morphology - uzh · 2015-07-09 · morphology class 9 compounds fs 2014 rik van gijn . structures...

Morphology

Class 9

Compounds

FS 2014

Rik van Gijn

Structures II: Compounds

You will learn

√ What a compound is

√ About different types of compounds and how to recognize them

√ About morphology associated with compounding

√ About how to distinguish compounds from phrases

Goal of this class


Up until now, we have focused primarily on affixes, clitics, and more

abstract morphological processes, and not so much at combinations of

roots or lexemes.

Compounds

A compound is a combination of two or more lexemes which

together form a new lexeme.


Endocentric compounds

Types of compounds

Just like with derivations, compounds can often be analyzed as head-

dependent structures.

Haus Tür



Types of compounds


dependent structures. In so-called endocentric compounds, the head

refers to the same entity as the entire compound.

Haus Tür

Semantics: a Haustür is a kind of door, not a kind of house



Types of compounds




Haus Tür die/*das

Morphosyntax: tür determines the morphosyntactic category and

controls agreement



Types of compounds




Haus Tür

Tür is the head.

N

N

N



Types of compounds

With endocentric compounds that consist of lexemes that are of

different lexical classes, the head determines the lexical class.

black bird

A

N

N



Types of compounds

Compounds may be headed by other lexical classes than nouns,

although they are comparatively rare in Germanic languages.

cherry red

A

A

A



Types of compounds

Compounds may be headed by other lexical classes than nouns,

although they are comparatively rare in Germanic languages.

machine wash

N

V

V



Types of compounds

These types of endocentric compounds may be recursive

paper towel

N

N

dispenser factory

N

N

building committee

N

report

N

Lieber 2009

N

N

N

N

N

N

N



Types of compounds

These types of endocentric compounds may be recursive

Recently deleted from the lawbook of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

Rindfleischetikettierungsüberwachungsaufgabenübertragungsgesetz


Germanic languages all have right-headed compounds

Types of compounds

Dutch

het soep-vlees vs. de vlees-soep

DEF.NEUT soup-meat DEF.NONNEUT meat-soup

het mode-feest vs. de feest-mode

DEF.NEUT fashion-party DEF.NONNEUT party-fashion

Booij 2007


Germanic languages all have right-headed compounds, but this is not

necessarily so in all languages

Types of compounds

Maori

wai mangu

water black

‘ink’

whare heihei

house hen

‘hen-house’

Booij 2007


The dependent element of a compound can be a lot of things.

Types of compounds

[green]A house

[under]P dog

[right-wing]NP government

[One-size-fits-all]S sweater


Exocentric compounds

Types of compounds

Exocentric compounds are compounds where the referent of the entire

compound is not the same as the referent of one of the composing

elements.


Exocentric compounds

Types of compounds

Spanish

para-sol >> stop-sun ‘parasol’

lava-manos >> wash-hands ‘sink, washbowl’

limpia-botas >> clean-shoes ‘shoeshine boy’

English

pick-pocket

air-head

sing-along

evergreen

Exocentric compounds are compounds where the referent of the entire

compound is not the same as the referent of one of the composing

elements.


Further subdivisions in types of compounds are based on how the

elements in the compound relate to each other

Types of compounds

Attributive

Coordinative

Subordinative

Lieber 2009




Types of compounds

Attributive: one lexeme modifies the other.

paper cup

blackbird

greenhouse




Types of compounds

Attributive: one lexeme modifies the other. The modification can take

on many different forms, attributive compounds are often flexible

semantically

snail mail (metaphorical)

butt call (instrument)

machine wash (manner)

mailman (function)




Types of compounds

Attributive compounds may also be exocentric

hothead

redhead

flatfoot

old money

Bahuvrihi compounds: compounds that denote a referent by describing a characteristic or quality the referent possesses




Types of compounds

Coordinative compounds: the lexemes have equal weight, and are in

apposition (also copulative compounds, sometimes dvandva

compounds)

singer-songwriter

blue-green

Bosnia-Herzegovina




Types of compounds

Exocentric coordinative compounds

doctor-patient (A)

parent-child (A)

trainer-pupil (A)

Lieber 2009




Types of compounds

subordinative compounds: one element is interpreted as an argument

of another element.

dishwasher

wedding planner

food shopping

home invasion

Lieber 2009




Types of compounds

In English, endocentric subordinative compounds often have a

nominalized verb as their head, in other languages subordinative

compounds are much more productive as a verb-formation process

(noun incorporation).

We come back to this later.




Types of compounds

exocentric subordinative compounds

Italian

porta-lettere ‘mailman’ (carry-letters)

lava-piatti ‘dishwasher’ (wash-dishes)

Booij 2007


Types of compounds

Lieber 2009


- noun is an argument of verb (patient/object)

- verb in b becomes intransitive

- generic in b, specific in a

- no marking possible for definiteness in b (or case, number)

Noun incorporation

Ponapean I pahn kang wini-o. 1SG FUT eat medicine-DEM ‘I will take that medicine.’ I pahn keng-wini. 1SG FUT eat-medicine ‘I will take medicine.’ (Lit.: ‘I will do medicine-taking.’) (Rehg 1981: 209–14)


Noun incorporation

Guaraní a-jogua-ta petei mba’e. 1act-buy-fut one thing ‘I will buy something.’ a-mba’e-jogua-ta. 1act-thing-buy-fut ‘I’ll go shopping.’ Lit: ‘I’ll thing-buy.’ (Velázquez-Castillo 1996: 107)

Haspelmath & Simms 2010


Noun incorporation

Guaraní *a-ha-ta a-mba’e-hepy-jogua 1act-go-fut 1act-thing-expensive-buy ‘I’ll go shopping for expensive items.’ Lit: ‘I will go expensive-thing-buying.’ (Velázquez-Castillo 1996: 108)



Noun incorporation

Ainu Inaw a-ke. inaw 1SG.TR-make ‘I make an inaw (a wooden prayer symbol).’ Inaw-ke-an. inaw-make-1SG.INTR ‘I make an inaw.’ (Shibatani 1990: 11, 28)



Noun incorporation

Huauhntla Nahuatl ya’ ki-koccˇillo-tete’ki panci he 3SG.OBJ-knife-cut bread ‘He cut the bread with the knife.’ (Merlan 1976: 185)



Interfixes

Interfixes

Compounds may have an additional type of affix, called an interfix.

Interfixes come in between two lexemes of a compound, and is also

called a linking element.

Interfixes are often frozen inflections.

Compounds may have an additional type of affix, called an interfix.

Interfixes come in between two lexemes of a compound, and is also

called a linking element.


Interfixes

Interfixes

Greek

pag-o-vino ‘ice berg’ (pag-os ‘ice’ + vun-o ‘mountain’)

psom-o-tiri ‘bread (and) cheese’ (psom-i + tir-i)

sime-o-stolizmos ‘flag decoration’ (sime-a + stolizm-os)

Booij 2007


Interfixes

Interfixes

Dutch

schaap ‘sheep’ schaap-herder ‘shepherd’

schaap-s-kop ‘sheep’s head’

schap-en-vlees ‘sheep’s meat, mutton’

kind ‘child’ kind-er-wagen ‘childrens cart, pram’

koningin ‘queen’ koninginn-e-dag ‘Queen’s day’

Interfixes may also show allomorphy.

Booij 2007


It is not always straightforward to determine whether a structure is best

analyzed as a compound, or as a syntactic phrase.

Compounds versus phrases


Criteria

Unique collocations (not for every language or CMP type)

Interfix (not for every language or CMP type)

Idiomaticity (but neither sufficient nor necessary)

Dependent noun is generic rather than referential (not sufficient)




Criteria






E.g. Dutch generally does not allow N + N phrases where one modifies the

other, though in compounds this is common

goudklomp nugget of gold (lit. golden clog)

goud-en klomp golden clog

atom bomb (compound)

atomic bomb (phrase)


Criteria






e.g. Dutch

schaap-s-kop (sheep’s head) *schaaps

kind-er-feestje (children’s party) *kinder


Criteria






gold fish is not a golden fish

but: gold ring is compositional

and: golden age is not


Criteria






In piano-tuner, the first part cannot refer to a particular piano, and a definite

article preceding the compound can only say something about the definiteness

of the tuner.



Criteria






Lakhota Wičháša ki čhą̒ ki kaksá-he. man the wood the chop-cont ‘The man is chopping the wood.’ Wičháša ki čhą-káksa-he. man the wood-chop-cont ‘The man is chopping wood.’ (Lit.: ‘The man is wood-chopping.’) (Van Valin and LaPolla 1997: 123)



Criteria






Additional criteria In general terms, compounds exhibit greater phonological, morphological and syntactic cohesion than phrases.



Additional criteria

Phonological cohesion

góldfìsh báckdròp Whíte Hòuse góld médal báckstáirs whíte kníght

(Spelling is imperfect as an indicator of compounds in English)




Additional criteria


Morphological cohesion (no internal inflection)

sisters-in-law vs. sister-in-laws singers-songwriters vs. singer-songwriters



Additional criteria


Morphological cohesion (no internal inflection)


Ponapean I kang-ala wini-o. 1sg eat-compl medicine-dem ‘I completed taking that medicine, i.e. I took all of that medicine.’ I keng-winih-la. 1sg eat-medicine-compl ‘I completed my medicine-taking.’ (Rehg 1981: 214)



Additional criteria


Morphological cohesion

Syntactic cohesion (separability)

Hausa gida-n-sauroo bàbba (*gidaa bàbba na sauroo) house-rel.m-mosquito big ‘big mosquito net’ gidaa bàbba na Muusaa house big rel.m Musa ‘Musa’s big house’ (Newman 2000: 109)




Additional criteria



Syntactic cohesion (modifiability)

Dependents in compounds cannot generally be expanded by modifiers such as adjectives or adverbs (e.g. English kingmaker versus *illegitimate kingmaker ‘someone who makes an illegitimate king’; crispbread versus *very crispbread ‘bread that is very crisp’).




Additional criteria



Syntactic cohesion (ellipsis)


Large fish and small fish were mistakenly placed in the same tank. Large Ø and small fish were mistakenly placed in the same tank. Gold fish and small fish were mistakenly placed in the same tank. *Gold Ø and small fish were mistakenly placed in the same tank.



Additional criteria



Syntactic cohesion (anaphoric reference)

a. My aunt has one gold watch and three silver ones (i.e. three silver watches). b. *My aunt knows one goldsmith and three silver ones (i.e. three silversmiths).


Summary

- A compound is a word form that consists of two or more lexemes

- An endocentric compound is a compound whose head refers to the

same entity (or event or quality) as the entire compound

- An exocentric compound does not refer to the same entity (event,

quality) as one of ist constituting parts.

- In attributive compounds, one element modifies another. The nature

of the modification is often flexible.

- In coordinative compounds, the elements have the same status

- In subordinative compounds, one element is an argument of the

other.

- Compounds are sometimes difficult to distinguish from syntactic

phrases, but they generally show more phonological, morphological,

syntactic, and semantic (idiomaticity) cohesion.

morphology - uzh · 2015-07-09 · morphology class 9 compounds fs 2014 rik van gijn . structures...

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