motivation. motivational theories ä instincts ä drive reduction theory ä arousal theory ä...
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MotivationMotivation
Motivational theoriesMotivational theories
InstinctsInstincts Drive reduction theoryDrive reduction theory Arousal theoryArousal theory Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Incentives (reinforcers) e.g. Gold starsIncentives (reinforcers) e.g. Gold stars
InstinctsInstinctsInstinctsInstincts
AggressionAggression Fear of heightsFear of heights
Drive Reduction TheoryDrive Reduction Theory
Objective is “Homeostasis”Objective is “Homeostasis”The body’s tendency to maintain a The body’s tendency to maintain a
constant internal state.constant internal state. The desire to avoid stressThe desire to avoid stress
Hunger or thirstHunger or thirst
Arousal theoryArousal theory
The desire to avoid boredomThe desire to avoid boredom Roller coastersRoller coasters Horror moviesHorror movies When biological needs are satisfied, we When biological needs are satisfied, we
look for an optimum level of arousal.look for an optimum level of arousal.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
From physiological From physiological needs to self-needs to self-actualizationactualizationBasic needs (thirst, Basic needs (thirst,
clothing) satisfied clothing) satisfied before higher needs before higher needs (self esteem) (self esteem) become motivating.become motivating.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (cont.)Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (cont.)
Viewing your work Viewing your work as a calling (e.g. as a calling (e.g. Nun) satisfies Nun) satisfies higher level needs.higher level needs.
Exception = Exception = altruistic suicidealtruistic suicide
Behavior incentivesBehavior incentivesBehavior incentivesBehavior incentives
Gold starsGold stars
Eating disordersEating disordersEating disordersEating disorders
Motivated to harm themselvesMotivated to harm themselves Anorexia nervosaAnorexia nervosa
Excessive dietingExcessive dietingSee themselves as fatSee themselves as fat
BulimiaBulimiaPurposely binge & purgePurposely binge & purge
Sexual motivationSexual motivation
Masters and Johnson’s sexual response cycle. Excitement Plateau
Enough sperm may be released prior to orgasm for conception
Orgasm Resolution Refractory period (men only)
Period during which male can not be aroused to another orgasm.
Sexual disordersSexual disordersSexual disordersSexual disorders
Behavior therapy and education can help with:Behavior therapy and education can help with: MaleMale
Inability to ejaculateInability to ejaculate Premature ejaculationPremature ejaculation
FemaleFemale Orgasmic dysfunction (female)Orgasmic dysfunction (female) VaginismusVaginismus
Medication can help withMedication can help with Erectile dysfunctionErectile dysfunction
Surgery can help withSurgery can help with VulvodyniaVulvodynia Sexual self image problemsSexual self image problems
Sexual orientationSexual orientationSexual orientationSexual orientation
Prenatal hormones - can change an animal’s Prenatal hormones - can change an animal’s sexual orientationsexual orientation
Brain differences may be a factorBrain differences may be a factor Genetics may be a factorGenetics may be a factor
Sexual orientation and brain Sexual orientation and brain differencesdifferencesSexual orientation and brain Sexual orientation and brain differencesdifferences
Simon LeVaySimon LeVaySmall part of the hypothalamus was Small part of the hypothalamus was
larger in heterosexual men than larger in heterosexual men than homosexual men.homosexual men.
Homosexual men were similar to Homosexual men were similar to women in this part of the brain.women in this part of the brain.
Sexual orientation and geneticsSexual orientation and genetics
Twins studies - concordance Twins studies - concordance ratesrates Identical twinsIdentical twinsFraternal twinsFraternal twinsAdopted childrenAdopted children
BelongingnessBelongingness
People have a basic need to belong and People have a basic need to belong and bond with othersbond with others
Conformity to peer pressure (e.g. Conformity to peer pressure (e.g. smoking)smoking)
Spouse abuseSpouse abuseSome have a greater fear of loneliness Some have a greater fear of loneliness
than remaining in a physically abusive than remaining in a physically abusive relationship.relationship.
Motivation at workMotivation at workMotivation at workMotivation at work
Motivating achievementMotivating achievementMotivating achievementMotivating achievement
Achievement motivation - The desire to Achievement motivation - The desire to excel with with self discipline beats talent excel with with self discipline beats talent and intelligence.and intelligence.
Predictors of job performancePredictors of job performance
Aptitude testsAptitude tests Job knowledge testsJob knowledge tests Simulated job performance testsSimulated job performance tests Informal interviewsInformal interviews
Poorest predictor of job performancePoorest predictor of job performance The interviewer illusionThe interviewer illusion
The employer’s idea that they can The employer’s idea that they can determine enduring personality traits determine enduring personality traits from the interview.from the interview.