morpheme & morphology
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GROUP 4
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The study of the structure and form of words inlanguage or a language, including inflection,
derivation, and the formation of compounds.
MORPHOLOGY
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A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in thegrammar of a language.
A single word may be composed of one or moremorphemes.
MORPHEME
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One morpheme = boy
Two morphemes = boy + ish
Three morphemes = boy + ish + ness
Four morphemes = gentle + man + li + ness
Five morphemes = un+system+atic+al+ly
(the word unsystematically can be analyzed into 5separate morphemes).
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Every morpheme is either a base or an affix.
An affix can be either a prefix or a suffix.
e.gCat is the base morpheme, and s is a suffix.
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MorphemeAffix
a morpheme that comes at the beginning (prefix) orthe ending (suffix) of a base morpheme.
Note: An affix usually is a morpheme that cannotstand alone.
Examples: -ful, -ly, -ity, -ness. A few exceptions areable, like, and less.
Prefix
an affix that comesbefore a base
morpheme. The in inthe word inspect is a
prefix.
Suffixan affix that comes
after a basemorpheme. The s in
cats is a suffix.
Base
a morpheme that givesa word its meaning.
The base morpheme catgives the word cats itsmeaning: a particular
type of animal.
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Single morphemes (monomorphemic) & can standalone as words.
Example : drink, cat, butter
FREE MORPHEME
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Morphemes which cannot occur on its own as anindependent (or separate) word.
Example : Trans- and mit in transmit
Affixes (prefix, suffix) are all bound morphemes.
BOUND MORPHEME
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Prefixes Bound morphemes which occur
only before other morphemes.Examples:
un- (uncover, undo)dis- (displeased, disconnect),pre- (predetermine, prejudge)
Suffixes Bound morphemes which occur
following other morphemes.Examples:-er (singer, performer)-ist (typist, pianist)-ly (manly, friendly)
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Derivational Morpheme
The morpheme that added with affixes such that it
change the meaning of words or the part of speech orboth.
Functions
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Inflectional Morpheme The morpheme that can only be suffix and create a change
in the function of word. 8 types of inflectional morpheme: s (possessive) s (plural) s (3rd person present singular) ing (present participle)
ed (past tense) ed (past participle) en (past participle) est and er (superlative and comparative degree)
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Morphemes
Freemorphemes
Lexicalmorphemes
work, house,kind
Functionalmorphemes
and, if, or,but
Boundmorphemes
Derivational
morphemes
-er, -ness, -ly
Inflectionalmorphemes
-ed, -er, -est
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adding a derivational affix, thus changing the
syntactic category.
e.g orient > orientationDerivation
extending a morpheme from one syntactic categoryto another.
e.g chair(N) > chair(V)Categoryextension
combining two old words to make one new one
e.g put-downCompound
inventing a brand new word.
e.g Kodak
Root creation
(antonomasia)
a foreign words is assimilated to native forms
e.g cucuracha (Spanish) > cockroach (English)Folk etymology
WORD FORMATION
PROCESSES
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shortening a word
e.g hamburger> burgerClipped form
two words smooched together
e.g smoke +fog > smogBlend the letters of a title become a word
e.g radar Radio Detection And Ranging
Scuba - Self-Contained Underwater Breathing ApparatusAcronym
a little like clipping
e.g television > TVAbbreviation
e.g hamburger< HamburgProper name