Morphology Morphology

Morphology is the study of the building blocks of meaning in language. How do languages build words and indicate grammatical relationships between words? Very often, the

answer lies in their morphology.

a. What are words? →Strings of sounds with particular meanings

b. What are the basic building blocks of words?

c. How are more complex words built up from their parts?

d. How is the meaning of a word related to its parts?

e. How are individual words related to other words?

words words

Mental Lexicon (mental dictionary): Parts of speech Homonyms, synonyms, antonyms Content and function words Content and function words

Words are formed by putting together morphemes. Languages with fairly simple morphological

structure Languages with a very complex morphological

structure, e.g.1. Turkish: Namixaridand ‘they were not buying’ 2. Mohawk: Ni-mic-tomi-mak “I’ll give you the

money.”

WordsWordsA. word: a minimal free form that can occur in isolation

and/or whose position with respect to neighboring elements is not entirely fixed.

The hunters pursued the bear.

The bear pursued the hunters.

B. /-er/ and /-s/are not words. They cannot occur in isolation and have relatively fixed positions.

*erhunts *serhunt

Words Words …… cont cont’’d d

C. simple words: cannot be broken down . THE *T+HE

D. complex words: can be broken down. HIMSELF HIM+SELF ; UN+LUCK+Y

E. Closed class words: function words, pronouns, conjunctions, determiners

F. Open class words: Major lexical items (nouns, verbs, etc.)

Morpheme Morpheme

A morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that has a meaning or a grammatical function .

un happylooks looked

A free Morpheme: it is the smallest meaningful unit that cannot be broken up into smaller meaningful units and it can stand alone.

A bound Morpheme are morphemes that cannot stand alone as meaningful units. They are attached to free morphemes such as prefixes or suffixes.

MorphologyMorphology Morphology is the study of how words are Morphology is the study of how words are

structured and how they are put together structured and how they are put together from smaller parts. from smaller parts.

Morphologists not only identify the Morphologists not only identify the different classes of morphemes but also different classes of morphemes but also study the patterns that occur in the study the patterns that occur in the combination of morphemes in a given combination of morphemes in a given language. language.

ConsiderConsider retake, rewrite , relive ,,,,,, retake, rewrite , relive ,,,,,, but notbut not

*takere , *re-choice, *re-pretty*takere , *re-choice, *re-pretty

Further morpheme classification

Derivational Morphemes:Derivational Morphemes: are morphemes that change are morphemes that change the meaning of a word the meaning of a word or the or the part of speech part of speech of the of the word they are attached to. They are prefixes or word they are attached to. They are prefixes or

suffixes in English.suffixes in English.

happy happy ununhappyhappy

quick quickquick quicknessness

Further morpheme classification Inflectional Morphemes: Inflectional Morphemes: Morphemes that serve Morphemes that serve

a purely grammatical function, provide a purely grammatical function, provide grammatical information about a word, grammatical information about a word, never creating a new word but only a never creating a new word but only a different form of the same word. They different form of the same word. They do not change the meaning or part of do not change the meaning or part of speech of the word.speech of the word.

LookLookss, bag, bagss, play, playinging Suffixes only occur at the margins of Suffixes only occur at the margins of

a word and after derivational a word and after derivational morphemes.morphemes.

The inflectional suffixes of EnglishThe inflectional suffixes of English

1.1. Plural morpheme :Plural morpheme : boy boyss 2.2. Possessive morpheme: the manPossessive morpheme: the man's's car car3.3. Present tense third person singular Present tense third person singular

morpheme: he walkmorpheme: he walkss4.4. Past tense morpheme: he playPast tense morpheme: he played ed 5.5. present participle morpheme: gopresent participle morpheme: going ing 6.6. past participle morpheme: eatpast participle morpheme: eatenen 7.7. adjective comparative morpheme: smalladjective comparative morpheme: smallerer 8.8. adjective superlative morpheme: smalladjective superlative morpheme: smallestest

AllomorphsAllomorphs Allomorphs:Allomorphs: non-distinctive realizations of non-distinctive realizations of

a particular morpheme that have the same a particular morpheme that have the same function. function.

CatCats /s/, s /s/, bagbags /z/, s /z/, wishwishes /es /IIz/, z/, WalkWalked /t/, ed /t/, robbrobbed / d/, ed / d/, stiltstilted /ed /IId/ d/ Are all allomorphs of the same morpheme. Are all allomorphs of the same morpheme.

In some adjectives we form the opposite by In some adjectives we form the opposite by adding the prefix adding the prefix //IIn/n/ , but this morpheme , but this morpheme changes in some words the last sound in it changes in some words the last sound in it /n/ to the one that follows /n/ to the one that follows

in +legal illegalin +legal illegal in + possible impossible in + possible impossible in + responsible irresponsible in + responsible irresponsible in + mature immature in + mature immature

Activity 1Activity 1

A)- Break up each of the following words into its morphemes:

excellent biochemistry manliness

walked realize brightenencourage incorrect manlinessrichest universities

expectations

Activity 2Activity 2A)- Underline the base in each of the

following words:

teacher blacken sufficiently

kingdom cheaply plays

supermarket misinterpret remarked

rehabilitation reconstructions thickeners

unidirectional lovelier review

Derivation in EnglishDerivation in English Noun-making suffixesNoun-making suffixes: acy, age, ance, dom, er, hood: acy, age, ance, dom, er, hood

conspiracy, coinage, hindrance, freedom, brotherhood, conspiracy, coinage, hindrance, freedom, brotherhood, leader leader

Adjective-making suffixesAdjective-making suffixes: able, ish, less, ive, some: able, ish, less, ive, some

comfortable, devilish, careless, wholesome comfortable, devilish, careless, wholesome Verb-making suffixesVerb-making suffixes: ise, ify, en: ise, ify, en

realise, falsify, shorten realise, falsify, shorten Adverb-making suffixesAdverb-making suffixes: -wise: -wise

clockwise, valuewiseclockwise, valuewise Very productive prefixes:Very productive prefixes:

in, im, il, ir, un, dis, mis, nonin, im, il, ir, un, dis, mis, non

Derivation in Arabic: Derivation in Arabic: ‘‘awzan awzan األوزاناألوزان

RootActive participle

Passive participle

Intensive active participle

Noun of instrument

khabazخبزa

khabخابزez

زمخبو makhbuuz

زخبا khabbaz

مخ�بزmakhbaz

ghafarغفرa

ghafغافرer

رمغفو maghfuur

ghaffarغفار

kanasكنسa

kanكانسes

maknuمكنوسus

kannكناسas

مكنسةmeknasa

Inflection in EnglishInflection in English 1.1. Plural morpheme :Plural morpheme : boy boyss

2.2. Possessive morpheme: the manPossessive morpheme: the man's's car car

3.3. Present tense third person singular Present tense third person singular morpheme: he walkmorpheme: he walkss

4.4. Past tense morpheme: he playPast tense morpheme: he played ed

5.5. present participle morpheme: gopresent participle morpheme: going ing

6.6. past participle morpheme: eatpast participle morpheme: eatenen

7.7. adjective comparative morpheme: adjective comparative morpheme: smallsmallerer

8.8. adjective superlative morpheme: adjective superlative morpheme: smallsmallestest

Inflection in English … cont’dInflection in English … cont’d 1.1. Noun plural: Noun plural: -en-en as in ox – oxen as in ox – oxen 2.2. Alternative suffixes plus a consonant or vowel Alternative suffixes plus a consonant or vowel

change: change: child --- children child --- children wife ---- wives wife ---- wives weep --- wept weep --- wept bring --- brought bring --- brought 3. Vowel change only 3. Vowel change only goose --- geese goose --- geese

speak --- spokespeak --- spoke 4- no change at all4- no change at all sheep --- sheep , put --- put sheep --- sheep , put --- put

Inflection in ArabicInflection in Arabic Arabic is a highly inflected languageArabic is a highly inflected language Arabic denotes most syntactic Arabic denotes most syntactic

relationships through inflectional relationships through inflectional affixes, i.e. most verbs, nouns, affixes, i.e. most verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives are inflected. pronouns, adjectives are inflected.

Nouns are inflected for number, Nouns are inflected for number, gender and case mudaresun, gender and case mudaresun, mudarresat, madares; mudarres, mudarresat, madares; mudarres, mudarressah, waladun, waladan, mudarressah, waladun, waladan, waladinwaladin

Verbs also inflect for number and Verbs also inflect for number and gender and tensegender and tense

Learners’ Inflection-related errorsLearners’ Inflection-related errors

1.1. Formation of the wrong plural (sheeps, Formation of the wrong plural (sheeps, wifes)wifes)

2.2. Wrong past tense of the verb (catchted, Wrong past tense of the verb (catchted, choosed)choosed)

3.3. Wrong form the past participle (cutten, Wrong form the past participle (cutten, putten)putten)

4.4. Dropping the /s/ from the third person Dropping the /s/ from the third person present singular verb (she eat , He go )present singular verb (she eat , He go )

5.5. Adding /s/0 so modal verbs (He cans , Adding /s/0 so modal verbs (He cans , She mays)She mays)

6.6. Adding the noun plural ending to the Adding the noun plural ending to the verb as well (The boys eats)verb as well (The boys eats)

Word formation Processes in EnglishWord formation Processes in English

1.1. Affixation:Affixation: prefixes and suffixes. prefixes and suffixes.

2.2. Coinage:Coinage: Words coined from existing materials to Words coined from existing materials to represent new inventions or development, e.g. represent new inventions or development, e.g. Kleenex, television, wireless, penicillin, Kodak. Kleenex, television, wireless, penicillin, Kodak.

3.3. Backformation:Backformation: involves the use of analogy to involves the use of analogy to create forms that are similar to ones already existent create forms that are similar to ones already existent in the language, e.g. in the language, e.g.

gatecrash gatecrash from gatecrasher from gatecrasher

pop pop from popular from popular

Word formation Processes in EnglishWord formation Processes in English4. Blends:4. Blends: involves joining two words by taking parts of the two involves joining two words by taking parts of the two

words and making a new word: words and making a new word:

smoke + fog ----------------- smog smoke + fog ----------------- smog breakfast + lunch ----------- brunch breakfast + lunch ----------- brunch motor + hotel --------------- motel motor + hotel --------------- motel

5- 5- Chipping:Chipping: cutting the beginning or end of a word. For cutting the beginning or end of a word. For example, example, lab -------------------- laboratorylab -------------------- laboratory dorm------------------ dormitory dorm------------------ dormitory

6- Acronyms:6- Acronyms: taking the initial letters of words. For example, taking the initial letters of words. For example, UNRWA UNRWA

UNESCO UNESCO

Word formation Processes in ArabicWord formation Processes in Arabic

1.1. Carving relates to the shortening of phrases, or extracting Carving relates to the shortening of phrases, or extracting one word from two or more words. For example, one word from two or more words. For example,

Words carved from two other words: Ja`fala(Words carved from two other words: Ja`fala(جعفلجعفل) from ) from Ja`alani fedaak(Ja`alani fedaak( فداك فداك جعلني .(.(جعلني

Words carved from three words: hay`la(Words carved from three words: hay`la(حيعلحيعل) from () from ( حي حيالفالح الفالح على .(.(على

Words carved from four word :basmala(Words carved from four word :basmala(بسملبسمل)from ()from ( بسم بسم صلعمصلعم/ (/ ( اللهالله

2- Borrowing: 2- Borrowing: Arabic words borrowed from Arabic words borrowed from Greek: Satan(Greek: Satan(إبليسإبليس), octopus(), octopus(إخطبوطإخطبوط), ), peacock(peacock(طاووسطاووس), fountain(), fountain(نافورةنافورة), ), shirt(shirt(قميصقميص), pen (), pen (قلمقلم), olivine (), olivine (زبرجدزبرجد ), ), ruby(ruby(ياقوتياقوت ), tower(), tower(((برجبرج, and law(, and law(قانونقانون).).

Compounding in EnglishCompounding in English

1- The components of the compounding words.1- The components of the compounding words. The first element of a compound can be:The first element of a compound can be:

a-a- a noun, e.g. armchair a noun, e.g. armchair

b-b- an adjective, e.g. blackboard an adjective, e.g. blackboard

cc-- a verb, e.g. drawback a verb, e.g. drawback The second element of a compounding noun can be:The second element of a compounding noun can be:

a-a- a noun, e.g. goldsmith a noun, e.g. goldsmith

b-b- a pronoun, e.g. overall a pronoun, e.g. overall

c-c- a verb or verb stem, e.g. smash-and-grab, a verb or verb stem, e.g. smash-and-grab, chimney-sweepchimney-sweep

d- and- an adverb, e.g. passer-by, fly-over adverb, e.g. passer-by, fly-over

Compound NounsCompound Nouns

Noun + Noun : manservant , woman Noun + Noun : manservant , woman doctordoctor

Subject + Verb = sunrise , daybreak Subject + Verb = sunrise , daybreak Verb + Object = pick-pocket Verb + Object = pick-pocket Verb + Verb = make-believeVerb + Verb = make-believe Adjective + noun = fast-food , software Adjective + noun = fast-food , software Phrase compound = son-in-law Phrase compound = son-in-law Subject + object = car cable , chairperson Subject + object = car cable , chairperson Subject + complement = blackboard , Subject + complement = blackboard ,

ashtray ashtray

Compound VerbsCompound Verbs

Noun + verb = sky-dive , carbon-copy Noun + verb = sky-dive , carbon-copy Verb + verb = freeze-dry Verb + verb = freeze-dry Particle + verb = overlook , Particle + verb = overlook , Adjective + noun = badmouth Adjective + noun = badmouth Noun + noun = breath-test Noun + noun = breath-test Adverb + verb = downsize , upgradeAdverb + verb = downsize , upgrade Adjective + verb = white-wash , blacklistAdjective + verb = white-wash , blacklist

Compound AdjectivesCompound Adjectives Verb +object = life-giving , man-eating Verb +object = life-giving , man-eating Verb + adverbial = airborne , far-fetched Verb + adverbial = airborne , far-fetched verbless = age-old verbless = age-old Adjective + adjective = bitter-sweet, open-endedAdjective + adjective = bitter-sweet, open-ended

Compound Adverbs: off-hand, over-nightCompound Adverbs: off-hand, over-night

Types of CompoundsTypes of Compounds

Endocentric: The rightmost element of the compound identifies the class that the meaning of the entire word is related to, e.g. dog food , a fire man , fast food , blackboard

Exocentric: the meaning of the compound does not come from the meaning of its parts, e.g. redhead, egghead, turncoat

Types of CompoundsTypes of Compounds

1- Solid or closed Compounds: two usually moderately short words appear together as one, e.g. housewife, lawsuit, wallpaper, make up

2- Hyphenated Compounds: two or more words are connected by a hyphen.

Compounds containing affixes such as

house-build(er) and a single-mind(ed) (ness), adjective-adjective compounds: bitter-sweet verb-verb compounds: freeze-dry Compounds containing particles: mother-of-pearl

, salt-and-pepper

Types of CompoundsTypes of Compounds

3- Open or spaced Compounds involves a newer combination of usually longer words, such as distance learning, lawn tennis.

Arabic CompoundsArabic Compounds

1. Almurrakab Al-Idafi: اإلضافي TThe he المركبsyntactic relation between the syntactic relation between the components is of the possessive or components is of the possessive or genitive genitive , e.g. earthworm , e.g. earthworm االرض االرض دودة يوم يوم دودةdoomsdaydoomsday الحسابالحساب

عبدالله القيادة عبدالله عجلة القيادة steering wheelsteering wheel عجلة

المزجي .2 .2 المزجي المركب fusional compoundfusional compound, e.g. two , e.g. two المركبor more words are fused and become as one or more words are fused and become as one

لحم حضرموتحضرموت بيت لحم ، بيت ،

االسنادي .3 .3 االسنادي المركب predicative compoundpredicative compound: T: The he المركب

syntactic structure is that of predication syntactic structure is that of predication , e.g , e.g تأبط تأبط(he has taken evil under his arm)(he has taken evil under his arm) شراشرا

Arabic CompoundsArabic Compounds

المركبة .4 compound particles are الحروفparticles combined with ma which has various meanings

perhaps ( ما ma + رب rubba) ربما whenever ( ما ma + حيث haythu) حيثما ريثما ، كيفما ، لوال ، حالما5. Defective verb compound : They are

usually construed with /ma ما/ as their first element. This particle may add the sense of duration or negation to the second element.

انفك ما ، زال ما ، برح ما ، دام ما

ActivitiesActivities 1. Divide these words into syllables:

Writer blackboard

recorder situation

distinguish transformational

Modernization

استقرار جامعة اهتمام

PتPب يستلهم معادلة ك

ActivitiesActivities 1- Try to identify the allomorph of the past participle morpheme in the following

words:

1- seen 2- eaten 3- drunk 4- brought 5- studied6- swum 7- bought 8- understood9- put