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ORDER DERMOPTERA Distribution

• rich fossil record, much larger geographic distribution

• one genus (Cynocephalus), and 2 very distinct species

• Current distribution: Oriental

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Morphology, ecology, and behavior

• Membrane exending from forelimbs to hindlimbs

• Glissant:

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Morphology

1. Dermopteran skeleton2. 1 – 1.5 kg3.4.5.

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Pectinate Lower Incisors

• grooming• scraping leaves • [Fig. 11.18]

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Ecology and Behavior

• Diet:• Very long intestine and caecum• May be hunted for meat and/or fur• Crepuscular

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ORDER CHIROPTERA

• 18 families, 178 genera, 926 species (the second largest mammalian order)

• Merlin Tuttle and Bat Conservation International (BCI)

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Bat Morphology

1. Forelimb modified for flight [figs. 5.16, 12.1]A. Wing membrane supported by elongate metacarpals

and digits 2-5

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Bat Morphology

1.A.B. flight membranes are highly elastic, one of

the fastest-healing of vertebrate tissues

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Bat Morphology2. Modification of shoulder girdle and

musculature for maneuverable wingA. Sternum usually keeledB. Clavicle present

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Characters, cont.

• Uropatagium [fig. 12.2a] in most bats

• Calcar to support uropatgium

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Characters, cont.3. Hindlimbs relatively small, knee directed

outward and backward A. specialized tendons

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Bat Flight

• Typical bats are slow, fluttering fliers, • typical birds are fast, soaring fliers.

• Dr. Steven Carr• mun.ca/biology/scarr/2900_Aerodynamics.htm

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Hovering Flight in Bats

• Photographs showing wing movements in a nectar-feeding Bat.

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Aspect Ratio

• Aspect Ratio = Wing Span2 / Wing Area• rapid flight

– long narrow wings and high Aspect Ratios• slower, more maneuverable flight

– lower Aspect Ratios

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Fig. 12.4 Increasing wing aspect ratios.

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Bat Wing Types

• The Fruit-Eating Bat (Artibeus)

• Western Mastiff Bat (Eumops)

• mun.ca/biology/scarr/Bat_Wing_Aspect_Ratio.htm

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Wing Loading

1. Body Weight/Wing Area2. Bats have low Wing Loadings3. The lower the Wing Loading Number the

slower a bat can fly and still maintain enough lift to stay aloft.

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Diet

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CLASSIFICATION

• Bats are subdivided into two suborders1. Megachiroptera

2. Microchiroptera [Table 12.1, Fig. 12.11].

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Suborder Megachiroptera--"flying foxes"

• Family Pteropodidae--Old World fruit bats [figs. 12.12 – 12.14]

• 42 genera, 166 species

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Pteropodidae Distribution

• Oriental, Ethiopian, Middle East, Australian, and the Caroline and Cook islands

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Morphology

• Body mass: 15-1600g• wingspan up to 2 m.

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Morphology

• mostly nocturnal • only Roussettus echolocates• no nose or facial ornaments • pinna simple (no tragus) • second digit of wing free of third, usually

clawed

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Diet

• frugivores and nectivores• pollinators and seed dispersers• teeth are specialized for a fruit diet

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Behavior

• do not hibernate • communal roosts

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Hypsignathus monstrosus [fig. 10-19]

• Hammer-headed bat••• larynx fills most of chest cavity,

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Hammer-headed Bat Leks [courtship arenas]

1. males establish and defend a lek2. topis3. typical Hypsignathus lek4. batcon.org/batsmag/v13n1-6.html

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Suborder MICROCHIROPTERA

17 families136 genera760 species

Family EmballonuridaeFamily CraseonycteridaeFamily RhinopomatidaeFamily NycteridaeFamily MegadermatidaeFamily Rhinolophidae

Family PhyllostomidaeFamily MormoopidaeFamily NoctilionidaeFamily MystacinidaeFamily MolossidaeFamily MyzopodidaeFamily ThyropteridaeFamily FuripteridaeFamily NatalidaeFamily Vespertilionidae

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Echolocation

• Ultrasonic sounds produced in larynx and emitted through nose or mouth

• Microbats use for navigation and prey capture

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Ultrasound

• human hearing: 40 Hz to 20 kHz • bat hearing: 20 kHz to 120 kHz (some bats up

to 210 kHz) • Advantages of high frequency sound

1. Short range: 2. predators 3. discrimination

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Oral emitters versusNasal emitters

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Sound Wars

• Fenton. Spring 2002, Bats Magazine 20(1)

• batcon.org/batsmag/v20n1-02.html

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Sound Wars

• Bat versus cricket

• Bat versus moth– Fullard 1991, Bats 9(2):7-9

• spotted bats (Euderma maculatum)– Fenton. Spring 2002, Bats Magazine 20(1)

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More Characteristics

• many are heterothermic and hibernate • pinna often complex, tragus or antitragus present • nose or facial ornaments often present • second digit of wing without claw, completely

enclosed in wing membrane

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Noctilionidae

• Fishing bats

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Family Phyllostomidae

1. 49 genera, 141 species2. Southwestern U.S., Mexico, Neotropical3. conspicuous nose leaf present on muzzle [fig. 10-

20A].

• animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/media/anat/family_pages/chiroptera/phyllostomidae2.jpg

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variable diets:.

• insects, lizards, rodents

• fruit eaters [fig 10-30]

• Nectar and Pollen feeders– Bat tongue in nectivores

• Frog eating bat

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Desmodontinae [fig 10-31, 10.32]

• Vampire bats• sanguivores• Diphylla is known from a single record in west

Texas

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Feeding behavior of Desmodus

1.2.3.4.5.

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Desmodus

• batcon.org/batsmag/v9n1-3.html

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Adaptations for Sanguivory

• highly modified teeth• three pits in hairless skin surrounding nose • tongue with grooves at border • anticoagulant in saliva

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Desmodus

• may consume 40% body weight per feeding – livestock problem:

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– disease transmission

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Family Vespertilionidae

1. cosmopolitan 2. most speciose family: 35 genera, 318

species 3. tragus prominent [fig. 10-20C] 4. tail extends to margin of uropatagium5. mainly insectivorous 6. Vespertilionids known from Kleberg

County

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Vespertilionid skull morphology

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Family Molossidae Free-tailed Bats

• Cosmopolitan• 12 genera, 80 species• Insectivorous• Texas molossids: • tail extends well beyond margin of

uropatagium

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Molossidae

• fastest flying of the batsA.

B.

C.

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Free-tailed Bat Roosts

• Carlsbad Caverns

• Congress Avenue Bridge, Austin

• Bracken Cave

• eat up to 200 tons of insects per night.

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Crasseonycteridae

• Crassonycteris thonglonyai• Kitti’s hog-nosed bat• “bumble-bee bat”• 30 mm• 1.5-2.0 g• Perhaps, the smallest mammal

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Reproductive Variations in Mammals

A. Spontaneous OvulationB. Induced OvulationC. Delayed FertilizationD. Delayed ImplantationE. Delayed Development

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(C) Delayed Fertilization

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Delayed Fertilization

• Common in hibernating, north temperate insect eating bats

• Copulation usually occurs before hibernation (September and October)

• Female stores sperm. • in the spring, fertilization takes place

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Pattern in Myotis lucifigus

1. in the spring.2. spermatogenesis 3. copulation

1.2. motile sperm stored

4. ovulation and fertilization after female emerges from hibernation.

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Delayed Fertilization

• Adaptation to winter dormancy. • Availability of food.

• spermatogenesis.

• Females,

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(D) Delayed Implantation

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Delayed Implantation• Implantation of the fertilized blastocyst is

delayed until environmental conditions are favorable (weather, food)

• Occurs in many eutherian orders including some bats, insectivorans, armadillos, carnivores (bears, mustelids, all pinnipeds), and artiodactyls

• Obligate or facultative •

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Delayed Development

• both micro- and macrochiropterans

• Blastocyst implants after fertilization, but the development is slow

•• Why?

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Delayed Development

• a synchronizing strategy as in delayed implantation;

• related to . •

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Adaptive hypothermia

• hibernation: prolonged and controlled profound dormancy

• associated with:– A– B – C– D

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Thermoregulation

• true hibernators: Tachyglossus, some marsupials (Dromiciops; Burramys) ground squirrels, marmots (largest true hibernator), hedgehogs, Madagascan fat-tailed dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleusmedius), some bats (e.g., Myotis lucifigus [little brown bat]) - many bats migrate

• duration varies for Myotis:––

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Arousal from Hibernation

• energetically expensive––

• hibernators periodically arouse themselves .

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Migration

• Some populations of Tadarida migrate more than 1600 km.

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Bat Conservation• Habitat destruction/fragmentation • Loss of historical roost sites• Disturbance of roost sites, esp. caves• Pesticides• Ignorance:

– General public: negative attitudes– Scientific: Very little is known about the

distribution, numbers and specific requirements of most bat species