MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

WHAT MOTIVATES YOU?

• Instinct Theory (evolutionary perspective) – genetics predispose species-typical behavior. We are motivated by the way we are genetically programed.

• Drive Reduction Theory – the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state that drives the organism to reduce the need. As a physiological need increases, so does a psychological drive.

• The aim is to achieve Homeostasis – a steady internal state.

WHAT MOTIVATES YOU

• Arousal Theory: some motivated behaviors increase arousal.

• Exploring, Learning, Curiosity, Thrill Seeking

• Some motivation is to eliminate arousal and some is to Increase arousal.

• A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

• A Desire to perform a behavior effectively to receive promised reward or avoid punishment.

INCENTIVE THEORY: WHAT MOTIVATES YOU?

Extrinsic Motivation Intrinsic Motivation

Incentives – positive or negative stimuli that lure and repel us.

MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

• Some needs take priority over others.

• When basic needs are satisfied other motives are energized, directing your behavior.

• This creates a Pyramid of needs. As basic needs are met, we can climb the pyramid to fulfill “higher” needs.

• At the base of the Pyramid are physiological needs such as food and water.

• Only if those needs are met are we prompted to meet our need for safety.

• That is followed by human needs to give and receive love and enjoy self esteem.

• Finally we can meet the need to actualize one’s full potential.

HIERARCHY OF NEEDS…

• Have you ever experienced true hunger or thirst that displaced your concern for other, higher-level needs?

• Do you usually feel safe? Loved? Confident?

• How often do you feel you are able to address what Maslow calls your “Self Actualization” needs?

• Aron Ralston article

• When starting the trip, before being pinned by the boulder, what level of need was Aron meeting?

• While stuck, where in the hierarchy of needs was Aron?

• Now, years after his “accident”, what level in the hierarchy would you say Aron is in?

MOTIVATING FACTORS

• Hunger – Blood Glucose levels drop and trigger feelings of Hunger in the brain

• Sex – Basic need and drive to reproduce

• Need to Belong – Humans have a drive to belong to a group, it aids survival, helps emotional well being, we sustain relationships and feel pain when ostracized.

• Eating Disorders:

• Anorexia Nervosa – an eating disorder in which a person (usually adolescent females) diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet still feels fat, continues to starve.

• Bulimia Nervosa – an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

• Binge Eating Disorder – significant binge eating, followed by remorse but do not purge, fast, or exercise excessively.

• Hypothalamus - controls hunger by releasing Orexin

• Orexin – Hunger-triggering hormone secreted by the hypothalamus.

• Glucose – the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for the body. With its level is low, we feel hunger.

• Insulin – secreted by pancreas, controls blood glucose

HUNGERPhysiology of Hunger Psychology of Hunger

BioPsychoSocial Influences on Eating Behaviors

Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

THE NEED TO BELONG

• Aiding survival

• Wanting to belong

• Sustaining relationships

• The pain of ostracism• ostracism

EMOTIONS

• Emotion: A response of the whole organism involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, (3) conscious experience.

• James-Lange Theory: FIRST comes Physiological response – THEN comes experienced emotion. Ex.. We feel sad because we cry.

• Cannon-Bard Theory: emotion arousing stimulus SIMOULTANEOUSLY triggers the physiological response and the experience of emotion.

• Schachter-Singer Two Factor Theory: to experience emotion one must be both physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal. The emotion is experienced after arousal and labeling.

• Crash Course Video: Emotions

JAMES-LANGE THEORY OF EMOTION

Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

Fear(emotion)

Poundingheart

(arousal)

Sight of oncoming

car(perception of

stimulus)

CANNON-BARDTHEORY OF EMOTION

Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger:

physiological responses

subjective experience of emotion

Sight of oncoming

car(perception of

stimulus)

Poundingheart

(arousal)

Fear(emotion)

SCHACHTER’S TWO-FACTOR THEORY OF EMOTION

To experience emotion one must:

be physically aroused

cognitively label the arousal

Cognitivelabel

“I’m afraid”

Fear(emotion)

Sight of oncoming

car(perception of

stimulus)

Poundingheart

(arousal)

EMOTION AND PHYSIOLOGYAutonomic nervous system controls

physiological arousal

Sympatheticdivision (arousing)

Pupils dilate

Decreases

Perspires

Increases

Accelerates

Inhibits

Secrete stresshormones

Parasympatheticdivision (calming)

Pupils contract

Increases

Dries

Decreases

Slows

Activates

Decreasessecretion of

stress hormones

EYES

SALIVATION

SKIN

RESPIRATION

HEART

DIGESTION

ADRENALGLANDS

COGNITION AND EMOTION

COGNITION CAN DEFINE EMOTION• Spill over effect – our arousal response to

one event spills over to another event

• Schachter-Singer experiment – injection; told of effect or not; waiting room accomplice.

• Arousal fuels emotions, cognition channels it

COGNITION AND EMOTIONCOGNITION DOES NOT ALWAYS PRECEDE EMOTION

• Influence of the amygdala

EXPERIENCED EMOTION Infants’ naturally occurring emotions

EXPERIENCED EMOTION Catharsis

emotional release catharsis hypothesis

“releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges

Feel-good, do-good phenomenon people’s tendency to be helpful when already in

a good mood

Levels of Analysis for the Study of Emotion

• Anger• Evoked by events

• Catharsis

• Expressing anger can increase anger

• Adaptive value of fear

• The biology of fear

• amygdala

EXPERIENCED EMOTION

Fear Anger

EXPERIENCED EMOTION

• Happiness

• Feel Good do Good Phenomenon

• Well Being

HAPPINESSTWO PSYCHOLOGICAL PHENOMENA: ADAPTATION AND COMPARISON

• Happiness and Prior Experience

• Adaptation-level phenomenon: our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.

• Happiness and others’ attainments

• Relative deprivation : the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves.

HAPPINESS

PREDICTORS OF HAPPINESS

STRESS AND ILLNESS

STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS

• Catastrophes

• Significant life changes

• Daily hassles

STRESS AND THE HEART

• Coronary heart disease = the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in North America.

• Type A versus Type B

• Type A = Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.

• Type B = Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.