Motivation and Theories

Ma. Eunice A. Granado, R.Ph.De La Salle University-DasmariñasCBA-Graduate Studies of Business

Motivation

• Strength of a drive toward action

• the process of arousing and sustaining goal-directed behavior

• Willingness to exert high levels of effort to reach organizational goals, conditioned by the effort’s ability to satisfy some individual needs

Key Elements

1. Intensity: how hard a person tries

2. Direction: toward beneficial goal

3. Persistence: how long a person tries

Key Elements

1. Intensity: how hard a person tries

2. Direction: toward beneficial goal

3. Persistence: how long a person tries

NEEDS & DRIVES

SATISFACTION

REWARDS

A Model of Motivation

TENSION

ENVIRONMENT

EFFORT PERFORMANCE

OPPORTUNITY

GOALS & INCENTIVES ABILITY

3 Major Types of Motivation Theories

• Content Theories of Motivation

(WHAT motivates us)• Process Theories of Motivation

(WHY and HOW motivation occurs)• Reinforcement Theory

(HOW outcomes influence behaviors)

Content Perspectives on Motivation

• Content Perspectives– Approaches to motivation that try to answer the question,

“What factors in the workplace motivate people?”

• Content Perspectives of Motivation– Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs– Aldefer’s ERG Theory– McGregory’s Theory X and Theory Y– Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory– McClelland’s Achievement,

Power, and Affiliation Needs

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need

Alderfer’s E-R-G Model

McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y

Theory XAssumes that workers have little ambition, dislike work, avoid responsibility, and require close supervision.

Theory YAssumes that workers can exercise self-direction, desire responsibility, and like to work.

Herzberg’s Two-Factor Model

McClelland’s Need Theory:

Need for Achievement ––

need that concerns individuals’ issues of excellence, competition, challenging goals, persistence, and overcoming difficulties

Need for Power - need that concerns an individual’s need to make an impact on others, influence others, change people or events, and make a difference in life

Need for Affiliation – need that concerns an individual’s need to establish and maintain warm, close, intimate relationships with other people

Process Perspectives on Motivation

• Process Perspectives– Why people choose certain behavioral options to satisfy their

needs and how they evaluate their satisfaction after they have attained their goals.

• Process Perspectives of Motivation– Goal Setting Theory– Equity Theory– Expectancy Theory

Goal Setting Theory:

Basic Premise: That specific and difficult goals, with self-generated feedback, lead to higher performance.

• Difficulty– Extent to which a goal is challenging and requires effort.

• Specificity– Clarity and precision of the goal.

Goal Achievement Depends on:• Acceptance

– Extent to which persons accept a goal as their own.• Commitment

– Extent to which an individual is personally interested in reaching a goal

Equity Theory:

Individuals equate value of rewards to effort and compare it to other people.

outcomes(selfoutcomes(self))inputs (self)inputs (self)

== outcomes outcomes (other)(other)inputs (other)inputs (other)

Inputs/Outcomes Inputs/Outcomes Comparison of Comparison of self with othersself with others

EquityEquity

InequityInequity

Motivation to maintain Motivation to maintain current situationcurrent situation

Ways to reduce inequityWays to reduce inequity• Change inputsChange inputs• Change outcomesChange outcomes• Alter perceptions of selfAlter perceptions of self• Alter perceptions of otherAlter perceptions of other• Leave situationLeave situation• Change comparisonsChange comparisons

Expectancy Theory

• Motivation depends on how much we want something and how likely we are to get it

• M = E x I x V• Elements

• Effort to Performance Expectancy (E) is the probability that effort will lead to performance.

• Performance to Outcome Expectancy (I) is the perception that performance leads to an outcome.

• Outcome is the consequence or reward for performance.

• Valence (V) is how much a particular outcome is valued.

OB Mod

• Argues that behavior is a function of its consequences.↔It is based on “law of effect”, i.e, individual’s behaviour

with positive consequences tends to be repeated, but individual’s behaviour with negative consequences tends not to be repeated.

• proposed by BF Skinner and his associates• Totally focuses on what happens to an individual when

he takes some action. • This theory is a strong tool for analyzing controlling

mechanism for individual’s behaviour

Theory of Reinforcement

Schedule of Reinforcement