moscow solar system symposium (1m-s3) 11-15 october 2010 11-15 october 2010 1ms-3 louis friedman 1
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The Planetary SocietyLiving Interplanetary Flight Experiment
(LIFE)
Moscow Solar System Symposium (1M-S3)11-15 October 2010
11-15 October 2010 1MS-3 LOUIS FRIEDMAN
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LIFETesting the Theory of Transpermia
Survivability of micro-organisms on a voyage between the planets
Pathfinder to Mars Sample ReturnIncluding biological sample handling
First Deliberate Sending of Earth Life into the Solar System
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Testing TranspermiaTHE INTERPLANETARY TRANSFER OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL
PHOBOS-GRUNT MISSIONInterplanetary Trajectory Simulates Rock Transport Between the Planets
Extreme temperatures Weightlessness Interplanetary radiation environment
Earth-Mars space environment~34 months in space
And round-trip missions in the solar system are rare
Outside the geomagnetosphere
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Phobos LIFE Team Science Team
Bruce Betts, Experiment Mgr. - The Planetary Society
Louis Friedman – The Planetary Society
David Warmflash, Principal Investigator - U of Pennsylvania
George Fox - U of Houston Neva Ciftcioglu – Nanobac
Pharmaceuticals Inc K. Ingemar Jönsson, Kristianstad
University, Sweden Joseph Kirschvinck – Caltech, U
of Kyoto David McKay – NASA/JSC Cody Nash - Caltech Elena Vorobyova, Moscow State
University Alexander Zakharov, Space
Research Inst.
ATCC Team Marian McKee (Team
Lead) Tim Lilburn Amy Smith
DLR team Petra Rettberg (Team
Lead) Elke Rabbow Ralf Möller Marko Waßmann Thomas Berger Gerda Horneck Günther Reitz
Engineering Team Bud Fraze, Stellar
Exploration Tomas Svitek, Stellar
Exploration11-15 October 2010 1MS-3
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LIFE OrganismsBacteria
Bacillus safensis f036b (ATCC- BAA-1126)Bacillus subtilis 168ATCC® 23857™Bacillus subtilis MW01Deinococcus radiodurans ATCC® BAA-816™
EurkaryaSaccharomyces cerevisiae Strain W303. ATCC®
200060™Arabidopsis thalianaTardigrades
ArchaeaHaloarcula marismortui ATCC 43049Pyrococcus furiosus ATCC® 43587™ (DSM-3638) Methanothermobacter wolfeii
Soil colony11-15 October 2010 1MS-3
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LIFE Organisms
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OrganismATCC reference number
Type of sample
Form Mass of sample
Organism provided by:
Bacillus safensis f036b
ATCC®- BAA-1126™
Bacteria Freeze dried < 6 mg ATCC, Dr. Tim Lilburn et al.,
Bacillus subtilis 168 ATCC® 23857™
Bacteria Freeze dried (ATCC) and air dried (DLR)
< 6 mg ATCC (1 tube), Dr. Tim Lilburn et al., , andDLR, Dr. Rettberg et al., (2 tubes)
Bacillus subtilis MW01
Bacteria Air dried < 6 mg DLR, Dr. Rettberg et al.,
Deinococcus radiodurans
ATCC® BAA-816™
Bacteria Freeze dried < 6 mg ATCC, Dr. Tim Lilburn et al.,
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strain W303.
ATCC® 200060™
Yeast Freeze dried < 6 mg ATCC, Dr. Tim Lilburn et al.,
Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds Seeds < 6 mg University , Dr. David Warmflash, ; original source: Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center (ABRC),
Milnesium tardigradum
Animals Air dried < 6 mg Dr. K. Ingemar Jönsson
Richtersius coronifer Animals Air dried < 6 mg Dr. K. Ingemar Jönsson
Echiniscus testudo Animals Air dried < 6 mg Dr. K. Ingemar Jönsson
Haloarcula marismortui
ATCC® 43049™
Archaea Air dried with salt
< 6 mg ATCC, Dr. Tim Lilburn et al.,
Pyrococcus furiosus ATCC® 43587™ (DSM-3638)
Archaea Freeze dried < 6 mg ATCC, Dr. Tim Lilburn et al.,
Methanothermobacter wolfeii
ATCC® 43096™
Archaea Air dried < 6 mg ATCC, Dr. Tim Lilburn et al.,
Sterile mineralogical mixture inoculated by nonpathogenic methanogenic archae
Arid soil Air dried < 0.8 g Dr. Elena Vorobyova
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LIFE Module Accommodation Inside Phobos-Grunt
LIFE Biomodule
PhobosEarth-returnDescent Module
Phobos-Grunt Spacecraft11-15 October 2010
1MS-3
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Cooperative with IMBP Anabios Experiment
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Two “Phobos-capsule” with 122 (1010 mm) packs with different biological objects
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Placement in PhSRM Return Capsule
Anabios Phobos-capsules
LIFE
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OUTER TITANIUM COVER UPPER SHOCK PAD
CARRIER COVER
INDIUM OUTER SEAL
SAFETY WIRE
COLONY COVER
TITANIUM LOCKING CLEAT
OUTER TITANIUM COVER
COLONY CONTAINER
CARRIER BASE
SINGLE SAMPLE CONTAINER
SILICONE O-RING INNER SEAL
KAPTON RETAINER
LOWER SHOCK PAD
LOCKING LUG
“LIFE” BIOMODULE
External dimensions:
57 mm x 17 mm
TEMPERATURE SENSOR
TLD RADIATION DETECTOR
Mass = 89 gShock Load up to 4000 g’s
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More on the LIFE Bio-moduleThree-tiered vacuum seal with locking lugs and
pinsStructural integrity was primary concern Meets COSPAR Planetary Protection
requirements with very low probability of hitting Mars and very high structural integrity
Accommodates diverse samples: 30 individual sample holders for 10 triplicate samples
Single “colony” soil sample Includes passive radiation detectors inside bio-
moduleIncludes thermal extremes detectors
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LIFE Seals DetailsO-RING
TITANIUM CLIP
KAPTON/METALIC RETAINER/SEAL PORON/SILICONE RING / PAD
PORON/SILICONE TOP PAD
INDIUM SEAL
TITANIUM LOWER SHELL
LOCKING LUG11-15 October 2010 1MS-3
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Impact tests > 4000 g’s
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Vibration tests to simulate launch
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Loading freeze dried samples in tubes
ATCC: American Type Culture CollectionA Global Nonprofit Bioresource Center
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Sealing the Tubes
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Assembly Complete
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Planetary Protection
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Mission Phase Probability in 20 years
Probability in 50 years
1. Interplanetary cruise: 5σ navigation error = 0.02% (400 km error acceptable with 1σ error =
80 km; assumes Gaussian error distribution) Mars intercept = 35% (geometric factor considering B-plane dispersions; only some navigation error cause spacecraft to hit Mars)
0.006% 0.006%
2. Mars orbit insertion probability of spacecraft destructive “disassembly” = 1% (this estimate
is based on the observation that only about a dozen satellites experienced major propulsion malfunction, out of 1000+ satellites known to be launched with substantial propulsion capability)
probability of descent module ejected with adequate dv = 1% (based on possible distribution of mechanical momentum of resulting debris and considering geometric factors for spreading of this debris cloud)
0.010% 0.010%
3. Initial transfer/phasing orbit spacecraft failing in this orbit = 5% (simple ratio of duration in this orbit
- 3 months and total spacecraft lifetime - 5 years) unique LON/Periarg combination = 1% (conservative estimate, based
on fact that >100 combinations were tested and no rapid-decay combination was found -- though they are known to exist)
50 year estimate based upon linearly extrapolating the 20 year probability out to 50 years
0.050% 0.1250%
4. Phobos orbit operations 0.000% 0.000%
5. Trans-earth departure probability of 180-deg inverted burn = 0.1% (based on the fact this
error was observed only a few times over many thousands of actual in-space propulsion maneuvers)
probability of inverted burn causing Mars entry = 10% (based on geometric and energy considerations of this particular maneuver)
0.010% 0.010%
Total estimate ~0.08% ~0.15%
Requirement 1% 5%
Margin of estimate over requirement 12x 33x
The Phobos LIFE experiment is fully compliant with the COSPAR planetary protection guidelines.
Viability/Capability of Self-propagationCulture each organism in their optimal culture conditions, and compare the growing cell number with the negative controls.Spore regeneration
Some Tests to be Done After Sample Return
Culture the spores and count the vegetative cell forms, compare with negative controlsMutationMorphological characteristics before and after the mission (EM analysis) Biochemical activities before and after the missionContamination control
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www.planetary.org
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