morphometrics: results & applications · 2018-09-28 · public service announcements • colony...
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Morphometrics: Results & Applications
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Public Service Announcements
• Colony Monitoring – Last Week
• 40 chicks: Started Growing the Primary Feathers
Time (Julian Day)
225 235 245 255 265
Ch
ick M
ass (
g)
0
100
200
300
400
500
0
100
200
300
400
500Mean +/- SD
Median
Min / Max
(August 17 - September 19, 2018)
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Public Service Announcements
• Colony Monitoring – Next WeekWho: Ciera, Jessie
When: Oct 10 (Weds)
Where: Leave OI at 3.15
• Colony Monitoring – This WeekWho: JJ, JoelleWhen: Oct 3 (Weds)
Where: Leave OI at 3.15
• Colony Monitoring – Next WeekWho: Nimz, Daisy
When: Oct 17 (Weds)
Where: Meet at FSP at 4.00
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Public Service Announcements
• Project
What: Project Statement (with 3 key papers) When: Via Email – by October 5 How: via email to [email protected]: Abstract (200 words): what / why ?
Include citations and attach pdfs
• Second Quiz
What: 5 points, 30 minutes
When: October 12 Topics:
morphometrics / necropsieslectures / readings / activities
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Public Service Announcements
• Quiz #2 – Readings:
• Quiz #2 – Lectures: 4, 5, 6
• Quiz #2 - Labs / Activities: Necropsies & Morphometrics
Necropsy Manual WTSH species account Articles
• Bull, L.S., et al. (2005). Patterns of size variation in the shearwater genus Puffinus. Marine Ornithology 33: 27–39.
• Serrano-Meneses, M.A., & Szekely, T. (2006). Sexual size dimorphism in seabirds: sexual selection, fecundity selection and differential niche-utilisation. Oikos 113: 385- 394.
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Measure the following:
• Culmen length / depth• Head length• Wing length (chord)• Head length (head & bill)
Necropsies – External Observations
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Morphometrics Data
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ize
Documenting Age Classes
• Score for molt (primaries / tail)
• Record % of down
• Record brood patch
• Inspect sex organs• Measure the bursa
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Morphometrics Data
NOTE: Expect normally distributed data
Unless different populations sampled
Sources of size variability – within a population:
- different condition / age (chicks vs adults)- sexual dimorphism (male size vs female size)
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Sexual Size Dimorphism (SSD)• Definition: Species deemed sexually size dimorphic if
the average measurements of individual morphometricsdiffered between the sexes by > 5%. (Bull et al. 2005)
• Three Theoretical Explanations:
- Sexual Selection: If sexual selection more intense in one sex than other (via male-male competition or female choice) (Darwin 1871)
- Fecundity Selection: Larger females have higher reproductive success (higher fecundity: more eggs / larger eggs, male choice)
- Niche Separation: Males and females have different body sizes to avoid resource competition, or enhance feeding efficiency
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Sexual Size Dimorphism (SSD)• Methods: Use phylogenetic comparative methods to test SSD. Compared families / subfamilies first, then species:
(Serrano-Meneses & Szekely, 2006)
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Sexual Size Dimorphism (SSD)Rensch's rule: allometric law concerning relationship between extent of sexual size dimorphism (SSD) and which sex is larger.(Rensch 1950, Fairbairn, 1997).
Across species within a lineage, size dimorphism increases with increasing body size when the male is the larger sex, and decrease with increasing average body size when the female is the larger sex.
Examples of phylogenetic lineages that follow this rule include:
primates and pinnipeds
(Serrano-Meneses & Szekely, 2006)
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Sexual Size Dimorphism (SSD)Results: Compared species-specific SSD against:
- Display behavior (negative correlation)- Clutch size (positive correlation)- Egg size (positive correlation)
(Serrano-Meneses & Szekely, 2006)
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Sexual Size Dimorphism (SSD)Conclusions:
Seabirds do not follow Rensch’s rule.
Seabirds are socially monogamous whereas mammals and landbirds exhibit social polygamy; therefore sexual selection in seabirds is less intense than in these taxa.
(Serrano-Meneses & Szekely, 2006)
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Sexual Size Dimorphism (SSD)Conclusions:
Moderate effect of male display behaviour, although agility, as represented by selected scores, was a crude variable.
Males are larger, relative to females, in species where males display on the ground, whereas sexes are similar in species with aerial display.
Both clutch size and egg size correlate with SSD, however, relationships not consistent withfecundity selection hypothesis.
(Serrano-Meneses & Szekely, 2006)
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• Compare specimen size and shape (given their sex)
(Guicking et al. 2004)
• Sexual dimorphism: Males have larger tails and bills, wider tarsi.
• Males have wider bills (at base and minimum).
• Differences by locality in many traits, including tarsus length.
Morphometrics Application
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Uses of Morphometrics
Bill Depth at Base (mm)
10 11 12 13 14 15
Bill
Dep
th (
mm
)
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
Pearson Correlation (r = 0.57, n = 12)
Sexually dimorphic traits are cross-correlated.
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Uses of Morphometrics
Bill Depth at Base (mm)
10 11 12 13 14 15
Cu
lme
n L
en
gth
(m
m)
32
34
36
38
40
42
Pearson Correlation (r = -0.05, n = 12)
Sexually dimorphic / monomorphic traits are not cross-correlated with each other.
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Uses of Morphometrics – 1A• To identify species / sub-species.
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Uses of Morphometrics – 1B• To identify species / sub-species.
Methods:
Unstraightened wing chord from carpal joint to tip of longest primary. Caution taken to not flatten wings during measurements.
Culmen length from implantation of feathers to tip of curved bill, using digital caliper.
Bill depth measured at nostrils. Bill width measured at base of culmen.
Tarsus length taken with digital calipers, from the middle of the midtarsal joint to the distal end of the tarsometatarsus.
Personnel strictly followed protocol to assure consistency; Intra-observer variability in measurements expected (Barrett et al. 1987).
(Judge et al. 2014)
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(Judge et al. 2014)
Results:
Wing chord measurements of adult petrels from Hawai’i significantly shorter than from Maui (P < 0.01).
Fledgling petrels from Kaua’i had significantly shorter wing chords than fledglings from Maui (P < 0.01).
Adult tarsus measurements from Hawai’i significantly shorter than from Maui (P < 0.01).
Tarsus measurements of Kaua’ifledglings smaller than those from Maui fledglings (P = 0.0002).
Uses of Morphometrics - 1
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Discussion:
Long wings cost-efficient for long-distance flight; constraints in wing size due to energy required to replace feathers
Longer wings of Maui birds could facilitate travel to productive distant feeding areas
Genetic drift also could affect phenotypic traits; but research suggests selection on morphological differences in this species.
Little gene flow among Hawaiian Petrel populations: Kaua’i and Hawai’i petrels genetically distinct (FST = 0.05) (Wiley et al. 2012) .
Each colony may need to be considereda separate genetic management unit.
A single foraging trip for a Hawaiian Petrel over 10,000 km and two weeks. This individual tracked from Haleakala, Maui (USGS unpublished image, J. Adams)
Morphometrics Application
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Uses of Morphometrics - 2
• To confirm age class of specimens.
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Those
Uses of Morphometrics - 2
Wing Chord (mm)
240 250 260 270 280 290 300
Co
un
t
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
• Determine the stage of development of the chick.
• Has the individual reached the “adult size” ?
272 mm
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Morphometrics Application
• Determine the stage of development of the chick.
• Control for “tag effects”
(Adams et al. 2009)
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Tarsus Length (mm)
44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52
Ma
ss (
g)
150
200
250
300
350
400
450Linear Regression (r
2 = 0.46, n = 12)
Uses of Morphometrics - 3
• To assess “body condition”, correlate body mass (g) with a metric of size, usually the tarsus length (mm)
Larger birds are larger in every way…
But, given their size, some birds have more mass (positive anomaly) than others (negative anomaly)
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Uses of Morphometrics - 3
• To assess body shape of specimens
Tarsus Length (mm)
44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52
Win
g C
hord
(m
m)
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
Pearson Correlation (r = 0.50, n = 12)Investigate changes in traits with respect to body size
Use traits not influenced by sexual dimorphism
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• To assess the condition of individuals at once
Wing Chord (mm)
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Bo
dy M
ass (
g)
50
100
150
200
250
300
Freeman Seabird Preserve
(n = 37, r = 0.82)
Morphometrics Application
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Wing Chord (mm)
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
Bo
dy M
ass (
g)
0
100
200
300
400
500
Aug. 21
Aug. 29
Sept. 5
Sept. 11
Freeman Seabird Preserve
• To assess the condition of individuals over time
Morphometrics Application
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Uses of Morphometrics - 4
• To quantify morphological differences in size and shape, related to differences in ecology
• Only species with wide distributions exhibit significant geographic variation in morphometrics
• No significant interaction between sex and population, suggests lack of geographic variation in magnitude of sexual dimorphism
(Bull et al. 2005)
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Morphometrics Application➢ Objective:
• To describe the major patterns of size and shape variation of Puffinus species over their respective ranges.
• Addressed four questions:
- Do sympatric congeners differ in size and shape ?
- Do sexes of each Puffinus species differ morphometrically ?
- Do species exhibit interpopulation morphometric variation ?
- Does degree of sexual size dimorphism differ over species range ?
• Morphologic variation owing to sex and population was examinedfor each character by a mixed-model, two-way analysis of variance:
with sex as a fixed effect population as a random effect
(Bull et al. 2005)
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Morphometrics Application
➢ Methods:
Design provided tests of three null hypotheses:
i) no sexual dimorphism;
ii) no effect of population location;
iii) no geographic variation in sexual dimorphism (as indicated by sex × population interaction).
Test for effect of sex on the other morphometrics, with ANCOVA using body size (represented by TL) as a covariate
(Bull et al. 2005)
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Morphometrics Application
➢ Results: (Bull et al. 2005)
WTSH ♂ > ♀ (but less than 5% larger); Also found regional differences
WTSH measurements
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• To identify the provenance (origin) of specimens (e.g., fisheries bycatch)
(Guicking et al. 2004)
• Significant differences for most measurements between males / females
• Geographical differences between two colonies, reflect ecomorphologicaladaptations
(Guicking et al. 2004)
Morphometrics Application
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➢ How to Take Standardized Measurements:
• Culmen length • Bill depth• Wing length (chord)• Head length
➢ The uses / interpretation of morphometrics data:
• Chick growth – colony monitoring• Bird Condition - necropsies
What You Need to Know