Sanivation and MoSan 4 week Sanitation Pilot–Kenya, Karagita naivashaaugust–september 2013–a Cooperation between sanivation and mona mijthab

Sanivation and Mona Mijthab collaborated to pilot a sanitation service with MoSan in-home toilets and solar treatment for 4 weeks in Karagita, outside Naiva-sha in Kenya. This report contains an overview of the service provided and key learnings from the pilot. Overall there was a high user satisfaction and the team looks to further improve the technology and service to scale in concentrated living environments and refugee camps.

October 2013

01 Sanivation and MoSan 03

02 introduction and objectiveS 04

03 current Sanitation Situation 05

04 intereSt in an in-hoMe toilet 06

05 Selecting uSerS 07

06 Sourcing additional MaterialS 08

07 Pilot ProceSS 08 InItIal Set Up ColleCtIon WaSte treatment and reUSe ServICe SCenarIo

08 reSultS 12 poSItIve FeedbaCk areaS For Improvement FUtUre teStIng SUrvey reSponSeS - an overvIeW

09 continuation 15

10 next StePS 15

11 referenceS 15

12 aPPendiceS 15

contentS

3

–IMPROVING WELL-BEING THROUGH SANITA-TION INNOVATIONS; SOLAR WASTE TREAT-MENT ANd SANITATION AS A SERVIcE • Humanfecestreatmentonasolarconcentrator• Morethan99.9%(3-log)ofpathogensin faecesinactivatedinlessthan5hours• Capitalcosts300USDpersolarconcentrator forwastetreatmentof100households • Minimaloperatorexpertiserequired• Noinfrastructurerequired,easyfor transportandupscaling

–USER fRIENdLy dRy URINE dIVERSION TOILET fOR IN-HOME USE IN dENSELy POPULATEd AREAS • Dryseparationofurineandfaeces• Removableinnercontainersforeasyemptying• Containercollectionasrequired(e.g.daily,biweekly)• Avoidofsmellbytightlyclosinglidand coveringfaeceswithdrymaterial(e.g.ash)• Suitableforhouseholdsofdifferentsizes,especially forelderlyanddisabledpeople• Improvedhygieneandsecuritybyin-homeuse

Sanivation Solar treatment

moSanmobile Sanitation

Sanivation solar concentrator from welded metal. MoSan toilet inside a private household in Kenya.

WWW.SANIVATION.cOM

EmilyWoodsemily.woods@sanivation.comHanaLokeyhana@sanivation.comAndrewFooteandrew.foote@sanivation.com

WWW.MONA-MIjTHAB.cOM

MonaMijthabdesign@mona-mijthab.com

ChristianRieck,GIZchristian.rieck@giz.de

4

introduction and objectiveS –Havingworked inNaivasha sinceNovember 2012, theSanivation team became aware that in-home toilets could provide an alternative solution to the standard pit latrines in the area. Sanitation practices in the area, while not as direassomeareasofKenya,includetheuseofexpensiveand often unclean outdoor pit latrines, which often leave residents, especially women and the disabled, feeling unsafe and uncomfortable. To address these expressedconcerns, SanivationcolleaguesHanaLokeyandEmilyWoods collaborated with Mona Mijthab, the designer of the MoSan mobile toilet, to conduct a 4 week test pilot of the toilet and the sanitation service in the peri-urban villages of Mirera and Karagita located outside Naivasha. Within this report, “the team” will be used to refer to this collaboratedeffortbetweenSanivationandMoSan.

Overall, the goal of the pilot was to evaluate the scalabil-ity of the sanitation service. Specifically the team wanted toexploreandimprove:

1. user friendliness and acceptance of the mosan toilet used inside private households2. efficiency of the sanitation service, including house-to-house collection and solar treatment3. an evaluation tool for in-home toilets*

* The evaluation tool will be published online at the SuSanAforumtillendof2013.

Self-constructed toilet at a disabled persons yard.

Location of Karagita at Lake Naivasha. [2]Street scene in Karagita.

5

current Sanitation Situation –Naivasha, Kenya currently struggles with access to ade-quatesanitationservices.Themajorityofthepopulationuses shared pit latrines, usually sharing one toilet between 20 and 80 people and toilet designs rarely meet the needs oftheelderlyorpeoplewithdisabilities.Asillustratedonthe right there are very high levels of dissatisfaction at sanitation services in Naivasha.

Overcoming dissatisfaction and barriers in sanitation products is a key factor to reducing diarrheal disease – the second leading cause of death of children under five. InNaivasha,latrinesarecostlytobuild,costlytoexhaust(remove thewaste) and takeupa fair amountof spacethat is not available to everyone. The standard salary of adaylaboreris350KenyanShillings(KES)aday(about4USD a day) while the construction cost of a toilet iscommonly60,000KESto200,000KES(700–2,400USD).No treatment method is currently being used for the safe disposal or reuse of waste, due to the fact that the one waste treatment center in town is over 30 minutes away from the villages and usually not functioning properly. Most landlords and residents choose to excavate verydeep pits to last as long as possible. Once full, the pit is covered and another is dug on the plot. Not only does this requiremoreandmorespace,butsignificantinvestmentsarerequiredtoconstantlybuildnewtoilets,andthelargeamountofuntreatedwasteisasourceofdisease.Insomeof the slum-like areas where this is no room for latrines, residents may resort to open defecation, or other unsafe methods.

Additionalproblemsexistforpeoplewhoarephysicallydisabledorelderly.Usingsharedoutdoorfacilitiescanbea struggle for peoplewith limitedmobility.Usually nosupport structure is provided; therefore people experi-ence going to the toilet as a time-consuming, strength-sapping and often degrading process. The elderly and persons with disabilities are also more vulnerable to vio-lence while using a community toilet. These problems oc-cur for shared and private latrines alike.

Theapproachofthispilotwastoreceivein-depthqualita-tive informationaboutusers’ experienceswith theMo-San toilet. The team was constantly in contact with the users to receive feedback and be aware of any problems to make necessary adjustments. The team visited users at their homes to observe habits, behaviors, and current problems. The primary tools for data collection were in-formal focusgroupdiscussions (onebefore the startofthepilotandoneafterthreeweeks)andone-on-onein-terviews with a representative from each household ap-proximatelyeveryweekthroughoutthepilot.

• Over70%ofpeoplesurveyedin2012byWSUPin peri-urbanvillagessurroundingNaivashawere notsatisfiedwiththeircurrentsanitationfacilities.• About77%oftoiletsareownedbylandlordswho donotresideontheplot,leavingtheresponsibility of maintenance unclear and unattended.• Only15%ofplotshaveatoiletthatmeets “acceptablestatus”byUNstandards.[3]

One of the participant’s house and roofless latrine in the yard.

6

intereSt in an in-hoMe toilet–The Sanivation team and the designer of the MoSan toilet worked with local resident Nancy, a community health worker in the village of Mirera, to discuss with people in the community and gather a list of interested individuals. InAugusttheteamwasabletomeetwithpotentialusersand learn about their living situation, income, and cur-rentsanitationsituation.Aninitialproductpresentationwasconducted toexplain theMoSan toilet, it’suseandhandling and the provided service. Ten people, one man and9HIVpositivewomen,attendedthemeeting.

Themain reasons expressed for the interest in privatehousehold sanitation were safety at night, convenience of not sharing, comfort of sitting, and easier use for people with limited mobility. Many of the women, especially the elderly, were afraid to use the latrine at night for fear of being attacked or raped. One woman reported that children are afraid of falling into the opening of pit la-trinesandthereforepracticeopen-defecation.Alloftheparticipants had heard stories of attacks in the area and one woman had even escaped once herself. The sanita-tion team became aware that many families were already using a small bucket to relieve themselves at night rather than going outside to a latrine, regardless of whether the latrine was shared or private. Those buckets are emptied into pit latrines in the morning. None of the people used aurinediversiontoiletbeforeandonlysomehadexperi-ences using a toilet in sitting-posture.

Peoplewereveryexcitedabouttheprospectofgettingtotrythis new toilet, but were concerned about the issue of pay-ment. The team decided on a deposit method of payment. Users were asked to pay 300KES (approx. 3.50USD)at the time of receiving the toilet, and another 300 KES after two weeks if they wanted to continue using it. This number was determined by assessing the typi-cal household income in the area, the income level of

User Hannah showing the previous night-bucket.

Nancy explaining the MoSan toilet during a meeting.

potentialusersandthepotentialcostofcollection.Uponcompleting the pilot and returning the toilet, users would be returned their 600 KES. The deposit method illus-trated the future concept of paying for sanitation, learn about the willingness, but also acknowledgement that the productandtheservicearestillunderdevelopment.Allusers agreed to the deposit andHannah, a 60-year oldwomenexcitedlypaidherdepositoneweekahead,say-ing:“Iwant topaynow.It isgoodandotherwiseIwillspend my money on other things”.

7

Nancy also supported the recruitment of a collector, who was responsible for the container replacement and trans-port to the treatment site. She knew about Stephen who was currently looking for work.

but upon understanding that the toilet is used in sitting-posture, they were uninterested in participating. The idea of sharing a seat, even with their own family, was not ap-pealing.

Sanivation had previous connections with a disabled per-sons’ group in the area and met with two men from this group.Bothwereveryexcitedaboutthetoiletandinter-estedinparticipating.Thesetwodisabledmenare:

Selecting uSerS–Demographicdatafrominterestedpeoplewascollectedand used to select 5 households for the 4 week pilot. People varied in age, gender, type of employment and amount of residents in their house. The location of their house was important to simplify the logistics of collec-tion. The following three users were selected.

Peter has a leg-disability and lives by himself in a rented one-room apart-ment, his wife and chil-dren live in Nairobi, he uses a pit-latrine shared by 10 people in 15 m dis-tance, full time work at his own clothing shop.

Thadius has a leg-dis-ability, 5-person house-hold with his wife and three daughters (15, 8, 2years old), rented housewith two rooms and self-constructed private pit-latrine, wife and husband run a grocery shop.

peter (39)

thadius (34)

StePheN(37)

isabel (40)

dorKas (38)

hannah (60)

Isabel lives in a 4-personhousehold with her hus-band and two children (13, 8 years old), fourrooms in her own house, private pit-latrine on mud-ground, 10 m distance to her house, part time work as a farmer.

Dorkaslivesina6-personhousehold with her hus-band and four children (18, 14, 10, 5 years old),three rooms in her own house, private pit-latrine on mud-ground, 15 m distance, full time work at her own vegetable stand.

Hannah’s two adult sonsand one adult daughter visit frequently and leavetheir children (8, 5 yearsold)whiletheyarework-ing, own house with two rooms, private pit-latrine without roofing in 30 m distance, part time work washing clothes.

Stephen lives with his wife and two children in the same community, is trusted and was already acquaintedwithseveraloftheusers.Heusedtoworkas a vegetable seller in Naivasha, but was looking for a new job and willing to work with human feces.

Many of the interested individuals from the first meeting hadsimilarprofiles:age,numberofkids,currentlatrinesituation, religion, employment, and HIV status. Theteam looked for additional users that would diversify the pilot.Ideallyonedisabledperson,oneanalwashinguser,and one man with a stable job should have been part of thepilot.InNaivashatheonlyanalwashingindividualsare Muslim and they make up only a small fraction of the population. The team met with two potential users, one Muslim and one man who worked outside of the home,

8

Sourcing additional MaterialS–The MoSan toilets shipped to Kenya included sealable 10L plastic buckets for feces collection and 6L plasticcontainers with screw lids for urine collection. To test the advantages of solar treatment as part of the sanitation service, metal buckets were needed to be able to go from collection to solar treatment without any waste transfers. No metal buckets with lids and with the right dimen-sions were found on local market in Naivasha. Therefore the team collaborated with a welder to design and pro-duce custom-made buckets that fit into the MoSan toilet withstrongsealablelids.Forefficientsolartreatmentthebuckets were painted black.

Inadditiontofecesbucketstoaidincollection,theteamprovided a small plastic rubbish bin with lid for tissue disposal.CollectionequipmentforStephenincludedtwolarge20Lurinecontainers,onelargefunnel,blackplasticbags for rubbish collection, spray surface cleaner, and air freshener,rubbergloves,tissues,handsanitizer,soapandafacemask.Foreasieremptyingandcleaningofbucketsnewspaper was collected and used as lining.

Nancy’shusband,Francis,isacarpenterandwasabletobuildawoodenboxtoattachtothebackofStephen’smo-torcycle to transport waste buckets during collection. The boxwasattachedtothebikeusingrubberties.

Pilot ProceSS –initial set upThepilot started on September 19th. Twomembers ofthe team went to each house, distributing one toilet, rub-bishbin,aninformationalsheet(seeAppendix1),andacontactcard incaseofproblems.Ateachhouseabrieftrainingonhow touse the toiletwas conducted.Fran-cis supported the training as a translator when needed.

Instructionsincluded:• Howtocoverwastewithash• Whattonotputinthetoilet• Howtodisposetissueintotherubbishbin• Howtocleanthetoilet

Familieswereaskedabout:• Availabilityofashforcoveringfeces• Intendedplaceforusingthetoilet• Whytheywereinterestedtoparticipate• Expectedbenefitsforthemandtheirfamilies

Top: Mona instructing Peter on his new toilet.Middle: Open MoSan prototype with plastic containers. Bottom: Tin metal container, locally custom-made.

With paying the first deposit of 300 KES users received anagreement thatexplained their responsibility for thetoilet and the service they will receive for 4 weeks. Most users preferred a collection in the evening, when they were home to meet the collector in person. Meetings for collectingfeedbackontheirexperiencewerearrangedforthe second pilot week.

9

ColleCtionStephen, the collector, suggested using his own motor-cycle for faster transport from house to house. Taking intoaccountsalariesforexhausting,othertypesofworkin the area and the cost of gas, a salary was negotiated. ForeachdayofcollectionStephenwaspaid350KES.Thepilot consisted of three collection rounds per week – once every two days – for 4 weeks for a total of 12 collection days. The salary was paid on a daily basis, independently from working hours.

Stephen was familiar with the area. To ensure that he knew precisely where every user lived, one member of the sanitation team drove with him to each house the day before thefirst collection.WithFrancis translating, theteam went through a demonstration of how to remove and replace the buckets, pour the urine into the large urine container, clean toilets when necessary, and where to bring full buckets and supplies when done. The team explainedthestepsofcollection,howtofilloutthe logsheet to record information including arrival time, and condition of toilet (see Appendix 2). Stephen receivedcontactnumbersofthesanitationteamincaseheexpe-rienced problems. Before the first collection, replacement buckets were lined with newspaper and together with the sanitation team he prepared and loaded his motorcycle with materials.

Collectorstasksincluded:• Replacingthefecesbucketwithafreshone• Emptyingthe6 Lurinecaninto20Lcanister• Emptyingrubbishbinsandprovidingnewtrashbags• Cleaningthetoiletwhennecessary• Transportingfullfecesbuckets,20Lurinecanister, and trash bags to treatment site• Collectinginformation(seeAppendix2)• Advisingattendeesonusingandhandlingthetoilet• Communicationtothesanitationteam

Stephen with his loaded collection vehicle, ready to head out. Top: wooden box with collection supplies. Bottom: Household collection at night.

Full plastic and metal containers before treatment.

Acoupleproblemsoccurredduring thefirstcollection,including significant delays. Stephen had not understood some instructions and wanted to appear eager and will-ing so he did not contact the team or bring any problems to attention. One of the users were not at home when Ste-phen arrived so he had to wait for almost two hours. This pushed the collection schedule later into the night and other users had to wait. Stephen also transferred the waste from plastic buckets into metal buckets on-site rather than replacing the full buckets with empty buckets.He explained that we didnot want to leave the metal buckets at people’s houses. Heusedthesurfacecleaningsprayasacleaneraswellasanair freshener.Afterthefirst interviewstheteamdis-covered that users appreciated the clean smell after Ste-phen finished collecting. Therefore proper air freshener spray for future collections was provided.

Thenextcollectionround,onesanitationteammemberwentwithhimtoobserveandinstruct.Collectioncon-tinued everyMonday,Wednesday and Friday evening,becomingmoreefficienteverytime.Afterthefirstweek,usersexpressedsatisfactionwithStephenandthecollec-tion process.

10

Waste treatment and reuseAfter collection, the waste containers were dropped out at Sanivation’s treatment site, where the Sanivation team weighed, recorded, and placed metal buckets directly on a solar concentrator to be treated. Waste collected in plastic buckets was transferred into 20 L metal containers and placed on the concentrator. After each waste trans-fer, buckets were sanitized using ethanol. All rubbish collected, including toilet tissue, was incinerated at the treatment site.

Sanivation’s treatment technology captures solar energy to thermally inactivate pathogens in fecal matter. In pre-vious pilots in Chile, Sanivation has demonstrated a 3-log inactivation of the most heat resistant pathogens (hel-minths) in 50 L of fecal sludge in less than 5 hours [1]. Sa-nivation is confirming inactivation efficacy by evaluating Clostridium perfringens and E. coli of treated waste with assistance from Centers for Disease Control and Preven-tion and Kenya Medical Research Institute in Nairobi.

Collected urine was stored and periodically applied with water to corn crops on Nancy’s plot. Sanivation is cur-rently exploring various reuse options of human waste. Some of the treated waste was used in making briquettes for cooking. These briquettes are an alternative to char-coal which is often a financial burden on families in the community. Marketing and sale of recycling products could also be an opportunity to offset costs of the pro-vided sanitation service.

Top: Emily transferring waste into metal containers to be treated. Middle: Waste being treated on solar concentrator. Bottom: Peter holding solar treated and dried feces.Left: Briquette workshop by disabled people.

12

reSultS–positive FeedbaCKPeople were very receptive to the MoSan toilet. Themostcommongivenreasonsforlikingitwere:

1. ComfortUsers,especiallythemoreelderly,lovedbeingabletositon their toilet. They remarked on how easy it was on their knees and that the seat itself was very comfortable. The two disabled users loved being able to sit on the sturdy seat and not having to balance on one leg as they must in a pit latrine.

2. safetyWomen especially loved having the toilet within their home and not having to go outside in the dark where they are vulnerable. Even going the usual 10–30 meters to a private pit latrine makes women feel insecure.

3. ConvenienceNot only for safety reasons, users also enjoyed not hav-ing to leave their houses, or even get fully dressed to use the toilet outside. The disabled users especially remarked on the convenience at night. With a pit latrine, having to get dressed and put on a leg brace meant that Peter limited his intake before going to bed. With the MoSan toilet, Peter and Thadius were able to change their daily eating habits to freely eat and drink at night knowing that a toilet was conveniently available. For all users the privacy aspect was beneficial as well.Sharedlatrinesareoftenunhygienicanddirty.Usersfeltvery comfortable to use a toilet only with their family.

Emily presenting the ping-pong ball valve.

areas For improvementThroughout the pilot the team discovered the following fieldsforimprovement:

1. CommunicationCommunicating clearly, especially with the collector,made parts of the pilot challenging. The language bar-rier, evenwith a translatormade explainingunfamiliarthingsdifficult.Thedialogueimprovedduringthepilot. Anotherproblemof communicationwas thehesitationof the collector to report problems or to ask for assis-tance. By taking more time for the schooling and going through the collection process step by step, the sanitation team was able to discover issues and to clarify misunder-standings. Three of the pilot participants spoke little to no English, two of which had no cell phones. This made tryingtokeepincontactespeciallydifficult.

2. smellAll individuals said they experienced some smellusingthe MoSan, to varying degrees. Some said the smell was only for a moment when they opened the lid and was not anobstacle.Othersreportedstrongersmellandexperi-enced it as a problem. Most of the users reported it was smell from urine. Because of smell, Thadius decided to move his family’s toilet outside of the house during day-time.Heplaceditintothestructureoftheoutdoorlatrinewheretheyleftthelidofftocreatemoreventilation.Atnight his wife carried the toilet back inside the house into the bedroom, where they closed the toilet lid. The family found this the best situation, and was pleased to use the MoSan under these conditions.Thadius has expressedthat in the future, he would like to construct a small room inside his home for a toilet, where the whole family can access it day and night.

3. additional technical improvementsDependingondrinkinghabits andhousehold-sizes thevolume of the urine container was in some cases not suf-ficient. Either bigger volumed containers or extra con-tainers for replacement by users should be provided to al-low longer time frames of use. When the urine container is full and the toilet is carried, urine can flood over and enter the toilet. Mona the MoSan designer is working on suitable solutions.

13

Future testing

1. smell valveAfter hearing that there was a noticeable urine smell,each household received a ping-pong ball to place in theurinefunneltoactasavalve.Theballallowsliquidin run into the container below while at the same time blocking smell. Many users remarked that this noticeably decreased smell and only during and after the process of emptyingcontainerssmellwasnoticed.Theeffectoftheping-pong ball could be used to design a valve that is con-nectedtotheMoSantoiletandcannotbelost.Also,othervalvedesignsshouldbetestedtofindthemostefficientand economic solution.

2. tissue disposal Forthefirstthreeweeksuserswereaskednottodisposetissues into the feces bucket, but use the separate rubbish bin. One user reported that this adds steps and he needs moretimeforusingthetoilet.Forthelastweekthesani-tationteamofferedalluserstheycanputtissuesintothefeces bucket. The concern of the team was, that less ash would be used for covering feces, more smell would oc-cur, flies would get in contact with untreated feces and that the efficiency of solar treatment could be affected.Afterobservingcollectedbuckets,lessashwasvisible,butusers reported no noticeable change in the level of feces smell and preferred this method since it is the behavior theyareusedto.Tissueshadnoeffectonsolartreatment.

3. menstruationOnly one female adolescent reported to have her men-struation at the time of the pilot. The first week her fam-ilyrecognizedthatshewasnotusingthetoiletwhiletherestofthefamilywasusingit.Herfathersaidhedidnotknow the reason. The sanitation team was able to speak with her and her mother the following week and learned that she had been having her period and did not want any trace to show on the toilet. She reported that it would be easier to dispose menstruation pads into the pit latrine where nobody else can see it. When the team asked if she would prefer a darker color toilet rather than white in or-der to hide any signs of her menstruation, she replied that white is a good color because it shows that the toilet is clean.Sheexplainedthatnexttimeshewouldtryusingthe MoSan even during her period.

4. more varied usersDuringthe4weekpilotnoanalwashershavebeenus-ingtheMoSaninKenya.Futuretestsshouldincludeanalwashers to gain the most useful feedback for Africanpopulations. Other interesting users to include in future tests are higher income earners, mentally handicapped people and individuals in their 20s and 30s.

5.UpscalingToofferanefficientSanivation–MoSanservicetomanypeople in low-income areas, further tests with more at-tendees need to be done in order to improve logistics andtiming.House-to-housecollectionneedstobebettertimedtoreachmoreusersinlesstime.Improvementofperformance could be achieved through smarter contain-ersforfasterhandlingandtransportorthetestofdiffer-ent service options, where users themselves deliver full containers to a central treatment site.

6. paymentNaivasha residents are not accustomed to paying for sani-tation. Most individuals have a private latrine for their home or rent a plot with a shared latrine where access to the latrine is included. The idea to paying for using a toilet is new and could be an obstacle. The sample user group belongs to the lower end of the social-economic spectrum. Three of the households are headed by women whoareHIVpositiveandwithoutstableincome.There-fore paying for sanitation on a regular basis could be a barrier. Further testing should explore various pricingoptions to test users’ willingness to pay.

7.economicsInorder tounderstand theeconomicsof thesanitationservice as it scales more research is needed. Which busi-ness model is the most viable way to also reach the low-income earners and to provide a sustainable and self-sustained service? The team is exploring financing bylandlords due to the high number of tenants in the area andtoiletprovisionbeingrequiredonrentalproperties.

Metal feces bucket with newspaper liner and toilet paper.

14

survey responses - an overview

Hannah's adult sons didn't feel comfortable to use the toilet

inside her sleeping room.(her sons live across the street but

bring their children to Hannah when they go to work)

Dorkas used the toilet in her bedroom, but her husband o�ered

to build a small extra room for everyone accessible. During the day

she placed the toilet outside the house, at night inside.

People like a toilet at home, but would prefer

it in a separate roomFor safety and comfort all people used the toilet inside their home

at night. During the day some placed it outside to decrease

smell and make it accessible for the whole family.

Dorcas: "I like the smell when Stephen le�"

(he used air freshener spray)

How do you feel after using the MoSan?

Dorkas: "Its yours, you feel clean."

How did you feel using a toilet in a sitting

posture?Hannah said, she prefers it,

because she has problems with her knees and squatting is

di�cult for her.

Did the toilet have any bad smell? When? Which smell?

Hannah: "Yes, when (feces) not covered it smells, but when covered

there is no smell."

How was the collection?Hannah explained she prefers the

collection at the door instead of inside the house. "Not good to come in bedroom"

(toilet placed next to her bed)

How many times did you use the MoSan toilet?Peter: "I use it the whole day"

(He has a clothing shop close to his house and now goes home

during the day to use the toilet)

Peter said, that Stephen seemed confused during his �rst collection. He needed a lot of time and did not

do the steps in a smooth order.

What did you like about using the MoSan toilet?

Peter said, he can �nally eat and drink a�er 5pm, since he doesn't need to worry

about leaving the house at night and putting on his prothetic leg.

Peter explained he preferred the collection inside his one-room-

apartment. He doesn’t want neighbors to know that he is attending a pilot.

�adius: “I like to have tea before sleeping, now I can have tea in the evening.”

People's eating habits changed

Hannah used to use a plastic container at night for peeing

inside the house. She explained being able to use a proper toilet now without having to leave her

home is a big improvement.

�e collection happened regarding user preferences

Women felt more secure and reported

hygiene bene�ts

Multiple bene�ts for people with limited mobility

Isabel: “Before having the MoSan, my daughter (13 years old) urinated

in the bed most nights, she had nightmares. Now she stopped it and I don’t need to clean the bed every

morning anymore.”

Did you carry the toilet? How was your experience?

Isabel said, she moved and carried it to the door when Stephen came, but the toilet can

become very heavy when completely full.

�adius explained, when the urine container was full and he carried the toilet, urine �oods over and enters the

toilet. More smell can occur.

At night people like to have a toilet close to where they sleep. One reason

is the darkness and the lack of electricity and light to �nd the way.

Because of ergonomics of small children a potty was better suitable than

the MoSan.

Who else used the toilet?Hannah's 5 year old grandson didn't

manage to sit on the toilet by himself.He is used to open defecation, therefore

she placed him a newspaper on the ground, let him defecate and disposed

it into the toilet a�erwards.

�adius' youngest daughter (2 years old) uses a child’s potty and he emptied it into the toilet.

Did the separation work properly? If not, why?

�adius explained that urine and feces separate completely, but when the

newspaper liner inside the feces bucket goes over the lip it can cover the urine container and lead urine inside of the

MoSan toilet.

Dorkas described that in the past her children would lose their shoes into

the pit latrine, are afraid of using it and therefore practice open defecation. During the pilot her children used

the MoSan toilet.

How do you feel putting toilet paper into a separate bin?

Dorkas: "Its ok, but it's di�erent."

How did you cover feces? Did the toilet get dirty from it?

Peter: "No, I used a cut PET bottle as a shovel. I just do it carefully and no ash

gets on the seat."

How did you check the �lling rate of the urine container?

Hannah: “I can hear it from the sound of the urine.”

Other people mentioned they just open the seat and look at the semi-

transparent canister.

Black:descriptionbytheteamblack bold: survey questions Blue:teamobservationsItalic: user quote

15

Continuation–Currently two users are continuing to use the MoSan toi-let after the official end of the 4 week pilot. Once a week the Sanivation team collects feces buckets themselves for further testing and experimenting with treatment and reuses. Each household now has one additional urine container for replacement if the urine container in the toilet fills before the weekly collection. One household is applying the urine with water on their private garden. At the other household the user, or the Sanivation team member empties the urine into an existing pit latrine on the property since there is no garden. The users continue to be pleased with the MoSan toilet and do not mind the extra involvement in the toilet’s upkeep.

next steps–With the overall high user satisfaction, the concept, an in-home toilet paired with a service and solar waste treat-ment is emerging as one solution to the sanitation crisis. Since the implementation, the team has been focusing on refining the model and is looking for financing to scale services within Naivasha and to other concentrated living environments. Outside of Naivasha, Sanivation will be working with Centers for Disease Control and International Rescue Committee to implement household sanitation in Ka-kuma refugee camp.

For more information please contact:Emily Woods: emily.woods@sanivation.comMona Mijthab: design@mona-mijthab.com

RefeRenCes–1. Foote, A., E. Woods, et al. (2012). Conference Presen-tation: Inactivation of helminth in a solar concentrator.UNC Water and Health, Chapel Hill, NC. October 30th, 2012. Presentation available at: http://whconference.unc.edu/files/2013/01/Foote_UNC-Presentation-final.pdf2. Google Maps (2013). Karagita, Kenya. Retrieved October 1st 2013, 15:04 from http://goo.gl/maps/30vRq3. Water and Sanitation for Urban Poor. Internal Re-port: Kenya-Naivasha WSUP Quarterly Report (January 2013). Survey on sanitation access in Naivasha Region.

All photographs by Hana Lokey, Emily Woods and Mona Mijthab. Icons, illustrations and layout by Mona Mijthab.

appendiCes–1. User instruction card p.162. Collection log form p.173. Feces container protocol p.184. Survey after one week p.195. Group discussion after three weeks p.20

16

1. User instrUction card

17

2. ColleCtion log Form Examplefrom30stAugust2013.

18

3. Feces container ProtocolFeces container data and observations. Two examples from 19th and 28th of August 2013.

(Household) nr. of Users (H) 3 to 5 (D) 6 (i) 4 (t) 4 (P) 1

Date 19.08. 28.08 19.08. 28.08 19.08. 28.08 19.08. 28.08 19.08. 28.08

Weight of content 1,4 kg 0,6 kg 0,3 kg 0,65 kg 1,5 kg 1,1 kg 0,2 kg 0,75 kg 0,2 kg 0,1 kg

Visual observation 19.08

normal feces, plastic bag, well covered with ash

wet feces, too little covered with ash

feces normal, covered with soil

very wet feces, too little covered

very dry, well covered with ash

Visual observation 28.08

little feces, well covered with ash

feces wet, too little covered

feces very wet, too little covered

normal feces, well covered with ash and soil

little feces, well covered with ash

19

4. survey aFter one weeKAftersevendaysofthepilotthesanitationteamaskedpeoplethefollowingquestions:

Questions For toilet users

use, place, handling• Didyouusethetoileteveryday?Ifnot,why?• Howmanytimesdidyouuseitperday? Atwhattimes?Why?• Didyouuseitforbothpeeandpoo? (Ifnot,whynot?)• Howdidyoufeelusingthetoilet?• Wheredidyouusethetoilet?• Whatisyourpreferredplaceofuse?Why?• Wheredidyoustorethetoilet?• Dideveryonefromyourhouseholduseit?• Didyourchildrenuseit?Didyouhelpthem?• Whoelseusedthetoilet?

ergonomics, Carrying• Howdidyoufeelusingatoiletinsittingposture?• Wasitcomfortable?Ifnotwhy?• Didyoucarrythetoiletwhenempty/filled?• Iscarryingthetoiletcomfortable?• Didyouexperiencesplashingofurine?• Wasthereuncomfortablemenskin-contact? – Ask men

smell, Covering• Didyoucoverfaeces?Withash?How? (shovel,byhand)?• Didyouclosethetoiletaftereachuse?• Didthetoilethaveanybadsmell?When?

Cleaning• Didurineandfaecesseparateproperly?• Didthetoiletseatgetdirty?• Didfaecesorurinegoinsidethetoilet?• Howdidyoucleanit?

*menstruation – ask women• Doyouhaveyourmenstruationrightnow?• Whenisyournextmenstruation?• Whathygiene-productdoyouuse?

hygiene• HowdidyoucleanyourselfafterusingMoSan? (paper,leaves,washing)• Wheredidyouputthepaper?• Didyouexperiencesmellopeningthewastebin?• Howdidyoufeelputtingwasteintothebin?• DidyoufeelcleanafterusingMoSan?

Collection• Wasthecollectionservicesuitable?• Whendidhecollect?Howdidyourecognizehim? (call,doorknocking?)• Washenice?Didyoufeelcomfortablewithhim?• Didthecollectorenteryourhouse?• Washisworkclean?• Didyourecognizemoresmellaftercollection?

satisfaction• Didyoutellneighborsaboutthetoilet?Howwas their reaction?• WhatdoyoulikeaboutusingtheMoSantoilet?• DescribeyourfeelingstowardsMoSan.• WhatdoyoudislikeaboutusingtheMoSantoilet?• Didotherproblemsoccur?

Questions For ColleCtor • Didyoumeetallusersforcollection? Ifnot,whichhousehold?• Didtheuserscooperatewithyouregarding collection?• Didyouenterhouses,whichones?• Werealltoiletsused?Ifnot,which?• Didyouemptyandcollectallcontainers (urineandfaeces)?• Howeasywastaking/replacingofcontainers?• Wereexcretainsidethetoilet(outsidecontainers)?• Didyourecognizewrongusageorhandlingof the toilet by users?• Didyourecognizesmellwhenopeningthetoilet?• Describethesmell:1-none,2-little,3-verystrong• Wasthetimeyouneededperhouseholdconvenient to you? Should the collection be faster?• Didyoufaceotherproblemswhenemptyingor transporting containers?

20

5.GrOUPdiScUSSiONAfterthreeWeekS

satisfaction• WhatdidyoulikeaboutusingtheMoSantoilet? 5WhyQuestions!E.g.:Whydoyoulike it? Why is it comfortable? Why do you like it inside your house...• WhatdidyoudislikeaboutusingtheMoSantoilet? 5 Why’s …

design• DoyoulikehowtheMoSantoiletlooks?Ifnot,why?• Whatcolorwouldyouprefer?• Wasthesizeandshapeofthetoiletsuitable?• Wasthesizeandshapeofthetoiletseatsuitable?• Wasthesizeandshapeofthehandlessuitable?• WouldyouprefertohaveasmallMoSanespecially for your children? • Howdidyouliketohavethelidseparate?Preferan attached lid?• Howdidyoufeelthattheurinecontainerwas transparent and the collector saw the filling?• Howdidyoucheckiftheurinecontainerisfull? Didyouopenthetoiletduringusage?

smell• Didyoulikecoveringthefaeceswithash? Other material preferred? Saw dust?• Howcanweimprovethesmellofthetoilet?Ideas?

recycling• Wouldyoubuybriquettesfromfaeces?Whatdo youthinkaboutit?Smell?Burnefficiency?• Wouldyoubeoktouchingthem?• Wouldyouliketoproducebriquettes? Jobatbriquettingworkshop?

SocialProblems• Howdidyourfamilymembersreacttoyou using the MoSan toilet? • DidsomeonenotwanttousetheMoSantoilet?• Didanyoneinyourcommunitytalktoyouabout the MoSan toilet? Who? What did they say? Howdidthismakeyoufeel?

Cost• IstheMoSantoiletavaluableproduct?• Wouldyoubewillingtopayamonthlyfeefor the MoSan toilet?

Collection service• Didyoufaceanyproblemsduringcollection?• Wouldyoupreferadailycollection?Doyouthink there would be less smell?• Wouldyouconsidercarryingthefullcontainers to a central depository? Why or why not? • Wouldyoubeinterestedinworkingasacollector? Why or why not?

promotion• WouldyourecommendtheMoSantoilet to other people?

• IfyouwereresponsibleforpromotingtheMoSan toilet, what would you tell people about it? • WouldyoulikepromotingtheMoSantoilet through open meetings, door-to-door visits, etc? • Whatdoyouthinkthemosteffectivemethodof promotion would be in your community? Howcanwegetmoreusersinthefuture?• Whereisathebestplacetopresentthetoilet to the community?

pilot• Doyouhaveanysuggestionsregardingthetest? Whatshouldweimprovenexttime?• Didweexplainthetoiletusewellenough?