motivation at work. scientific management bureaucratic management human relations era need theories...
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Motivation at Work
Scientific Management Bureaucratic Management Human Relations Era Need Theories Goal Orientation Motivator-Hygiene Theory Job Enrichment
Motivation Theories
Scientific Management (Frederick Taylor)◦ Objective is to improve the productivity of the
individual worker Develop a science for each aspect of individual’s job
◦ Find the one best way to perform a task Time & motion studies “Science of shoveling”
◦ Motivate employees through $$ Standard amount of production is set Going above the standard earns you more money
Scientific Management
Bureaucratic Management (Max Weber)◦ In an industrialized economy, how can we
manage organizational growth & size?◦ How can we make sure the overall system is
supporting the organization's goals? Reduce opportunities for individuals to take
advantage of organization
Bureaucratic Management
Human Relations & Behavioral Era◦ Hawthorne Studies
Human behavior is not necessarily “rational” Employee needs & attitudes influence behavior Soliciting employee opinions contributes to feeling of
importance and can lead one to work harder◦ Maslow, Herzberg, Hackman & Oldham
Human Relations & Behavioral Era
What is the secret of The Container Store’s success?
What does The Container Store do that sets it apart from other companies?
What evidence is provided by The Container Store’s success that organizational behavior is an important element in employee productivity and organizational profitability?
The Container Store
What is it? Why is it important? Can you influence the level of work
motivation in your employees?◦ How?◦ What approaches can be considered?
Employee Motivation
What is Motivation?
Motivation – the process of arousing and sustaining goal-directed behavior
The Person◦ Human Needs◦ Theory X and Y◦ Liking of the task
The Environment◦ Enriched Job Tasks◦ Goal setting interventions◦ Leader behavior◦ Group Norms and Organizational Culture
Where Does It Come From?
Maslow’s Needs
Physiological
Safety and Security
Love (Social)
Esteem
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McClelland’s NeedsNeed for Achievement –need for excellence, competition, challenging goals, persistence, and overcoming difficulties
Need for Power – need to influence others, change people or events, and make a difference in life
Need for Affiliation - need for warm, close, intimate relationships with others
What employee needs is SAS Institute meeting with their policies and practices?
Why does meeting these needs foster employee motivation?
SAS Institue
Complete the motivation style self assessment – 10 minutes
Provide responses that are as honest as possible about how you approach job tasks
What is Your Motivation Style?
Goal Orientation
Refers to the goals held by a trainee in a learning situation individuals in their work situation◦ learning orientation – relates to trying to
increase ability or competence in a task◦ performance orientation – refers to a focus of
learners on task performance and how they compare to others
◦ Avoid goals◦ Prove goals
Learning Goal orientation is associated with the highest performance
Motivation–Hygiene Theory of Motivation
Hygiene factors avoid job dissatisfaction
• Company policy and administration
• Supervision• Interpersonal relations• Working conditions• Salary• Status• Security
• Achievement• Achievement recognition • Work itself• Responsibility• Advancement• Growth
• Salary?
Motivation factors increase job satisfaction
KITA versus “true” motivation◦ Short-term movement versus long-term
motivation Job enrichment is an attempt to instill
an internal generator in the employee
Studies of Herzberg’s theory have included employees working in a variety of industries and jobs◦ Accountants, engineers, nurses, military
officers, and others
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
Motivators◦ Tap needs for psychological growth◦ Job content: The work itself◦ Lead to high levels of employee motivation and
satisfaction Examples
◦ Recognition◦ Responsibility◦ Achievement◦ Growth and learning
Motivator Factors
Job Enrichment
Job Enrichment – designing or redesigning jobs by incorporating motivational factors into them
Emphasis on• Recognition• Responsibility• Advancement
opportunity
JobEnrichment
Removing some controls & retain accountability◦ Reduce the percentage of proofreading
Taps responsibility & achievement Increasing employee accountability
◦ Subordinates sign their own work Taps responsibility & recognition Psychological ownership
Principles of Job Enrichment
Enabling one to become a topic expert Taps achievement, responsibility, growth Competence
Make organizational reports available to all◦ Revenue, expenses, projections, trends, customer
satisfaction reports Taps responsibility, recognition, growth
Principles of Job Enrichment (cont.)
Employees are internally motivated (internal generator) versus externally moved ◦ Enriching jobs (Motivators) can be significantly
less expensive in comparison to hygiene◦ Supervisors can focus more on the future
(planning) as opposed to the past (checking work)
Expect initial drop in quantity of work, followed by increase in quantity and quality.
Job Enrichment Outcomes & Issues
Why is Starbuck’s such a successful company?
What does Starbuck’s do that is motivating to employees?
Starbucks
What do Starbucks, SAS Institute and the Container Store have in common?
Using the following motivation theories, analyze what makes these three companies successful:◦ Need Theory◦ Herzberg’s Motivator-Hygiene Theory
Themes