Morphology 3Morphology 3

Ling400Ling400

correctioncorrection

• sing/sang: alternationsing/sang: alternation

• is/was: suppletionis/was: suppletion

Language TypesLanguage Types

• Analytic (or Isolating) LanguagesAnalytic (or Isolating) Languages

one word = one morphemeone word = one morpheme

Example: ChineseExample: Chinese

• Synthetic LanguagesSynthetic Languages

one word may consist of multiple one word may consist of multiple morphemesmorphemes

Synthetic Languages Synthetic Languages (subtypes)(subtypes)

Agglutinating LanguagesAgglutinating LanguagesExample: Turkish, JapaneseExample: Turkish, JapaneseJohn-ga Bill-o mi-ta.John-ga Bill-o mi-ta.John-subj Bill-obj see-PASTJohn-subj Bill-obj see-PAST

Fusional Languages (not easy to identify each Fusional Languages (not easy to identify each morpheme --- bound morphemes are “fused” to the morpheme --- bound morphemes are “fused” to the stem)stem)Example: Spanish (see text)Example: Spanish (see text)

Polysynthetic LanguagesPolysynthetic LanguagesOne sentence can consist of “one word”One sentence can consist of “one word”Example: Sora (spoken in India)Example: Sora (spoken in India)

Turkish dataTurkish data

Turkish dataTurkish data

Turkish dataTurkish dataAnswers: Answers:

a.a.

[deniz] ‘ocean’[deniz] ‘ocean’ [de] ‘in’ [de] ‘in’ [im] ‘my’ [im] ‘my’

[ev] ‘house’[ev] ‘house’ [e] ‘to[e] ‘to [in] ‘of’ [in] ‘of’

[el] ‘hand’[el] ‘hand’ [den] ‘from [imiz] ‘our’[den] ‘from [imiz] ‘our’

[di[diS] S] ‘tooth’‘tooth’ [d[dZIk] ZIk] ‘little’‘little’ [ler] (plural) [ler] (plural)

b. noun + ‘little’ + plural + determiner + b. noun + ‘little’ + plural + determiner + preposition (postposition to be exact)preposition (postposition to be exact)

c. [c. [eldZIklerimizin]eldZIklerimizin]

CebuanoCebuano

CebuanoCebuano• Questions:Questions:• State the rule (in words, precisely) for State the rule (in words, precisely) for

deriving language names from the names of deriving language names from the names of ethnic group.ethnic group.

• What type of affixation is this?What type of affixation is this?

• Answers:Answers:• Insert [in] before the first vowelInsert [in] before the first vowel• Affixation (infixing and prefixing)Affixation (infixing and prefixing)

Morphophonemic RuleMorphophonemic Rule

Plural morpheme in EnglishPlural morpheme in English

books [bUks], baths [bQTs], bat [bQts]lids [lIdz], pins [pInz], days [dez]judges [dZ√dZ´z], wishes [wIS´z], kisses [kIs

´z]

Morphophonimic RuleMorphophonimic Rule

Plural morpheme in English - GeneralizationPlural morpheme in English - Generalization

[´] after sibilant

Otherwise: [s] after [-voice], [z] after [+voice]

Rules: (1) suffix /z/ to any noun for plurality

(2) Insert [´] before the /z/ if the noun ends in a sibilant

(3) /z/ [-voice] / [-voice] ___

Morphophonemic RuleMorphophonemic Rule

This is a phonological process but is

morphologically conditioned. It is sometimes

referred to as a morphophonemic rule/process.

Why? The rule applies only when /z/ indicates plurality:

peace [pis] vs. peas [piz]

race [®eIs] vs. rays [®eIz]

rice [®AIs ] vs. ryes [®AIz ]

Analysis of English wordsAnalysis of English words

How many morphemes?How many morphemes?

denationalizationdenationalization

Analysis of English wordsAnalysis of English words

5 morphemes 5 morphemes

structure?structure?

NN

de-nation-al-iza-tion de-nation-al-iza-tion whole word: Nwhole word: N

NN

VV

VV AdjAdj

pref N suf suf suf pref N suf suf suf de- nation -al -ize -tionde- nation -al -ize -tion

Analysis of English wordsAnalysis of English words

Simplification -- How many morphemes?Simplification -- How many morphemes?

Simpl(e)-fy-cation 3Simpl(e)-fy-cation 3

Similar example: modifi(y) - cationSimilar example: modifi(y) - cation

NN

VV

N suf sufN suf suf

simpli -fi -cation simpli -fi -cation