most animals (>95%) are inverts aside from very successful insects, most animals are marine
DESCRIPTION
Kingdom Animalia – all animals are multicellular heterotrophs that lack cell walls and share the first few steps of early embryology. Most animals (>95%) are inverts Aside from very successful insects, most animals are marine Diverse morphologies, habitats, and adaptations. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Kingdom Animalia – all animals are multicellular heterotrophs that lack cell walls and share the first few steps of early embryology
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Animals are very diverse in form, organization, and complexity from the simplest invertebrates to more complex vertebrates
– Most animals (>95%) are inverts– Aside from very successful insects, most animals are marine– Diverse morphologies, habitats, and adaptations
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• Prokaryotes– Domain Bacteria– Domain Archaea
• Eukaryotes– Domain Eukarya
• Kingdom Protista• Kingdom Plantae• Kingdom Fungi
– Chytridiomycota
– Phylum Zygomycota
– Phylum Basidiomycota
– Phylum Ascomycota
• Kingdom Animalia
• Kingdom Animalia– Phylum Porifera– Phylum Cnidaria– Phylum Ctenophora– Phylum Platyhelminthes– Phylum Nemertea– Phylum Nematoda– Phylum Rotifera– Phylum Mollusca– Phylum Annelida– Phylum Arthropoda– Phylum Echinodermata– Phylum Chordata
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Phylum Porifera
• Sponges• Habitat
– Mostly marine, few freshwater
– sessile
• Suspension filter feeders• Cellular level (lacks true
tissues and organs)• Body plan = asymmetrical
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Although sponges lack true tissues they still carry out specific functions – at the cellular level
– Porocytes: water canal– Pinacocytes: flat protective cells– Choanocytes: “collar cells” capture food (plankton)– Amebocytes: transport food; differentiate into other cells– Spicules: siliceous or calcareous skeletal structures
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Poriferan body plans
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Sponges, like many organisms, can reproduce asexually and sexually. – Asexual budding– Sexual broadcast spawn
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Sponges, as simple as they are, show diverse adaptations and organization to varied environments
Examples of these varied body plans include:– Tropical to temperate encrusting– Subtropical bath sponges– Deep water glass sponge
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Phylum Cnidaria (nigh-dare-ia)
Are nearly all marine and include jellyfish, sea anemones, & coral which all share radial symmetry and specialized cells for predatory feeding
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Cnidarians are at the tissue level of organization…yet only two true derived tissues.
• 2 layers– Epidermis and gastrodermis– Mesoglea is middle jelly layer
rather than a true tissue
Closer, but not yet…• Recall: Gastrulation (Infolding of
the blastula)• Forming a primitive gut &
embryonic tissues– Endoderm lining of
gut/organs
– Mesoderm muscle, bone, connective tissue
– Ectoderm skin, hair, nails, nervous tissue
Cnidarian gut is described as gastrovascular cavity w/extracellular digestion
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Cnidarians exhibit two basic body forms: medusa (swimming) and polyp (attached)
Furthermore…• Polyp forms can be
either solitary (individual polyps) or colonial (integrated of many polyp types)
• Cnidarian life-cycles can include alternations of medusa and polyp generations.
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Phylum Cnidaria is organized into 4 classes:
• Class HydrozoaGreek: multi-serpent-headed water beast
– Individual polyps
– colonies of specialized polyps
• Feeding• Reproductive• Defense
Sessile colonies
Drifting colonies
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• Class Scyphozoa with dominant medusae stage– Examples
• Sea Nettle• Moon Jelly• Upside-down Jelly
• Class Cubozoa– Tropical– Potent toxins
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Class Anthozoa• Solitary or colonial
polyps w/out medusae stage– Sea anemones
• Some with zooxanthellae symbionts
– Photosynthesizing protists
– Corals• CaCO3 skeletons• Environmentally valuable
reefs• Extremely susceptible to
negative impacts– Pollution, increased
temp., etc
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Phylum Ctenophora
Comb jellies• Marine planktonic
predators that use 8 rows of ciliary combs or ctenes to swim
• Instead of cnidocytes, have tentacles with colloblasts to capture prey– Adhesive, non-stinging
cells
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Phylum Platyhelminthes
Flatworms• Bilateral symmetry• Organ level
– Except no circulatory
• Cerebral ganglia– Simple brain
• Reproduction:– Asexual (simple regeneration)– Sexual
• Most are hermaphrodites
• Include free-living (self foraging) & parasitic lifestyles
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Flatworms have 3 distinct tissue layers – gave rise to a more complex digestive system
• This closed digestive system is described as an incomplete gut rather than a complete gut
• Acoelomic (w/out coelom or protective gut cavity)
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Parasitic flatworms find a host to feed from than spend much of their resources on reproduction
Chinese liver fluke - Opisthorchis sinensis
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Opisthorchis lifecycle
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Schistosoma
Female
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Similar to this mammal tapeworm example, marine tapeworms are internal parasites to fish and marine mammals.“…as dense as seaweed forests, that live in the guts of sharks.”
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Cestoda
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Cestoda scolexes
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Cestode proglottid 2
Testes
Ovary
Yolk gland
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Phylum Nemertea• Ribbon worms
“not flat, nor round”• Advanced organ system
over flat worms– Circulatory system
– Complete gut
– Between Acoelomates & Pseudocoelomates
• Rhynchocoel: partial cavity around proboscis
• Eversible proboscis
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Phylum Nematoda• Roundworms
Bit more space for more complex development
• Complete gut• pseudocoelomates• Varied environments,
size, & lifestyles– Aquatic to terrestrial– Free-living to parasitic
• Marine sediments (feed on bacteria)
• Parasitic to most marine animals & many others
• Reproduction – Primarily sexual
One of the biggest marine parasites measures 13 meters and is two centimeters in diameter …found in the placenta of the sperm whale.
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Trichinella
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Enterobius
female
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Ascaris
Censored
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Ascaris female x.s.
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Ascaris male x.s.
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Phylum Rotifera• Microscopic, yet
multicellular, organ-level aquatic animals
• Ciliated crown (“wheel”) to funnel food
• Pharyngeal grinding structure (mastax)
• Complete gut• Pseudocoelomates• Reproduce
– Sexually …or… – Parthenogenesis (“virgin birth”)
• Females eggs female offspring (w/out fertilization)
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Phylum MolluscaVery diverse group of soft body inverts
that include Gastropods (Snails, slugs), Bivalves (oysters, clams, mussels), and Cephalopods (squid, cuttlefish, octopus)
• examples within this phylum are found in diverse environments: Marine, freshwater, moist land
and, share characteristics such as…• Open circulatory system
– central blood cavity rather than highly branched blood vessels
• Mantle for protection– Secretes shell, provides space for gills
and siphons• Locomotive muscular “foot”• Well developed Nervous system
…in most
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Class Gastropoda• “stomach footed”• Mantle
– Tissue that secretes shell
• Radula– Rows of rasping
teeth for grazing– Modified in
predators
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Cone shells• Single harpoon
tooth – evolved from rowed
ancestors– filled with paralyzing
venom
• Conotoxins– Medical value for
specific neural & muscle treatment
– Addictive-free pain killers
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Class Bivalvia
• Clams, oysters, mussels…
• Suspension filter feeders– Incurrent & excurrent
siphons
• Spade-foot for locomotion
• Two valves (shells) secreted by mantle– Held closed by
powerful adductor muscles
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• Class Polyplacophora– Chitons
• Graze on microalgae• 8 overlapping plates
• Class Scaphopoda– Tusk shells
• Open at both ends• Deeper benthic
sand/mud
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Class Cephalopoda
• Squid, octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus
• Shell: internal, external, or lacking
• Well developed nervous system
• Most adapted for active predatory lifestyle
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Class Cephalopoda (cont.)• Muscular foot modified to
arms &/or tentacles– Siphon for locomotion
• Hydropropulsion
• Ink sac or gland– defense
• Chromatophores– Adjustable pigment cells
• Conotoxins in some
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Reproduction
• Most are separate sexes
• Some free spawners– bivalves
• Most develop from:– Trochophore larva
• Ring of cilia
– Veliger larva• Ciliated mass
• Some parasitic larva– Glochidia larva of some fresh water clams
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Phylum Annelida• Segmented worms
– Earthworms– Polychaetes– Leeches
• Repetitive body parts• Hydrostatic skeleton
– Flexibility and strength• Coelomates • Longitudinal & circular muscles• Closed circulatory system• Excretory organs• Marine, moist land, and some
freshwater• Bilateral symmetry• Some parasitic
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Earthworm dissected
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Nereis• Class Polychaeta• Adaptations to
predatory lifestyle– Eyes, tentacles, jaws,
etc
• Coelom– Protective gut cavity
• Parapodia– w/setae– Respiratory, nervous,
and locomotion
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Phylum Annelida
• phylogenetically placed between Mollusca and Arthropoda– Trocophore larva – segmentation
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Phylum Onychophora
• “walking worms”
… or velvet worms– Tropical predator
• Link between annelids and arthropods– Walking appendages– Lacks exoskeleton– Antennae– Soft segmented body,
yet chitinous– Arthropod-like
circulatory system
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Phylum ArthropodaExamples (whether aquatic or
terrestrial) include Insects, spiders, crabs, shrimp, centipedes – all of which possess a hard chitinous exoskeleton– Replaced via molting
• Jointed bilateral appendages• Segmented body• Open circulatory system• Many marine crustaceans
– Two pairs of antennae– gills
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Subphylum Trilobita
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Subphylum Chelicerata
• Chelicera– First pair of oral
appendages• Scorpion pinchers• Spider fangs
• Lack antennae• Book gills or book
lungs• Typically four pairs
of walking legs• 2 body regions
– Cephalothorax & abdomen
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Class Merostomata
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Class Arachnida
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Order Scorpiones
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Order Uropygi
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Order Aranae
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Order Opiliones
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Order Acari
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Order Acari
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Subphylum Crustacea
• Includes: fairy shrimp, copepods, barnacles, decapods (shrimps, lobsters, crabs), isopods, and amphipods
• Two body regions– Cephalothorax & abdomen
• Two pairs of antennae• At least 4 prs of walking
legs
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Class Branchiopoda
• “gill feet”• Many thoracic
appendages– Swimming– …and modified as gills
• Primarily freshwater• Examples
– Fairy shrimp– Water flea
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Class Copepoda• Very abundant plankton• Biramous appendages• Long first antennae
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Class CirripediaBarnacles• Suspension feeders
– Cirri (also for respiration)
• Protected by calcareous plates
• Free-swimming larvae– Nauplius
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Other Crustaceans… Class Malacostraca Order Decapoda
• Shrimps, crabs, lobsters…
• 5 pairs walking legs– Thoracic pereopods– 1st pr as cheliped
• 5 pairs abdominal appendages– Pleopods or
swimmerets
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Crayfish dissection
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Order Amphipoda & Order Isopoda
• Laterally flattened• Shrimp-like
• Dorsal-ventrally flattened
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Subphylum Uniramia
• Unbranched appendages• Or… 2 Subphylums:
– Myriapoda– Hexapoda
• Class Insecta• Very diverse and abundant• Head, thorax, abdomen• Compound and simple
eyes• Spiracles rather than lungs
– Open canals – “ram respiration”
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Development & Metamorphosis
Feeding maggot larval stage; pupa; adult
Gradual development sub-adults to adults
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Order Anoplura (head louse and nit)
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Anoplura (crab louse)
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Order Coleoptera
• Beetles• Sheath wing
– Forewings hard and leathery– Hindwings membranous
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Order Dermaptera
• Earwigs• “skin-fasten”
– Ear shape of hindwing
• Are not known to crawl into ears
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Order Diptera
• Flies; mosquitos• Dominant forewings• 2nd pair very different
– Reduced to tiny halters or vibrating balancers
– For equilibrium
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Order Hymenoptera
• Bees; wasps; ants• “membrane-wings”
– Hindwings reduced and attached to 1st
• Male ants keep wings, mate with queen
• Female ants are wingless, sterile, workers
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Order Hemiptera
• True bugs– Stink bugs;
waterstriders
• “half-wing”– Forewing is leathery
in the front but membranous in the rear
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Order Homoptera
• Aphids; leaf hoppers; cicadas
• “same-wings”– Both pairs
membranous– Folds parallel over
abdomen
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Order Isoptera
• Termites• “equal-wing”
– 2 pair of equal size– Lost at maturity
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Order Lepidoptera
• Moths and butterflies
• “scaly or rough-wing”– 2 pair covered in
scales
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Order Odonata
• Dragonflies and damselflies
• 2 pr elongated membranous wings– perpendicular to
thorax– parallel to thorax
• Dominant aquatic nymph stage (“see-swimming)
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Order Orthoptera
• Grasshoppers; crickets; cockroach; praying mantis
• “straight or correct-wing”– Forewings leathery
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Order Siphonaptera
• Fleas• Wings absent• Piercing/sucking
parasitic mouthparts
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Subphylum MyriapodaClass Chilopoda & Diplopoda
• Centipedes• 1 pair of appendages per
segment• Dorso-ventrally flattened• Predatory lifestyle
• Millipedes• 2 pair of appendages per
segment• Circular rather than flattened• Herbivorous
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Deuterostomes• Anus first, mouth second• Radial cleavage• Enteroceoelous rather than
schizoceolous• Indeterminate blastomeres• Ventral heart• Dorsal nerve cord
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Phylum Echinodermata“Spiny skin”• All marine; mostly benthic
(sea floor)• Radial symmetry• Some regenerate asexually• 5 classes
– Crinoidea--feather stars and sea lilies
– Asteriodea--sea stars – Ophiuroidea--brittle stars and
basket stars– Echinoidea--sand dollars and
sea urchins– Holothuroidea--sea
cucumbers• Water vascular system
– Tube feet
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Lophophorates• Lophophore =
unique ciliated feeding structure
• Bryozoans– Colonial moss
animals– Secrete CaCO3
• Brachiopods– Two valves (shells)
• Chaetognaths– Lophophore
modified– Aggressive pelagic
predators• (plankton)
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Phylum ChordataInvertebrate chordates examples
– Subphylum Urochordata• Tunicates, sea squirts, ascidians
– Subphylum Cephalochordata• Lancelets
Share 4 “chordate” characteristics• Notochord
– Flexible rod-like structure
• Dorsal nerve cord– Tube for nerves
• Pharyngeal gill slits– Respiration and feeding
• Post-anal tail– Reabsorbed in some species