motion and light 2010-2011. jag mark 1/3/11 genetics problems from science spot

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Motion and Light 2010-2011

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Page 1: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Motion and Light

2010-2011

Page 2: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Jag Mark 1/3/11

Genetics problems from science spot.

Page 3: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Jag Mark 1/4/11

Name the Ologist set 1.

Page 4: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Jag Mark 1/5/11

Name the Ologist set 3.

Page 5: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Jag Mark 1/6/11

Name the Ologist set 4.

Page 6: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Jag Mark 1/7/11

Name the Ologist set 5.

Page 7: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Jag Mark 1/11/11 Sandra conducted a

velocity lab in science class. She races a hot wheel car from a starting point on an inclined plane. Her data can be found in the table. Use her data to determine the average speed of the car. Graph her results.

Point Distance Time

A 0.5m .33sec

B 1.0m .64sec

C 1.5m .92sec

D 2.0m 1.2sec

E 2.5m 1.48sec

Page 8: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Jag Mark 1/12/11

Tami has been assigned a science project for the science fair. She will be conducting an experiment to determine which teacher gives out the most homework during a nine weeks. Define the controls, independent, and dependent variables for her experiment.

Page 9: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Jag Mark 1/13/11

Draw a sketch of a distance vs time graph of a cyclist riding a bicycle for 200 meters in 45 seconds, then stopping for water for 10 seconds, then riding her bicycle for 500 meters in 2.5 minutes.

Page 10: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Classwork

READ pages 86-107 in Green Textbook. Complete guided reading on pages 37-44. (Answers only! READ FIRST!!!)

Page 11: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Jag Mark 1/14/11

Describe the differences between the Lithosphere and the Asthenosphere.

Describe the different types of boundaries that exist between tectonic plates.

Page 12: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Jag Mark 1/18/11

Ruby and Max are enjoying a snow day! The are sledding down their favorite hill. If they start at the top of the hill at 0m/s and then accelerate to 40m/s after 4 seconds, what is their rate of acceleration?

Label an acceleration graph with the appropriate x and y-axis.

Page 13: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Jag Mark 1/19/11

We are rearranging the science lab. (NOT REALLY…so don’t move any desk!) One student pushes a desk towards the window with a force of 10 N. Mrs. Foles pushes the desk away from the window with a force of 15 N. Draw a force diagram illustrating the forces. What is the magnitude and direction of the net force acting on the desk?

Page 14: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Jag Mark 1/20/11

Describe Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion and give an example of each.

Page 15: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Jag Mark 1/21/11

What is friction? Name 2 ways friction can be reduced and

why you would want to decrease friction. Name 2 ways friction can be increased and

why you would want to increase friction.

Page 16: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Jag Mark 1/24/11

Draw and label an electromagnetic spectrum illustrating at least 3 electromagnetic waves besides visible light.

Page 17: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Jag Mark 1/25/11

Test Day!

Page 18: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Motion Motion is a change in position over time. Motion depends on a reference point which is

an object used for comparison with the object in motion. Stationary objects are good reference points.

Position is an object’s location in relation to a reference point.

Page 19: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Reporting Motion

Qualitative: Describing motion Fast or slow

Quantitative: measuring motion Speed = Distance

Time Speed = 120 miles

2 hours Speed = 60 miles/hour

Page 20: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Speed vs Velocity

Velocity is speed plus direction. Speed = 60 miles/hour Velocity = 60 miles/hour north

Distance is how far the object traveled. Time measures how long it took the object to

travel the distance.

Page 21: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

SPEED

Speed is the distance that an object travels in a period of time.

d

t v

Units are meters and seconds However, sometimes km/hr is more sensible.

A cyclist travels 25 km in ½ an hour.

What is their speed - in kmhr-1

- in ms-1

= 25km/0.5hr = 50km/hr

= 25000m/1800s = 13m/s

Page 22: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

DISTANCE/TIME GRAPHSA car takes 1.5 minutes to travel 500m down a busy road. It stops at lights for 30 seconds, then continues on for 1 minute as it goes another 1km.

Plot this on a distance/time graph.

Time (min)1 2 3

Distance

(km)

0.5

1

1.5

Using the distance/time graph:

1.What is the total distance traveled?

2. In what part of the trip is the car going the fastest?

3. What is the fastest speed?

= 1.5 km

= part 3

v = Δd / Δt

v = 1km/1min

v = 1000m/60s

v = 16m/s

Steepest section is fastest

Δd = 1km

Δt = 1min

In a distance/time graph the slope of the line = the speed of the object.

Page 23: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

SPEED QUESTIONSWhat would these look like on a distance/time graph?

1. stopped

2. slow

3. fast

4. accelerating

Page 24: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Motion on Earth

Theory of Plate Tectonics states that Earth’s plates move slowly in various directions through convection energy transfer in the mantle. (some push away; some push together)

Tectonic plates are large pieces of the lithosphere that are in constant motion.

Some move cm each year; others just mm Distance=5cm/year x 1000 years=5000cm (50m)

Page 25: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Motion on Earth Lithosphere is the rocky outer shell of Earth that

includes the crust and upper mantle. (brittle and rigid) more solid Continental Crust: composed of sedimentary, igneous,

and metamorphic rocks and make up the continents Oceanic Crust: more dense, thinner mafic rock layer

that makes up ocean basins The asthenosphere lies just below the

lithosphere. It is much hotter with a low density and very ductile. (plastic and flowing) more liquid

Page 26: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Motion on Earth Plate Boundary: Region where two tectonic

plates meet Transform (fault) boundary: Plates slide side

by side.

Convergent boundary: Plates move towards each other.

Divergent boundary: Plates move away from each other.

Page 27: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Oceanic-Continental Convergent: Oceanic plate is more dense and subducts the continental plate creating an ocean trench and a chain of volcanoes.

Page 28: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Continental-Continental Convergent: The two plates collide creating a mountain range.

Page 29: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Oceanic-Oceanic Convergent: collide to create volcanoes and islands in between.

Page 30: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Oceanic-Oceanic Divergent: Forms mid-oceanic ridges leading to underwater volcanoes that give rise to volcanic islands.

Page 31: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Continental-Continental Divergent: Produce rift valleys eventually creating oceanic plates.

Page 32: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot
Page 33: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Motion on Earth

Page 34: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Acceleration

Acceleration is the rate of change in speed, direction, or both.

Riding your bike at 2 km/h, you slow down to 1 km/h, and then increase speed to 1.5 km/h. (Each time you are accelerating)

acceleration = velocity final - velocityinitial

time

Page 35: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

ACCELERATIONAcceleration is the change in speed in an object in a period of time.

Δ v

a Δ t

Units ms2

It takes a cyclist 20 seconds to go from a standing start to 14m/s.

What is their acceleration?

What is 14m/s in km/hr?

a = Δv/Δt a = 14m/s / 20s a = 0.7ms2

= 14 × 60s × 60min 1000m

= 50.4km/hr

Page 36: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

SPEED/TIME GRAPHSA runner travels at 4m/s for 10 seconds, then stops suddenly for 5 seconds, then accelerates for 5 seconds to get to 8m/s and continues for 10 seconds.

Plot this on a speed/time graph.

Time (sec)10 20 30

Speed

(m/s)

4

8Using the speed/time graph:

In what part of the trip is the runner going the fastest?

What is the acceleration in part 4?

= part 5

In a speed/time graph the slope of the line = the acceleration of the object.

a = Δv/Δt

a = 8m/s/5s

a = 1.6ms2

Page 37: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

ACCELERATION QUESTIONSWhat would these look like on a speed/time graph?

1. stopped

2. slow

3. fast

4. accelerating

Page 38: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

SPEED/TIME GRAPHS

Time (sec)10 20 30

Speed

(m/s)

4

8

What distance is covered in part 1?

What is the total distance covered?

d = v × t

d = 4m/s × 10s

d = 40 m

Part 1 = 40m

Part 2 = 0m

Part 3 = v × t × = 8m/s × 5s × = 20m

Part 4 = v × t = 8m/s × 10 s = 80m

Total = 40 + 20 + 80 =140m

Part 1

Part 2

Part 3

Part 4

In a speed/time graph the distance covered = the area under the graph.

Page 39: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

FORCES

Forces are pushes or pulls (a combination is a twist).  

Objects are stationary when forces are balanced

gravity is always acting but we don’t keep falling due to a support force

Forces can be measured using a Newton meter.

Page 40: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

BALANCED FORCESAn unbalanced forces cause changes to objects motion (speed or direction), or shape.

If a force acts on a stationary object and causes motion, the object has gained kinetic (movement) energy.

Friction will stop the object moving.

Types of force:

Gravity

Electrostatic

Tension – the force in rope, etcMagnetism

Friction – the force that opposes motion

Support

Buoyancy – in the water

Lift – in the air (planes/birds)

Page 41: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

FORCE PAIRS

Forces act in pairs (e.g. thrust and friction, gravity and support).

Force diagrams show the forces acting on an object and whether they are balanced or unbalanced.

Page 42: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Force pairs

What are the missing terms?

Buoyancy Drag Thrust Weight

Page 43: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Newton’s 1st Law of Motion

An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. An object in motion continues in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Page 44: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion

Acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass. The greater the mass (of the object being accelerated) the greater the amount of force needed (to accelerate the object).

                  

                                  

                       

       

                            

Page 45: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion

EX: Mike's car, which weighs 1,000 kg, is out of gas. Mike is trying to push the car to a gas station, and he makes the car accelerate at 0.05 m/s/s. Using Newton's Second Law, compute how much force Mike is applying to the car.

Page 46: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

FORCE AND MOTIONWhat happens when you apply a small constant force to a trolley and time it over a set distance?

Small constant force

An unbalanced force causes acceleration.

The trolley should accelerate because…

Set distance

Page 47: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

FORCE AND MOTIONWhat happens when you apply a small constant force to a trolley carrying a 1kg mass and time it over a set distance?

Small constant force

The larger the mass the slower the acceleration

The trolley should accelerate but slower than previously because…

Set distance

1Kg

Page 48: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

FORCES AND ACCELERATION

Given the formula F = ma try the following questions.

1. What are the names and units of F, m and a?

2. Complete the table….

3. The rider and cycle are 150kg:

a. What is the Nett force?

b. What is the cyclist’s acceleration?

4. A bike accelerates at 10ms-2 using a force of 6000N. The rider is 70kg. What is the mass of the bike?

F m A

a. 9kg 0.5ms-2

6N 0.2kg b.

c. 800g 1.5ms-2

350N d. 15ms-2

e. 1200kg 0.015ms-2

800N150N

Page 49: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

WEIGHT FORCE

Weight is a force. It is therefore measured in…

An object’s weight depends on two things…

Newtons (N)

Gravity

• varies depending where you are

• 10ms-2 or 10N/Kg on Earth

Mass

• does not vary

• measured in Kg

•A man with mass of 75Kg on earth weighs 750N

BUT on the moon he weighs 125N

Page 50: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

The Source of Friction

Friction- A force that opposes motion between 2 surfaces that are touching

Friction occurs because the surface of any object is rough.

The amount of friction depends upon many factors like: Roughness of the surfaces Force pushing the surfaces together

Page 51: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

FRICTION

 Friction can be reduced by…

lubrication,

streamlining (aerodynamics),

slowing down,

smoothing surfaces

Page 52: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion

For every action there is an equal and opposite re-action.

Ex: Rocket Launching, Walking

         

     

UP, UP, and AWAY!

Page 53: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Waves

Waves: a disturbance that travels through a medium from one location to another often transferring energy

Transverse: causes vibration in the medium in a perpendicular direction to its own motion. Example: Light, Electromagnetic spectrum

Longitudinal: have vibrations along or parallel to their direction of travel. Example: Sound

Page 54: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Waves Wavelength: the distance between adjacent

crests, measured in meters. Period: the time it takes for one complete wave

to pass a given point, measured in seconds. Frequency: the number of complete waves that

pass a point in one second, measured in inverse seconds, or Hertz (Hz).

As frequency increases, Wavelength decreases

Page 55: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Waves

Refraction: the change indirection of a wave due to a change in its speed.

Wave speed varies in different media. Sound waves travel faster in water than air.

(Sonar) Light waves travel faster in air than water.

Page 56: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Visible Light: ROY G BIV (Red has longer wavelength.)

The range of all possible electromagnetic radiation.

Page 57: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

What kind of electromagnetic radiation has the shortest wavelength? The longest?

What kind of electromagnetic radiation could be used to "see" molecules? A cold virus?

Why can't you use visible light to "see" molecules? Some insects, like bees, can see light of shorter

wavelengths than humans can see. What kind of radiation do you think a bee sees?

Page 58: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Science of Light

Translucent: light can travel through Transparent : some light can travel through Opaque : no light can travel through

Page 59: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Earthquakes Making Waves Seismic waves carry energy from an

earthquake away from the focus, through Earth’s interior and across the surface.

Page 60: Motion and Light 2010-2011. Jag Mark 1/3/11 Genetics problems from science spot

Seismic Waves Primary (P waves): can travel through all states of

matter through compressions and rarefactions much like an accordion.

Secondary (S waves): cannot move through liquids; move back and forth and up and down (transverse wave)

Surface waves: when P and S waves reach the surface Love wave: rolls like a

wave Rayleigh wave: shakes

side to side