MOTIVATION

DR. Ahmed Albehairy, M.D

Consultant Psychiatry

Definitions

Motivation is the activation or energization of goal-orientated behavior .

Desire is a sense of longing for a person or object or hoping for an outcome (craving).

Goal or objective is a projected state of affairs thata person or a system plans or intends to achieve .

need is something that is necessary for organisms to live a healthy life.

Motivation affects every thing we do ; ability to learn, memory perception.

Types of motives physiologically based psychologically based

Unlearned, in animals:- Survival needs:

hunger & thirst.- Biologically based

social needs: sex & maternal behavior.

- curiosity

Learned , socially in nature

Concepts of motivation

1- concept of instincts.

2- concept of need & drive.

3-concept of incentives.

4- concept of equilibrium.

5- psychoanalytic concepts of motivation.

6- social learning theory of motivation.

concept of instincts.

• Unlearned pattern of behavior that occur in the presence of certain stimuli.

• Basic instincts are ( by William McDougal, 1980)- repulsion, curiosity, flight, parenting, reproduction,

gregarious,acquisition,

constructive, puganicity, self a berement,& self assertion).

2- concept of need & drive.

• needs arise from deprivation. E.g. need for food drive a state in which the need makes the organism tense, aroused and activated e.g. hunger drive.

• Drive state is motivation.

• Drives is alike instincts , 1ry ( unlearned physiological)– 2ry ( learned experience).

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

3-concept of incentives.

Incentives , external stimuli & consequences are controlling the response and behavior.

Motivated if operant conditioned with positive incentives.

Not motivated if related to negative incentives.

4- concept of equilibrium.

Essence of motivation is to maintain optimum level of functioning, equilibrium.

Balance involve either physiological process or /and cognitive, emotional , arousal processes.

4- concept of equilibrium.(cont.)Homeostasis:

-1ry, survival motives operate acc. To homeostasis, i.e. constancies are essentials for survivals, in the face of changing external environment .e.g. body temp and body water.

- Need s the physiological departure from the optimum value.

- Drive s the arousal and seek of org. to correct this problem( homeostasis)

5- psychoanalytic concepts of motivation. Eros, enhance life thantos, destruction

• Libido, sex is energy of life instinct.

• Unconscious motives, tongue slips, dreams.

• sex

• Suicide( inward).• Aggression

( outwards).• Unconscious motives,

tongue slips, dreams.

aggression

6- social learning theory of motivation.

- Concerning behavior not the drive.

- Successful behaviors, person select them by reinforcement and discard the others.

- Social learning theory stresses: a- vicarious learning .

b- cognitive process that think in the situations symbolically and so our action can be governed by anticipated consequences.

c- self regulation , evaluation of the behavior and reaction to it and form a standard to the level of function of the behavior.

d – most effective ext stimuli when there s consistent between self reinforcement and society approval of the behavior.

6- social learning theory of motivation. (CONT)

The reinforcement that control the expression of learned behavior may be:

- Direct reward, social approval, disapproval.

- Vicarious learning.

- Self – praise and reproach.

Current classification of motives inherited acquired

• Physiological, air, water, food, etc.

• Survival of species: sex, motherhood.

• Emergency :fight and flight.

• Objective : exploration, manipulation , interests.

• General social motives shared by whole env.

• Cultural social motives.

• Individual social motives: education & subculture.

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