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    What is theMoro Problem?

    How did it evolve?

    Rudy B. Rodil

    Mindanao Historian

    MSU Iligan Institute of Technology

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    They are not happy

    with being

    Filipino

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    Following are their feelings

    at different times

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    1924: Letter of some Moro leaders

    to the US Congress

    Signed by Sultan Mangigin of Maguindanao, HadjiPanglima Nuo, Datu Sacaluran, Maharajah Habing,

    Abdula Piang, Datu Benito representing and estimatedhalf a million Moros of Mindanao, Sulu and Palawan.

    proposed that the Islands of Mindanao and Sulu, andPalawan be made an unorganized territory of the UnitedStates of America.

    Proposed, 50 years after independence was given to therest of the Philippine Isands, to hold a plebiscite for saidterritory of the Moros to decide whether or not toincorporate the same to the islands of Luzon and theVisayas or to be independent.

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    1935: Letter of Hadji Bogabong, Kali sa

    Onayan & 119 Datu, Hadji, Imam & Kali ng

    Lanao to the President the United States Wish to remain under the guidance and protection of the

    American government:

    First because we are yet weak and powerless to dependour rights as an independent nation.

    Second, because we are a small nation, unlike other bigindependent nation. It is not the proper and fitting that asmall, weak and poor nation should an independent froma benevolent powerful nation.

    Third, we do not want to be included in the Philippine

    independence; once an independent Philippine islaunched troubles (will erupt) between us and theChristian Filipinos because from time immemorial thesetwo people have not live harmoniously.

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    1961: Congressman Ombra Amilbangsa

    filed a bill at the House of Representatives to give and

    recognize the independence of the province of Sulu

    1968: Muslim Independence Movement (MIM)

    desire to establish an Islamic state in Cotabato, Davao,Zamboanga & Zamboanga City, Basilan City,Lanao,Sulu

    and Palawan, and the adjoining areas which areinhabited by Muslims or being under their sphere ofinfluence, including the maritime areas therein

    1971:Mindanao Crisis

    :violent conflicts among Moroand Christian civilians, and among politicians.

    Highlighted by several massacres like those in Manili inCarmen, Cotabato and Kauswagan in Lanao del Norte.

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    1972: Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) -

    launched armed rebellion, to establish theBangsa Moro Republic in Bangsamoro Homeland

    of Mindanao, Sulu, and Palawan. Bannered the

    name Bangsamoro.

    1984: Formal establishment of the Moro

    Islamic Liberation Front (MILF). Planned to put

    up an independent Islamic state.

    1997 - 2003 MILF versus AFP

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    Peace Process; divided views

    GRP-MNLF Tripoli Agreement(TA), 1976 1996: autonomy in 13 provinces; now 5provinces of ARMM

    GRP-MNLFFinal Peace Agreement onthe implementation of the Tripoli accord,

    1996, not acceptable to the MILF

    GRP-MILF peace talks, 1996 present,still ongoing

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    Destruction and Cost of War

    1971 More than 1,000 persons killed 1970-1996 MNLF vs AFP:

    100,000 -120,000 perished, 50% MNLF, 30% AFP,20% civilian

    73 billion pesos spent

    MILF vs AFP in Central Mindanao:1997 - 30,000 evacuees

    2000 - 1,014,654 evacuees2001 - 24,000 evacuees

    2003 - 75,419 evacuees

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    Moros: Who are they, where is their

    traditional territory?MaguindanaoMaranao

    Tausug

    Sama

    IranunYakan

    Kalibugan/ Kolibugan

    Kalagan

    Sangil

    Jama MapunMolbog

    Sama Dilaut (Badjao)

    Panimusan/ Palimusan

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    MINDANAO

    BASILAN

    ZAMBO SUR

    ZAMBO NORTE

    LANAO SUR

    Cotabato City

    MAGUINDANAO

    BUKIDNON

    N. COTABATO

    DAVAO SUR

    DAVAO OR.

    LANAO NORTE

    S. COTABATO

    S. KUDARAT

    SARANGANI

    CARAGA REGION

    MISAMIS ORIENTAL

    MISAMIS

    OCCIDENTAL

    Zamboanga City

    ZAMBO SIBUGAY

    Davao City

    DAVAO

    NORTE

    COMPOSTELA

    VALLEY

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    MINDANAO

    BASILAN

    ZAMBO SUR

    ZAMBO NORTE

    LANAO SUR

    Cotabato City

    MAGUINDANAO

    BUKIDNON

    N. COTABATO

    DAVAO SUR

    DAVAO OR.

    LANAO NORTE

    S. COTABATO

    S. KUDARAT

    SARANGANI

    CARAGA REGION

    MISAMIS ORIENTAL

    MISAMIS

    OCCIDENTAL

    ZAMBOANGA CITY

    ZAMBO SIBUGAY

    DAVAO CITY

    DAVAO

    COMPOSTELA

    VALLEY

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    Legend:

    J Maguindanao (993,898based on 2000 census)

    BASILAN

    ZAMBO SUR

    ZAMBO NORTE

    LANAO SUR

    Cotabato City

    MAGUINDANAO

    BUKIDNON

    N. COTABATO

    DAVAO SUR

    DAVAO OR.

    LANAO NORTE

    S. COTABATO

    S. KUDARAT

    SARANGANI

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    Legend:

    J Maranao (986,493 2000 census)

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    Legend:

    J Tausug (903,073 2000 census)

    BASILAN

    SULU

    TAWI-TAWI

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    Legend:

    J Sama (329,985 2000 census)

    TAWI-TAWI

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    Legend:

    J Iranun (153,644 2000 census)

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    Legend:

    J Yakan (154,581 2000 census)

    BASILAN

    SULU

    TAWI-TAWI

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    Legend:

    J Kalibugan/Kolibugan (31,109 2000 census)

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    Legend:

    J Kalagan (42,226 2000 census)

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    Legend:J Sangil (11,2622000 census)

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    Legend:

    J Jama Mapun (31,278 2000 census )

    TAWI-TAWI

    MAPUN ISLAND

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    Legend:

    J Molbog (8,498 2000 census)

    PALAWAN

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    Legend:

    J Sama Dilaut /Badjao

    (37,123 2000 census)

    TAWI-TAWI

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    Islam

    Experience as independent

    sultanates and Pat a

    Pongampong ko Ranao

    Struggled against colonialism:

    Fought Spaniards for333 years,

    uncolonized

    Resisted American imperialists,colonized

    Emergence of

    Bangsamoro identity

    What makes them

    different?

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    What is this Moro problem?

    They were formerly independent states orsultanates o Pat a Pongampong ko Ranao

    Became integrated to the Philippines withouttheir consent

    Acquired new stigma and labels and became

    minorities in their own ancestral lands

    Victims of government discrimination

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    They were independent states

    Sultanate of Sulu, 1450 A.D.

    Sultanate of Maguindanao,

    1619 A.D.

    Pongampong ko Ranao?

    Four elements of an

    independent state

    people

    territory

    government

    sovereignty

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    Sultanate of Maguindanao-Sultan Kudarat (1645)

    Sultanate of Maguindanao (1700)

    S. of Maguindanao (Saleeby)

    (1900)

    Sultanate of Maguindanao (1618-1671) Majul

    Sultanato ng Maguindanao at Pat a Pongampong ng Ranao

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    Incorporated into the Philippines

    without their consent

    Treaty of Paris 1898

    Bates Treaty 1899 Carpenter Agreement 1915

    Commonwealth 1935

    Republic of the Philippines 1946

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    Acquired new stigma and

    labels and becameminorities within their

    ancestral lands

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    Stigma hurts

    Moro pirates during the Spanishcolonial period

    Non-Christians and uncivilized duringthe time of American colonialism

    National Cultural Minority within theRepublic of the Philippines

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    Their lands were opened to settlers

    Philippine Commission law 1903: Declared as null andvoid all land grants made by traditional leaders likesultans, datus, tribal leaders if done without government

    consent

    Government implemented Public Land Lawdiscriminatory to non-Christians (Moros and wild tribes)and favorable to homesteaders and corporations

    Whole of Mindanao opened to resettlement andcorporate investments

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    Resettlement American Period

    1913: Act 2254 Agricultural Colonies Act creating agriccolonies in Cotabato Valley (Pikit, Pagalungan, Glan)

    1914: PC Act 2280 creating agricultural colony in Momungan(Balo-i), Lanao

    1919: PC Act 2206 authorizing provincial boards to managecolonies. Zamboanga opened Lamitan; Sulu openedTawi-Tawi; Bukidnon opened Marilog; Cotabato opened Salunayan &Maganoy

    1919-1930: Resettlement done by Interisland Migration Divisionof the Bureau of Labor. Opened Kapalong, Guiangga,Tagum,Lupon and Baganga in Davao; Labangan in Zamboanga andLamitan in Basilan; Cabadbaran, Butuan and Buenavista inAgusan; Momungan and Kapatagan valley in Lanao. Brought inmore settlers to Pikit and Pagalungan.

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    Resettlement Commonwealth Period

    1935: Act 4197 Quirino-Recto Colonization

    Act or Organic Charter of Organized Land

    Settlement

    1939: Act 441 Creating National Land

    Settlement Administration (NLSA). Opened

    Koronadal Valley (Lagao,Tupi, Marbel and

    Polomolok), Allah Valley (Banga, Norallahand Surallah) and Mallig plains in Isabela.

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    Resettlement Republic of Philippines

    1949: Rice and Corn Production Administration (RCPA) created topromote rice and corn production. Opened Buluan in Cotabato andMaramag-Wao in Bukidnon-Lanao border.

    1950: Land Settlement Development Corporation (LASEDECO)Opened Tacurong, Isulan, Bagumbayan, Part of Buluan, Sultan saBarongis, Ampatuan

    1951: Economic Development Corps (EDCOR) for captured andsurrendered Huks, opened Arevalo in Sapad, Lanao del Norte;Genio in Alamada, Gallego and Barira in Buldon, all in Cotabato,and two others in Isabela and Quezon.

    1954: RA 1160 created National Resettlement and RehabilitationAdministration (NARRA)

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    Resettlement Part of RP Land Reform

    1963: Land Authority inaugurated land reform, also managedresettlement

    1971: RA 6389 created Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR), didresettlement thru the Bureau of Resettlement.

    Administered 37 settlements all over the country, 18 of them in

    Mindanao in the ten provinces ofTawi-Tawi (Balimbing-Bongao),Zamboanga del Norte (Liloy, Salug, Sindangan),

    Bukidnon (Maramag, Pangantukan, Kalilangan), Agusan del Sur(Prosperidad, Talacogon), Davao del Norte (Sto Tomas, Panabo,Asuncion), Lanao del Norte (Sapad, Nunungan, Karomatan), Lanaodel Sur (Wao, Lumba-a-Bayabao, Bubong, Butig, Lumbatan, Bayang,

    Binidayan, Pagayawan, Tubaran),

    North Cotabato (Carmen, Alamada), Maguindanao (Buldon, Upi-Dinaig)and Sultan Kudarat (Columbio, Tulunan, Isulan, Bagumbayan,Surallah).

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    Public Land Law and Resettlement

    Hectarage Allowed

    Year Homesteader

    Non-Christian

    (Moros & WildTribes)

    Corporation

    1903 16 has. (no provision) 1,024 has.

    1919 24 has. 10 has. 1,024 has.

    1936 16 has. 4 has. 1,024 has.

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    Resettlement: Case of Cotabato

    1918 census

    Population

    Range

    Towns w/

    Moro

    Towns w/

    Lumad

    Towns w/

    Settler

    50% up 20 5 0

    25 - 49.9% 4 2 2

    10 24.9% 4 7 2

    9.9% & less 2 6 18

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    1939 census

    Population

    Range

    Towns w/

    Moro

    Towns w/

    Lumad

    Towns w/

    Settler

    50% up20 9 3

    25 - 49.9% 5 2 2

    10 24.9% 6 3 10

    9.9% & less 2 8 13

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    1970 census

    Population

    Range

    Towns w/

    Moro

    Bayan ng

    Lumad

    Bayan ng

    Settler

    50% up 10 0 38

    25 - 49.9% 8 1 4

    10 24.9% 11 5 5

    9.9% & less 21 31 2

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    Population Change in Mindanao, 1918-1970

    Census

    year

    Total

    Popn

    Islamized % Lumad %

    1918 1,175,212 378,152 32.17 116,456 9.9

    1939 2,338,094 751,172 32.12 341,888 14.62

    1970 6,831,120 1,629,730 23.85 437,991 6.41

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    COTABATO 1918 CENSUS

    Bayanng

    ad 5

    Bayanng

    20

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    COTABATO 1939 CENSUS

    Bayan ng

    Moro - 20

    Bayan ng

    Lumad - 9

    Bayan ng

    Settler- 3

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    COTABATO 1970 CENSUS

    Bayan ng

    Moro - 10

    Bayan ng

    Settler - 38

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    POPULATION CHANGE IN

    COTABATO 1918-1970

    1918 1939

    1970

    BayanngM r

    Bayanng Lumad

    Bayanng Settler

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    Sultanate of Maguindanao-Sultan Kudarat (1645)

    Sultanate of Maguindanao (1700)

    S. of Maguindanao (Saleeby)

    (1900)

    Sultanate of Maguindanao (1618-1671) Majul

    Sultanato ng Maguindanao at Pat a Pongampong ng Ranao

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    Moro Province 1903-1913

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    BASILAN

    ZAMBO SUR

    ZAMBO NORTE

    LANAO SUR

    Cotabato City

    MAGUINDANAO

    BUKIDNON

    N. COTABATO

    DAVAO SUR

    DAVAO OR.

    ARMM

    LANAO NORTE

    S. COTABATO

    S. KUDARAT

    SARANGANI

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    BASILAN

    ZAMBO SUR

    ZAMBO NORTE

    LANAO SUR

    Cotabato City

    MAGUINDANAO

    BUKIDNON

    N. COTABATO

    DAVAO SUR

    DAVAO OR.

    LANAO NORTE

    S. COTABATO

    S. KUDARAT

    SARANGANI

    ARMM + Barangay w/majority

    Muslim Census 2000

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    They are victims of discrimination

    Stigma, labels and names that hurt

    Land laws favored outsiders

    Non- or insufficient recognition of theirhistory in Philippine history books

    Non-recognition of their being different

    Negative views on them as people, their

    religion and culture Non-recognition of their right to self-

    determination

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    What do the the Moros want?

    Now They desire a life of peace and tranquility.They are Bangsamoro, not Filipino. Theywant to be asked in a referendum whether or

    not they wish:

    To remain in an autonomous region; or

    Establish a state within a federal system; or

    Be an independent nation.

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    The problem of the Lumad:

    They, too, became minorities in their own

    ancestral lands

    They too were victims of discrimination

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    What do the Lumad want?

    1986: Lumad Mindanaw asserted

    that the the Lumad communities

    too have the right to self-determination and wanted self-

    governance within their respective

    ancestral domains in accordancewith customary laws.

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    What do the Lumad want?

    2001: Panagtagbo said the

    Lumad are first nations and

    want no less than their ownautonomous region within

    the Republic of the

    Philippines.

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    Our Common Problem

    The Lumad situation,

    like the Moro problem,

    is the problem of all Filipinos.

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    Challenge to all Filipinos:

    Are we willing to respond to the

    aspirations of our Lumad & Moro

    communities in the spirit of kapatiran?

    We contributed to the creation of this

    problem, we also have a role infinding a solution.