morphology linguistic

7/31/2019 Morphology Linguistic

1/35

NOORFAIZAH TOKININ

NURHANIS ZULKIFLI

WAN NUR DAMIA IZZATI

ARIDAS VASUDEWAN

*


2/35

*Morphology Morph (form) +

ology (science of) -- >Morphology (the science ofword forms) The study of theinternal structure of words,and The rules by which words

are formed


3/35

*Look at the following words

*Likely unlikely, developed- undeveloped

*un- is a prefix means No.*-ly in likely is a adverbialsuffix.

*-ed in developed is a suffixmorpheme.


4/35

*

*Dictionary: Morpheme (mr ' fm') n. A meaningful

linguistic unit consisting of a word, such as man, or a word

element, such as -ed in walked, that cannot be divided into

smaller meaningful parts. morphemic morphem'ic adj.

morphemically morphem'ically adv.

http://www.answers.com/topic/morpheme

* Definitions: A morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning.

Example: un+system+atic+al+ly Note: morphemes

words
http://www.answers.com/topic/morphemehttp://www.answers.com/topic/morphemehttp://www.answers.com/topic/morphemehttp://www.answers.com/topic/morphemehttp://www.answers.com/topic/morpheme


5/35


6/35

In all language, discrete linguistic

units combine rule-governed ways toform larger units

*Sound units combine to formmorphemes,

* morphemes combine to form fromwords

*word combine to form phrases

phrases combine to form sentences


7/35


8/35

*

*Free morphemes arethose that can standalone as words.

*Example: girl, system,

desire, hope, act, phone,happy


9/35

*

*Other morphemes like ish,

-ness, -ly, pre-, trans-, arenever words by themselvesbut are always PARTS OF

WORDS*These AFFIXES are boundmorphemes


10/35


11/35

*Affixes: prefixes and

suffixes Prefix :*an affix that comes before abase morpheme. The in in

the word inspect is a prefix.

*Suffix : an affix that comes

after a base morpheme.*The s in cats is a suffix.


12/35


13/35

*

Types of Morphemes-Bound & Free Morphemes2. Roots & StemsPrepared by: Wan Nur Damia Izzati binti Wan

Mohd Izani


14/35

*

*knowingly

* brainlessness

* ministerially

* untainted

* Actions

*paranormality* unreheated

* rediscover

*Insufferable

*disinherited


15/35

the baseform of a

word

cannot be furtheranalysed

without total loss ofidentity part of the word left

when all the affixesare removed


16/35

part of a word to which

grammatical affixes /inflectional affixes areadded.


17/35

*solely of a single root morpheme : a simplestem as in dog

* two root morphemes : a compound stem,as in blackbird = black+ bird

* a root morpheme plus a derivational affix :a complex stem, as in unscrew =

un+screw*cats : single root morpheme: cat+inflectional suffixs

*crowbars : ( two root morphemes : (crow

+ bar) + inflectional suffixs

EXAMPLE


18/35

*

Derivational Morpheme

It changes the roots class of words or its meaning, or both.

Inflectional Morphemes

It does not change either the roots class of words or themeaning.


19/35

*

Example :

The word unhappy derives from the root HAPPY

added with a prefix UN.Both happy and unhappy are adjectives.

The meaning, however, is totally different. I amunhappy is totally different from I am happy.

In this case, the prefix UN is called derivationalmorpheme


20/35

*

Affix Attached to Forming Examples

Anti- Noun Noun Anti - matter, anti - aircraft

Un- AdjectiveVerb

AdjectiveVerb

Un-happy, un-luckyUn-do, un-lock

-ment Verb Noun Amaze-ment, engage-ment

-ism NounAdjective

NounAdjective

Capital-ismReal-ism


21/35

Affix Attached to Forming Examples

-ful Noun Adjective Care-ful, beauti-ful

-y Noun Adjective Mess-y

-ly Adjective Adverb Nice-ly, efffective-ly

-ize NounAdjective

VerbVerb

Patron-ize, burglar-izeSteril-ize


22/35

*

For example :

The word books, for example, derives from theroot BOOK added with a suffix S.

Both book and books are NOUN.

The meaning is still the same.

The suffix S only indicates the plural form.

In this case, the suffix S is INFLECTIONAL


23/35

*

Affix Attached to Use Examples

-s Noun Plural Three bags

-s Noun Genitive Paans

-s Verb Singular present Intan takes

-ed /-en Verb Past participle Has beeneaten/closed

-ed Verb Simple past She jumped

-ing Verb Presentprogressive

She is dancing

-er Adjective Comparative Cooler

-est Adjective Superlative Ugliest


24/35

*WORD FORMATIONPROCESSES


25/35

*Word Formation

ProcessDefinition

*How new words are being formed in

the language

*The process consists of acombination of morphemes that arerule-governed (a new word is formed)


26/35

*

(Processes that are formed frequently or commonly in the useof the English language)


27/35

*Back-formation

*The process of forming a new word by extracting actual orsupposed affixes from another word .In other words, a wordof one type (usually a noun) is reduced to form a word ofanother type (usually a verb).

*For instances:

-televise from television

-edit from editor


28/35

AFFIXATION

*Process of forming words by adding affixes to morphemes

*English uses only prefixes(re, de, per ,u)and suffixes(er, ist,

ly)

sing

+er

=singer

un + real = unreal


29/35

*Eponyms

*An eponym is the name of a person or thing.

*Kodak*Sandwich

*Celcius


30/35

*COMPOUNDING

*Process that forms new words from two or more independentwords

*Examples of words formed by the compounding process:

girl + friend = girlfriend

text + book = textbook


31/35

MINOR WORD FORMATION PROCESSES(Occur less frequently in the English language)


32/35

*Acronym

*Words that are formed from the initials of several words.

RAM = Random Access Memory

CD = Compact Disk


33/35

*BLENDING

*Process of creating a new word by combining the parts oftwo different words, usually the beginning of one wordand the end of another.

motor + hotel = motel

camera + recorder = camcorder


34/35

*CLIPPING

*Process of creating new words by shortening parts of alonger word.

doctor doc

dormitory dorm


35/35

*

*A shortened or contracted form of a word or phrase which isused to represent the whole

*Dr. Doctor,

* U.S. United States

morphology linguistic

Documents