mb
Model of double-helical DNA
Base pair
Deoxyribose-phosphat backbone
agctcaggcc ttcgcagcat tcttgggtgg gagcagccac gggtcagcca caagggccac agccatgaat ggcacagaag gccctaactt ctacgtgccc ttctccaatg cgacgggtgt ggtacgcagc cccttcgagt acccacagta ctacctggct gagccatggc agttctccat gctggccgcc tacatgtttc tgctgatcgt gctgggcttc cccatcaact ct ctacgtcacc gtccagcaca agaagctgcg cacgcctctc aactacatcc tgctcaacct agccgtggct gacctcttca tggtcctagg tggcttcacc agcaccctct acacctctct gcatggatac ttcgtcttcg ggcccacagg atgcaatttg gagggcttct ttgccaccct gggcggtatg agccgggtgt gggtggggtg tgcaggagcc cgggagcatg gaggggtctg ggagagtccc gggcttggcg gtggtggctg agaggccttc tcccttctcc tgtcctgtca atgttatcca aagccctc
Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
Heterozygote= TC
Wild type = TT
Homozygote=CC
ORF
The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene
ORF
ORF
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
Model of double-helical DNA
Base pair
Deoxyribose-phosphat backbone
agctcaggcc ttcgcagcat tcttgggtgg gagcagccac gggtcagcca caagggccac agccatgaat ggcacagaag gccctaactt ctacgtgccc ttctccaatg cgacgggtgt ggtacgcagc cccttcgagt acccacagta ctacctggct gagccatggc agttctccat gctggccgcc tacatgtttc tgctgatcgt gctgggcttc cccatcaact ct ctacgtcacc gtccagcaca agaagctgcg cacgcctctc aactacatcc tgctcaacct agccgtggct gacctcttca tggtcctagg tggcttcacc agcaccctct acacctctct gcatggatac ttcgtcttcg ggcccacagg atgcaatttg gagggcttct ttgccaccct gggcggtatg agccgggtgt gggtggggtg tgcaggagcc cgggagcatg gaggggtctg ggagagtccc gggcttggcg gtggtggctg agaggccttc tcccttctcc tgtcctgtca atgttatcca aagccctc
Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
Heterozygote= TC
Wild type = TT
Homozygote=CC
ORF
The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene
ORF
ORF
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
agctcaggcc ttcgcagcat tcttgggtgg gagcagccac gggtcagcca caagggccac agccatgaat ggcacagaag gccctaactt ctacgtgccc ttctccaatg cgacgggtgt ggtacgcagc cccttcgagt acccacagta ctacctggct gagccatggc agttctccat gctggccgcc tacatgtttc tgctgatcgt gctgggcttc cccatcaact ct ctacgtcacc gtccagcaca agaagctgcg cacgcctctc aactacatcc tgctcaacct agccgtggct gacctcttca tggtcctagg tggcttcacc agcaccctct acacctctct gcatggatac ttcgtcttcg ggcccacagg atgcaatttg gagggcttct ttgccaccct gggcggtatg agccgggtgt gggtggggtg tgcaggagcc cgggagcatg gaggggtctg ggagagtccc gggcttggcg gtggtggctg agaggccttc tcccttctcc tgtcctgtca atgttatcca aagccctc
Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
Heterozygote= TC
Wild type = TT
Homozygote=CC
ORF
The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene
ORF
ORF
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
Met (initiation codon)- 20 bp upstream
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
T to C change Met (initiation codon)
Heterozygote= TC
Wild type = TT
Homozygote=CC
ORF
The base pair alteration of T to C at -20 bp upstream from the initiation codon of RAB-2 gene
ORF
ORF
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
The genetic code
The majority of genes encode information for the production of protein chain
Protein are essential polymer that are involved in almost all biological function
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
Genetic CodeThe genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotide helliphelliphelliphelliphellipcalled codonEach group representing one amino acid
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
The amino acid of proteins and their designation
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
AlanineArginineAspargineAspartic acidCysteineGlutamic acidGlutamineGlycineHistidineIsoleucine
AlaArgAsnAspCysGluGlnGlyHisIso
ARNDCEQGHI
Amino acidsThree letter designation
Single-letterdesignaton
LeucineLysineMethioninePhenylalanineProlineSerineThreonineTryptophanTyrosineValine
LeuLysMetPheProSerThrTrpTyrVal
LKMFPSTWYV
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
a t g c a a t t t g g a g g g c t t c t t t g c t g a
Met Gln Phe Gly Gly Leu Leu Stop codonCys
MQFGGLLC stop
5`- -3`
N- -C
A series of codon that is read sequentially from starting point at one to the termination point at the other endWritten in the conventional 5`-3` direction
A series of codon encodes for protein corresponds to the amino acidsequenceWritten in the direction from N-terminus to C-terminus
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-
B a s e
Pyrimidine
Purine
Cytosine ( C )
Thymine ( T )
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
- CELL
- Slide 2
- STRUKTUR amp BAGIAN-BAGIAN SEL
- Definisi Sel
- Perbedaan sel prokariotik dan sel Eukariotik
- Struktur Dasar Sel
- KROMOSOM
- Slide 8
- Struktur Kromosom
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Sejarah penemuan kromosom
- Slide 13
- Morfologi kromosome
- Slide 15
- Karyotype = a characteriastic (number morphology and gene map) of chromosome for each species
- Bagian ndash Bagian Kromosom
- Bentuk-bentuk kromosom (=berdasarkan sentromernya)
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Tipe kromosom
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Slide 27
- GEN
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Slide 32
- Slide 33
- Slide 34
- Slide 35
- Slide 36
- Slide 37
- Model of double-helical DNA
- Slide 39
- Slide 40
- The genetic code
- Genetic Code
- Slide 43
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Slide 46
-