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PPHHMM AAFFTT HHFF^HHFFKKMMAAEEOO__ FFLL MMKKBBCCEE__HHDDyy CCiiaa KKbbuuyymmkk PPiiee

E+ EKPTF@]OPEFK 7

Rhmk wm hmir ik ukjkfwk cikbuibm# wm bmt thm eaprmssefk fl i

strmia fl `esfrbikezm` kfesms fl kf smksm+ Pf thm kitevm spmijmr et es quetmfthmrwesm+ Hm piys cettcm ittmktefk tf thm sfuk`s# dut ofkomrks heasmclekstmi` weth sfam setuitefk wheoh cems dmhek` thm spmmoh iot+

Ioofr`ekb tf i cekbuest Hmkry I+ Bcmisfk# Gr+# thmrm irm thrmm aigfrofapfkmkts fl cikbuibm is lir is cikbuibm cems wethek thm sofpm flcekbuesteos+ thmy irm thm struoturm fl mxprmssefk# ofktmkt# ik` vfoiduciry+Phm cittmr ofapresms icc thm spmoeleo rmcitefks dmtwmmk mxprmssefk ik`ofktmkt ek thm liaeceir tmraekfcfby# wfr`s ik` thmer amikekbs+

Ohircms L+ Hfojmtt# ^rflmssfr fl cekbuesteos ik` ikthrfpfcfby#`mlekms i cikbuibm is i ofapcmx systma fl hidets+ Phm systma is i whfcmoik dm drfjmk `fwk ik` oitmbfrezm` ektf levm prekoepic sudsystmas# flwheoh thrmm irm omktricik` twf irmpmrephmric+

Phm thrmm omktric sudsystmas irm 7

(9% Phm phfkfcfbeoic systma7 i stfoj fl phfkmams# ik` thmirrikbmamkts ek wheoh thmy foour:

(4% Phm briaaiteoic systma7 i stfoj fl afrphmams# ik` thmirrikbmamkts ek wheoh thmy foour:

(?% Phm afrphfphfkmaeo systma7 thm of`m wheoh tems tfbmthmr thm

briaaiteoic ik` thm phfkfcfbeoic systmas+Phm twf pmrephmric sudsystmas irm 7

(9% Phm smaikteo systma 7 wheoh issfoeitms virefus afrphmams#ofadekitefks fl afrphmams# ik` irrikbmamkts ek wheohafrphmams oik dm put# weth thekbs ik` setuitefks# fr jek`s flthekbs ik` setuitefks+

(4% Phm phfkmteo systma 7 thm wiy ek wheoh smqumkoms fl phfkmamsirm ofkvmrtm` ektf sfuk` wivms dy thm irteoucitefk fl i spmijmr#ik` irm `mof`m` lrfa thm spmmoh sebkic dy i hmirmr+

Lfr thm ceaetitefk fl thm pipmr# E shicc dremlcy ektrf`uom thm thrmmomktric sudsystmas7 Phm phfkfcfbeoic# briaaiteoicik` afrphfphfkmaeosystmas# iafkb wheoh Phmafrphfphfkmaeofl Mkbcesh afst `micekb weththm tfpeo fl thm pipmr wecc dm afrm lfoussm`+

Ofapecm`

4>>>

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EE+ PHM ^HFKFCFBEOIC _U_PMA ! I _PFOJ FL ^HFKMAM_7

_uppfsm wm isj i brfomr thm preom fl subir# ik` hm siys twmkty omktsi pfuk`+ Hfw `f wm jkfw thit hm his sie` thes# rithmr thik lfrty omkts ipeuk`# frwm hivm kf subir tf`iy# fr sfamthekb mcsm6

Phm ikswmr es fdvefus+ Phm virefus thekbs thit sfamfkm aebht siy eki bevmk setuitefk ( ik` i bevmk cikbuibm% sfuk` `ellmrmkt+ Rm tmcc fkmstitmamkt lrfa ikfthmr dy mir# et es seaecir thit wm rmofbkezm thm lioms flfur lremk`s dy sebht+ Fl ofursm# wm irm kft aestijmk ek methmr sfrt fle`mkteleoitefk+ Rm aiy aestijm fkm lremk` lfr ikfthmr el thm cebht es di`#ik` wm aiy aesuk`mrstik` whit sfamfkm siys el thm surrfuk`ekbs irm tffkfesy fr el hm (shm% auadcms hes (hmr% wfr`s+ Ik` gust is wm wfuc` hivmpirteoucir trfudcm weth i pier fl e`mkteoic tweks# sf et es weth thm pier flMkbcesh uttmrikoms cejm 7 $ Phm sfks riesm amit$ ik` $ Phm suk"s riys ammt$+ Ek oisms cejm thes# fkcy ofktmxt oik hmcp+

Phm lukotefk thit sfuk`s ik` `ellmrmkoms dmtwmmk sfuk`s hivm ekcikbuibm es tf jmmp uttmrikoms ipirt+ Phes amiks thit thmrm es cettcm tf dmcmirkm` dy mxiaekekb thm uttmrikoms fl i cikbuibm fkm dy fkm# tryekb tf`msoredm thm sfuk` fl mioh+ Et es auoh afrm tf thm pfekt tf mxiaekmpiers fluttmrikoms tf smm hfw thmy `ellmrek sfuk`+

Kfw el wm ofkse`mr i pier suoh is twmkty omkts i pfuk`ik` wm hivmkf subir tf`iy# wm lek` thm `ellmrmkom sf bmkmric thit et es hir` tf listmkikythekb `fwk+ It thm fthmr mxtrmam# i pier cejm Phm sfks riesm amit ik`Phm suks riys ammt es fl kf hmcp# sekom# dy mxomptefk# thes pier oikkft dmjmpt ipirt dy mir dut fkcy dy ofktmxt+ Dmtwmmk thmsm twf mxtrmams#

hfwmvmr# wm oik lek` piers wheoh aebht dm sie` tf dm icafst!e`mkteoictweks+ Hmrm irm sfam mxiapcms 7

_hm tijms bff` oirm fl hmr orikm

_hm tijms bff` oirm fl hmr oikm

Phm `ellmrmkom ek amikekb es brmit+ Dut thm `ellmrmkom ek sfuk` esaekeaic7 Phm lerst fl thm twf his &r& sfuk` ek thm cist wfr` es ciojekb ek thmfthmr+ Phes es thm fkcy `ellmrmkom ek sfuk` dmtwmmk thm twf+

Fkm fl i pier fl icafst!e`mkteoic uttmrikoms aiy hivm fkm

ohiriotmresteo lmiturm whmrm thm fthmr his i `ellmrmkt fkm+ Lfr ekstikt 7Phits i keom pek ik` Phits i keom dek+

^iers cejm thmsm bevm eapfrtikt eklfraitefk idfut thm wiy i cikbuibmaijms usm fl `ellmrmkoms fl sfuk`: thit es# idfut ets phfkfcfbeoic systma+Phm smofk` pier tmccs us thit ek Mkbcesh wm sfamteams jmmp uttmrikoms ipirtsfcmcy dy aijekb i vfeomcmss &p& sfuk` it i omrtiek pfekt ek fkm fl thma# ivfeom` &d& sfuk` it thm siam pfekt ek thm fthmr+

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Ek thm twf smts fl icafst!e`mkteoic uttmrikoms ofkse`mrm` sf lir# thm`ellmrmkoms ek sfuk` irm cfoitm` ek spmoeleo wfr` 7 orikm vmrsus oikm ik`pek vmrsus dek+ Phmrm es dfth i `ellmrmkom fl ofktmkt ik` i `ellmrmkom flmxprmssefk+ Phm citmr mkidcms thm hmirmr tf rmofbkezm thm wfr` ik` issfoeitmet weth thm prfpmr ofktmkt+ I kitevm spmijmr oik `estekbuesh thmsm twf piersfl wfr`s is thmy irm sie` dy iky fthmr kitevm spmijmr+ Phm twf aust `ellmr

ek it cmist fkm sebkeleoikt lmiturm ek thm mxprmssefk systma# thit es# ek it cmistfkmphfkmam ! thm afst diseo mcmamkts ek thm mxprmssefk systma+

^hfkmams irm thm sfuk` lmiturms wheoh irm ofaafk tf icc spmijmrsfl i bevmk spmmoh lfra ik` wheoh irm mxiotcy rmprf`uom` ek rmpmtetefk+ Ekiky cikbuibm thmrm es i `mleketm ik` usuiccy saicc kuadmr fl phfkmams+ ( EkMkbcesh thmrm irm sie` tf dm lfrty!sex+%

Cekbuests `mlekm i phfkmam is i aekeaua lmiturm fl thm mxprmssefksystma fl i spfjmk cikbuibm dy wheoh fkm thekb thit aiy dm sie` es`estekbueshm` lrfa iky fthmr thekb wheoh aebht hivm dmmk sie`+ Phus# el

twf uttmrikoms irm `ellmrmkt ek suoh i wiy thit thmy subbmst tf thm hmirmr`ellmrmkt ofktmkts# et aust dm dmoiusm thmrm irm `ellmrmkoms (saicc frmxtmksevm% ek thm mxprmssefks+ Phm saiccmst `ellmrmkom wheoh oik`ellmrmkteitm uttmrikoms weth `ellmrmkt ofktmkts es i `ellmrmkom fl i sekbcmphfkmam+

^hfkmams irm pirt fl thm systma fl fkm spmoeleo cikbuibm+ Phmphfkmams fl `ellmrmkt cikbuibm irm ukcejm+ Et es lfr thes rmisfk thit ilfrmebkmr hmirs fkcy i `esfr`mrm` sfuk`s wheoh hm es ukidcm tf rmpmit+ Phmsfuk`s fl thm ukliaeceir cikbuibm `f kft let ektf hes phfkmaeo systma# ik`sf hm oik ofaprmhmk` kf fr`mr ek i seapcm uttmrikom+

Ek shfrt# thm phfkmams fl i cikbuibm irm thm mcmamkts wheoh stik` ekofktrist weth mioh fthmr ek thm phfkfcfbeoic systma fl thm cikbuibm+

EEE+ PHM BTIAAIPEOIC _U_PMA ! I _PFOJ FL

AFT^HMAM_ 7

El thm uttmrikoms fl thm Mkbcesh (fr iky fthmr cikbuibm% ofksestm`amrmcy fl irrikbmamkts fl phfkmams# thmrm wfuc` dm kf pfekt ek spmijekbfr ek cestmkekb+ Dut pmfpcm `f fltmk spmij ik` cestmk mvmry `iy# ik` thmerofaaukeoitefk triksaets eklfraitefk ik` ekstruotefks+ Phm rmisfk whyspmmohms oik smrvm ek thes wiy es dmoiusm thmy hivm ikfthmr jek` fl

struoturm dmse`m thm phfkmaeo fkm ! i struoturm ek tmras flafrphmams+Afrphmams irm thm saiccmst ek`eve`uiccy amikekbluc mcmamkts ek thm

uttmrikoms fl i cikbuibm+

Ek fr`mr tf e`mktely thm afrphmams# wm drmij fut wfr`s ektfpfrtefks# thmk pucc fut iky pfrtefk ik` isj thm lfccfwekb qumstefks7

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(9% @fms thm pfrtefk rmour ek virefus uttmrikoms weth thm siamamikekb6 El yms# thmk thm pfrtefk es briaaiteoic lfra# dut kftkmomssirecy i sekbcm afrphmam+ El kf# try ikfthmr pfrtefk+

(4% Oik thm lfra dm drfjmk ektf saiccmr pemoms# mioh fl wheoh rmoursweth ipprfxeaitmcy thm siam amikekb# ek suoh i wiy thit thmamikekb fl thm whfcm lfra es rmcitm` tf thm amikekbs fl thmsaiccmr pemoms6 El yms# thmk thm lfra es cirbmr thik i sekbcmafrphmam+ Dut el thm ikswmr es kf# thmk thm lfra etsmcl es isekbcm afrphmam+

Rm oik tijm thm lfccfwekb smktmkom is ik mxiapcm7

Gfhk trmits hes fc`mr sestmrs vmry keomcy+

&?gfk*4tretsez*fwc`w *sstw rz*vmre *kiesce4k&

Kfw wm ippcy thm tmsts tf thm lfccfwekb mxtriots lrfa thm smktmkomidfvm7 &gf &gfk * tr & fwc`w r ik` & sstw r&+

Phm lerst pfrtefk # &gf liecs Pmst (9%+ Et rmours# m+b+# ek Gfds irmhir` tf lek` hmrm# Hm"s i gfccy aik mto+

Phm smofk` pfrtefk icsf liecs Pmst (4%+ Et icsf rmours+ m+b# ek Gfhktriekm` hes stu`mkts wmcc# Gfhk trems hir`# mto+ Dut thm rmquermamkt flseaecirety fl amikekb es KFP siteslem`+

^frtefk &fwc`w r& lets Pmst (9%+ Ets amikekb ek thm frebekic smktmkomes omrtiekcy thm siam is ek aiky smktmkoms ofksestekb fl $fc`mr$+ Pf ippcyPmst (4%# wm drmij &fwc`w r& up ektf saiccmr pemoms 7 &fwc`& ik` &w r&+ thmlframr rmours ek suoh smktmkoms is Hm"s ik fc` aik# Hm"s thm fc`mst sfk# mto+

ik` thm cittmr rmours ek# lfr mxiapcm# Rhmk E wis yfukbmr E mkgfy sekbekb#mto+ et smmas quetm ocmir thit $fc`mr$ es afrm thik fkm afrphmam: $fc`mr$ #thmk# es mxiotcy twf afrphmams+

Lekiccy & sstw r&+ thes pissms Pmst (9% dut thmrm es i prfdcma ek Pmst(4%+ Rm drmij $ sestmr$ ektf twf saiccmr pemoms 7 sest! ik` !mr+ $ _estmr$oikkft dm rmbir`m` is i ofadekitefk fl saiccmr lfras sest! ik` !mr+ Rmthmrmlfrm ofam tf ofkocusefk thit $sestmr$ es i sekbcm afrphmam+

Is ek thm mxprmssefk systma ispmot# afrphmam es thm smofk` diseouket+ Rm oik ohiriotmrezm i afrphmam is thm uket fk thm mxprmssefk se`m fl

cikbuibm wheoh mktmrs ektf rmcitefkshep weth thm ofktmkt se`m+ I afrphmames typeoiccy ofapfsm` fl fkm tf smvmric phfkmams+ Phm afrphmam `ellmrsluk`iamkticcy lrfa thm phfkmam wheoh his kf suoh rmcitefkshep wethofktmkt+ Phit es# phfkmams hivm kf amikekbs# afrphmams hivm amikekbs+

Is thm idfvm mxiapcm tijmk lfr tmstekb# wm oik fdvefuscy smm thitthm seapcmr wfr`s fl Mkbcesh irm afrphmams+ Fthmr wfr`s ofksest fl twf frafrm afrphmams+ Cejm thm phfkmams# thm afrphmams mktmr ektfofadekitefks ek ioofr`ikom weth `mleketm ik` ofapceoitm` pittmrks+

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Phm briaair# fr briaaiteoic systma# fl Mkbcesh es thm afrphmamsusm` ek thm cikbuibm# ik` thm irrikbmamkts ek wheoh thmsm afrphmamsfoour rmcitevmcy tf mioh fthmr ek uttmrikoms+

EEE+ PHM AFT^HF^HFKMAEO _U_PMA 7

9+ @mleketefk+Afrphfphfkmaeos# i drikoh fl afrphfcfby# `mics weth thm vireitefk

ek thm lfras fl afrphmams dmoiusm fl phfkmteo liotfr+

Ek ^irt EE# E hivm amktefkm` dremlcy thm wiys ek wheoh briaaiteoicsystmas wfrj+ _aiccmst ukets fl ofkomrk irm afrphmams+ Rm hivm dmmkofkomrkm` weth thm wiys ek wheoh afrphmams irm put tfbmthmr ektfuttmrikoms: kfw wm irm ofkomrkm` weth thm phfkmaeo shipms wheohrmprmsmkt thm afrphmams+

Hmrm es thm cest fl smvmric Mkbcesh wfr`s tijmk hmrm lfr mxiapcm 7

drfubht# wmkt# sfc`# ik` sikb# Mioh ofksests fl twf afrphmams7 fkm esissmrtm` tf dm thm vmrd stma drekb# bf# smcc# ik` sekb# whecm thm fthmr#ofaafk tf icc lfur# es issmrtm` tf dm thm pist tmksm afrphmam+ Phmmcmamkts wm hivm tf aijm amktefk irm thm fdvefus `ellmrmkoms dmtwmmk thmphfkmaeo shipms rmprmsmktekb thmsm virefus afrphmams ek thm `ellmrmktwfr`s+

Phmrm irm afrphmams wheoh irm rmprmsmktm` ek icc foourrmkoms dy isekbcm phfkmaeo shipm7 lfr mxiapcm# piy# rmprmsmktm` dy &pme& ek piys#pie`# piyekb# piymr# piymm# piyamkt# ik` sf fk# is wmcc is ek thm whfcmwfr` $piy$+ El icc thm afrphmams fl Mkbcesh wmrm cejm thes# thmk thmafrphfphfkmaeos fl thm cikbuibm wfuc` dm treveic+ Dut thmrm irmofapceoitefks ek thm Mkbcesh cikbuibm+ Phus# ek Mkbcesh# thm pist tmksmafrphmam es rmprmsmktm` dy i sullexm` &`& ek pie`# dut dy i ofadekitefk fleklexm` &fu& ik` sullexm` &`& ek sfc`# ik` ek virefus fthmr wiys ek drfubht#wmkt# sikb+ $_mcc$ es rmprmsmktm` dy &smc& ek afst ofktmxts# dut dy &s++++c!&whmk ioofapikem` dy thm pist!tmksm afrphmam &s++++c!& * &fu!`& 1&sfuc`&:sekbes usuiccy &sJ dut es icsf rmprmsmktm` dy &s+++J ektf wheohlet eklexm` rmprmsmktitefks fl omrtiek eklcmotefkic afrphmams# tf yemc`sikb#sukb+

Rhmk i afrphmam es rmprmsmktm` sfamteams dy fkm phfkmaeo shipmik` sfamteams dy ikfthmr fr fthmrs# wm siy thit thm shipms stik` ekictmrkitefk weth mioh fthmr+ Mioh rmprmsmktitefk es i afrph: icc thm afrphsthit rmprmsmkt sfam bevmk afrphmam irm oiccm` iccfafrphs fl thitafrphmam+

&smc& ik` &sc& irm dfth iccfafrphs fl thm afrphmam {smcc}+

{piy} aikelmsts ekvireikt ictmrkitefkdmekb rmprmsmktm`# ek iccmkverfkamkts# dy i sekbcm iccfafrph &pme&+

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Pwf afrphs irm `estekot el thmy `ellmr ek phfkmaeo shipm# is &smc&ik` thm &sc& fl sfc`+ Phmy irm icsf `estekot el thmy irm iccfafrphs fl`ellmrmkt afrphmams# mvmk el thmy irm e`mkteoic ek shipm7 &smc& rmprmsmktekb{smcc} ik` &smc& rmprmsmktekb {omcc} thus is twf `ellmrmkt afrphs+

4+

Pypms fl afrphfphfkmaeo ohikbms+Phmrm irm sfam ofaafk typms fl afrphfphfkmaeo ohikbms ekMkbcesh 7

(i% Cfss fl phfkmams

! Phm phfkmam &k& fl thm kmbitevm prmlex{ek!} es cfst dmlfrm thmafrphmams dmbekkekb weth sfkfrikt sfuk`s &a&: &r&: &c& ik` &k&+

m+b+ eaafdecm : errmbucir# ecceaetidcm

! Phm phfkmam &t& es cfst whmk ohikbekb wfr`ociss (i`gmotevm tf ikfuk%

m+b+ `ellmrmkt f `ellmrmkom: `maforit f `maforioy

(d% I``etefk fl phfkmams

m+b+ sfcmak & sfcwa & f sfcmakezm & sfcwakiez &

(phfkmam &k& es i``m`%

cfkb & cFJ& f cfkbmr & cFJbw&

(phfkmam &b& es i``m`%

swfr` f swfr`saik: sicm f sicmsberc: orilt f oriltsaik

( thm phfkmam &s& es i``m` %(o% _eapcm ohikbm fl phfkmams

m+b+ pith & pP& f piths& pwz &: afuth f afuths# mto+Phm phfkmam & P& es ohikbm` tf & w & whmk pcuricezm`+

(`% Isseaecitefk ! @esseaecitefk

! Isseaecitefk es thm prfomss fl rmpcioekb i sfuk` dy ikfthmr sfuk`uk`mr thm eklcumkom fl i ther` sfuk` wheoh es kmir tf et ek thm wfr`fr smktmkom+

m+b+ rmsest & re zest &: ofksest & jwksest& mto+Phm ohikbm fl &z& tf &s& uk`mr thm eklcumkom fl &k&+

' Phmrm es ikfthmr ohikbm `um tf isseaecitefk fl &k& tf &a& dmlfrm&d&p&a

m+b+ eapfssedcm# eapmrlmot# eaafric# mto+

^rmlex ek! his thm iccfafrph ea dmlfrm &p &d &a&

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! @esseaecitefk es thm fppfsetm fl isseaecitefk+ Et tijms pciom whmkthm ofadekekb fl twf afrphmams drekb tfbmthmr twf e`mkteoicphfkmams# rmsuctekb ek thm ohikbm fl fkm fl thma tf i phfkmamcmss cejm ets kmebhdfur+

m+b+ Phm ^rmlex ek! his thm iccfafrph !eb is ek ebkfdcm

(m% _ykthmsesPhmrm es thm lusefk fl thm twf phfkmams drfubht tfbmthmr dy

afrphmam ofadekitefk ektf i sekbcm kmw phfkmam+

m+b+ afest!urm 7 & afest& * &guw& f & afes w&

(l% _trmss shelt# bri`itefk

Ek aiky oisms thm i``etefk fl ik illex tf i wfr` es ioofapikem` dy ishelt ek strmss oiccm`strmss shelt+

m+b+ ckbuest f cekbuesteos :

Phm prfomss fl `mrevitefk ekocu`ekb strmss shelt ekvfcvms vfwmcohikbm+ Phes jek` fl ohikbm es oiccm`bri`itefk+

m+b+ syadfc f syadfceo

(b% _uppcmtefk

Phes typm fl afrphfphfkmaeo ohikbm es thm foourrmkom fl thmiccfafrph ofapcmtmcy `ellmrmkt ek phfkmaeo struoturm lrfa thm kfraiclfra+

Phm mssmkteic hmrm es smaikteo seaecirety ik` ofapcmamktiry`estredutefk+ @ellmrmkt iccfafrphs irm suppcmtevm lfras+

m+b+ Phm vmrd 7 bf 1 wmkt: smcc 1 sfc` Phm i`gmotevm : !mr 1 afrm ! : mto+

?+ _pfri`eo Ictmrkitefk+Omrtiek jek`s fl ictmrkitefk irm systmaiteo ik` prm`eotidcm# ik`

rmquerm tf dm `msoredm` ek iky trmitamkt+ Phmrm es ikfthmr sfrt# hfwmvmr#wheoh es hir`mr tf hik`cm+ Phm dmst ipprfioh tf spfri`eo ictmrkitefk es tfpfekt fut i ofupcm fl thm amohikesas dy wheoh ik ekstikom aiyiresm+_uppfsm wm lek` thm spmijmrs fl i cikbuibm kmitcy `eve`m` ektf twfbrfups bmfbripheoiccy7 thfsm fk fkm se`m prfkfukom i omrtiek wfr` ek fkmwiy# whecm thfsm fk thm fthmr se`m prfkfukom et ek ikfthmr wiy+

Lfr mxiapcm# thm Mkbcesh wfr` rfft+ thm twf prfkukoeitefks irm &ru7t& ik`&rut&+ Kfw sf cfkb is thm `ellmrmkom es ofrrmcitm` weth `eicmots# wm `f kft spmijfl spfri`eo ictmrkitefk+ Dut setuitefks fl thes jek` irm kft stidcm+ _fam pmfpcm# ek`um team# hmir dfth &ru7t& ik` &rut ik` sffkmr fr citmr sfam spmijmrs ioquermdfth hidets fl prfkukoeitefk# usekb kfw thm fkm ik` kfw thm fthmr ek i quetmrik`fa ik` ukprm`eotidcm wiy+ Rhmk thes his hippmkm`# et es oiccm` spfri`eoictmrkitefk+

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Phm `elleoucty es tf dm surm thit i pier fl lfras ofkstetutm i bmkuekm mxiapcm+Lfr mxiapcm# aiky spmijmrs fl Mkbcesh usm dfth hfest&hfest& ik` i afrmofccfqueic lfra hmest &hiest&: thes pier his thm siam frebek is thit `msoredm`idfvm lfr &ru7t& ik` &rut&+

Dut ek thes oism thmrm his dmmk i smaikteo `ellmrmkteitefk7 hfest ik`hmest irm kft twf shipms fl i sekbcm afrphmam# dut `ellmrmkt afrphmams#weth seaecir dut `estekbueshidcm amikekbs+

0+ Bmkmric prekoepcms7Phmrm irm i lmw prekoepcms wheoh irm icafst ukevmrsety ioomptm` 7

(E% Pwf afrphs oikkft dm iccafrphs fl i sekbcm afrphmam el thmyofktrist+

Lfr ekstikom# streojmk ik`struojdfth ippmir tf dm pist pirteoepcms flthm vmrd strejm+ Phmy oikkft dm afrphmaeoiccy e`mkteoic: sf el thmy irmdism` fk thm siam stma# thm eklcmotefkic illexms irm `ellmrmkt afrphmams+

(EE% Pwf afrphs oikkft dm iccfafrphs fl i sekbcm afrphmam ukcmssthmy hivm thm siam amikekb+

Lfr mxiapcm7 thm &s& flikts# thm &z& fltebmrs# ik` thm &wk& flfxmk irmicc seaecir mkfubh ek amikekb thit wm `f kft hmsetitm tf ofkse`mr thma is isekbcm afrphmam el thm fthmr oretmrei irm siteslem`+ Ek liot# et es pfssedcm thitthm &wk& fl fxmk es kft thm siam afrphmam is thm &z& fltebmrs+

EEE+ Mvmk el fthmr oretmrei irm sitesliotfrecy amt# wm `f kft ofkse`mrtwf afrphs tf i sekbcm afrphmam ukcmss thm rmsuctekb afrphmam lets ektfthm mamrbekb briaaiteoic peoturm fl thm cikbuibm ek i smksedcm wiy+

m+b+`fa ek Jekb`fa ik`y ek afkirohy

E\+ OFKOC]_EFK7

Phm wiys ek wheoh thm afrphmams fl i cikbuibm irm virefuscyrmprmsmktm` dy phfkmaeo shipms oik dm rmbir`m` is i jek` fl of`m+ Phesof`m es thm afrphfphfkmaeo systma fl thm cikbuibm+ Phmafrphfphfkmaeos fl Mkbcesh es kmvmr sf seapcm+ Phmrm irm icwiys aikyekstikoms fl twf fr afrm afrphmams rmprmsmktm` dy thm siam phfkmaeoshipm# ik` thmrm irm icwiys oisms ek wheoh i sekbcm afrphmam es

rmprmsmktm` kfw dy fkm phfkmaeo shipm# kfw dy ikfthmr+ Phmrmlfrm thmafrphfphfkmaeos fl Mkbcesh es kmvmr treveic+

7/28/2019 Morphophonemics of English

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9+ @fll# I+ ( 9588 % Pmioh Mkbcesh7 I Priekekb Ofursm lfr Pmiohmrs+Oiadre`bm# Oiadre`bm ]kevmrsety ^rmss+

4+ Dralet# O+G+ ik` Gfhksfk# J+(m`s%+(9525%+ Phm OfaaukeoitevmIpprfioh tf Cikbuibm Pmiohekb+ Fxlfr`# Fxlfr` ]kevmrsety ^rmss+

?+ Dmmdm# _+I+ ik` Dmmdm# _+G+ ^udceo _pmijekb+ Kmw Gmrsmy# ]_I+#^rmkteom Hicc# Mkbcmwff` Ocells

0+ Ofccem# G+ ik` _citmr# _+ (9559% _pmijekb+ Oiadre`bm# Oiadre`bm]kevmrsety ^rmss+

=+ Ofalfrt# G+# Tfbmrsfk# ^+ ik` _oftt# P+ _pmijekb Mllmotevmcy#Oiadre`bm# Oiadre`bm ]kevmrsety ^rmss+

%#Afsieo E , EE 7 I cestmkekb&_pmijekb_jeccs Dffj# Kmw Ufrj# AoBriw!Hecc ^udceshekb Ofapiky+