motor protection—basic explanation

1/12/2016 Motor Protection—Basic Explanation

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Motor Protection—Basic Explanation OVERLOAD PROTECTION

OvercurrentsAn overcurrent exists when the normal load current for a circuit isexceeded. It can be in the form of an overload or short-circuit.When applied to motor circuits an overload is any current, flowingwithin the normal circuit path, that is higher than the motor’s normalfull load amperes (F.L.A.). A short-circuit is an overcurrent whichgreatly exceeds the normal full load current of the circuit. Also, asits name infers, a short-circuit leaves the normal current carryingpath of the circuit and takes a “short cut” around the load andback to the power source. Motors can be damaged by both typesof currents.Single-phasing, overworking and locked rotor conditions arejust a few of the situations that can be protected against with thecareful choice of protective devices. If left unprotected, motors willcontinue to operate even under abnormal conditions. The excessivecurrent causes the motor to overheat, which in turn causes themotor winding insulation to deteriorate and ultimately fail. Goodmotor overload protection can greatly extend the useful life of amotor. Because of a motor’s characteristics, many common overcurrentdevices actually offer limited or no protection.

Motor Starting CurrentsWhen an AC motor is energized, a high inrush current occurs.Typically, during the initial half cycle, the inrush current is oftenhigher than 20 times the normal full load current. After the first halfcyclethe motor begins to rotate and the starting current subsidesto 4 to 8 times the normal current for several seconds. As a motorreaches running speed, the current subsides to its normal runninglevel. Typical motor starting characteristics are shown in Curve 1.



Because of this inrush, motors require special overload protectivedevices that can withstand the temporary overloads associatedwith starting currents and yet protect the motor from sustainedoverloads. There are four major types. Each offers varyingdegrees of protection.

Fast Acting Fuses

To offer overload protection, a protective device, depending on itsapplication and the motor’s service factor (S.F.), should be sized at115% or less of motor F.L.A. for 1.0 S.F. or 125% or less of motorF.L.A. for 1.15 or greater S.F. However, as shown in Curve 2, whenfast-acting, non-time-delay fuses are sized to the recommendedlevel the motors inrush will cause nuisance openings.

A fast-acting, non-time-delay fuse sized at 300% will allow themotor to start but sacrifices the overload protection of the motor.



As shown by Curve 3 below, a sustained overload will damage themotor before the fuse can open.

MCP’S and Thermal Magnetic BreakersMagnetic only breakers (MCP’s) and thermal magnetic breakersare also unsatisfactory for the protection of motors. Once again toproperly safeguard motors from overloads, these devices shouldbe sized at 115% or less of motor F.L.A. for 1.0 S.F. or 125% orless of motor F.L.A. for 1.15 or greater S.F. When sized this closeto the F.L.A. the inrush causes these breakers to open needlessly.Curve 4 shows an MCP opening from motor inrush and anunaffected 15 amp thermal magnetic circuit breaker (the minimumstandard size).



To allow the motor to start, the MCP must be sized at about 700-800% of the F.L.A. and the thermalmagnetic breaker must be sized at about 250% of F.L.A. Curve 5 clearly shows that breakers sized tothese levels are unable to protect motors against overloads.

Overload RelaysOverload relays, or heaters, installed in motor starters are usuallythe melting alloy or bi-metallic type. When properly sized andmaintained, the relay can offer good overload protection. Whenoperating properly, overload relays allow the motor to start, butwhen a sustained overload occurs the overload relays cause thecontacts to open (Curve 6).



However, if the overload relays are oversized or if the contacts fail to open for any reason (i.e., weldedcontacts), the motor is left unprotected. Also, overload relays cannot offer any protection for short-circuits, and in fact must be protected by fuses or circuit breakers under short-circuit conditions Curve 7..

DualElement FusesThe dual-element fuse is unaffected by the motor inrush current(Curve 8), but opens before a sustained overload can reach themotor damage curve (Curve 9).



The NEC® allows dual-element fuses to be used by themselvesfor both overload and short-circuit protection, (see NEC® sections430.36, 430.37, 430.55, 430.57, & 430.90). Curve 9 shows that thedual-element fuse offers excellent overload protection of motors.

Motor Overload ProtectionGiven a motor with 1.15 service factor or greater, size the FRN-R orFRS-R fuse at 125% of the motor full load current or the next smalleravailable fuse size. With a motor having a service factor of less than1.15, size these same fuses at 115% of the motor’s F.L.A. or thenext smaller size.

Motor Backup Overload ProtectionBy using the following “backup” method of fusing, it is possible



to have two levels of overload protection. Begin by sizing the overloadrelays according to the manufacturers directions. Then, sizethe fuse at 125%-130% or the next larger size. With this combinationyou have the convenience of being able to quickly reset theoverload relay after solving a minor problem, while the fusesremain unopened. However, if the overload relays are sized toolarge, if the contacts fail to open for any reason or the heaters losecalibration, the fuses will open before the motor damage curve isreached.Typically LPN-RK_SP, and LPS-RK_SP or FRN-R, and FRS-Rfuses have sufficient delay and thermal capacity to be sized formotor backup overload protection.Curve 10 below shows the backup protection available withthis method.

Motor Circuit Branch Circuit Protection

Is Resettability of Value?Motor Circuits – Choice of Overcurrent ProtectionMotor circuits have unique characteristics and several functions,such as short-circuit protection, overload protection and automatic/remote start/stop, that may be required. Sometimes the commentis made that users prefer circuit breakers because they canbe reset. Let’s examine the choice of either circuit breakers or current-limiting fuses for motor branch circuit protection.In the case to be examined, fuses and circuit breakers(includes magnetic only circuit breakers which are called MCPs or



motor circuit protectors) are sized with the intent to provide onlyshort-circuit and ground fault protection for the motor branch circuitprotection per 430.52. Other means, such as overload relays, providethe motor overload protection. Typical thermal magnetic circuitbreakers can only be sized for motor branch circuit protection (typically200% - 250% of motor current) because if they are sized closer,the motor starting current trips the circuit breaker’s instantaneousmechanism. Magnetic only circuit breakers (MCPs) areintentionally not provided with overload capability; they only operateon short-circuit currents. There are some fuses such as theFRS-R and LPS-RK fuses that can be sized close enough for motorrunning overload protection or backup motor running protection.But for the discussion in this section, assume current-limiting fusesare sized only for motor short-circuit and ground fault protection.It is important to note that in this protection level being discussed,a circuit breaker or fuses should only open if there is afault on the motor circuit. A separate overload protective device,such as an overload relays, provides motor overload protectionper 430.32. Here are some important considerations:1. OSHA regulation 1910.334(b)(2) Use of Equipment statesReclosing circuits after protective device operation. After a circuitis deenergized by a circuit protective device, the circuitmay not be manually reenergized until it has been determinedthat the equipment and circuit can be safely energized. Therepetitive manual reclosing of circuit breakers or reenergizingcircuits through replaced fuses is prohibited. NOTE: When itcan be determined from the design of the circuit and the overcurrentdevices involved that the automatic operation of adevice was caused by an overload rather than a fault condition,no examination of the circuit or connected equipment is neededbefore the circuit is reenergized.So the speed of reclosing a circuit breaker after a fault is notan advantage. The law requires that if the condition is a fault (thatis the only reason the circuit breaker or fuses should open on amotor circuit), then the fault must be corrected prior to replacingfuses or resetting the circuit breaker.2. The typical level of short-circuit protection for the motor starterprovided by circuit breakers and MCPs is referred to as Type 1.This is because most circuit breakers are not current-limiting. So,for a loadside fault, the starter may sustain significant damagesuch as severe welding of contacts and rupturing of the heater elements.Or the heater / overload relay system may lose calibration.This is an acceptable level of performance per UL508, which is theproduct standard for motor starters. Current-limiting fuses can beselected that can provide Type 2 “no damage” short-circuit protection



for motor starters.Consequently, with circuit breaker protection, after a fault condition,significant downtime and cost may be incurred in repairing orreplacing the starter. With properly selected fuses for Type 2 protection,after the fault is repaired, only new fuses need to be insertedin the circuit; the starter does not have to be repaired or replaced.3. Circuit breakers must be periodically tested to verify theymechanical operate and electrically tested to verify they still areproperly calibrated within specification. The circuit breaker manufacturersrecommend this. Typically circuit breakers should bemechanically operated at least every year and electrically testedevery 1 to 5 years, depending on the service conditions. Moderncurrent-limiting fuses do not have to be maintained or electricallytested to verify they still will operate as intended. The terminationsof both circuit breakers and fusible devices need to be periodicallychecked and maintained to prevent thermal damage. Plus fuseclips should be periodically inspected and if necessary maintained.4. After a circuit breaker interrupts a fault, it may not be suitable forfurther service. UL489, the product standard for molded case circuitbreakers, only requires a circuit breaker to interrupt two short-circuitcurrents at its interrupting rating. Circuit breakers that are rated 100amperes or less do not have to operate after only one short-circuitoperation under “bus bar” short-circuit conditions. If the fault currentis high, circuit breaker manufacturers recommend that a circuitbreaker should receive a thorough inspection with replacement, ifnecessary. How does one know a circuit breaker’s service history orwhat level of fault current that a circuit breaker interrupts?With modern current-limiting fuses, if the fuse interrupts a fault,new factory calibrated fuses are installed in the circuit. The originallevel of superior short-circuit protection can be there for the lifeof the motor circuit.5. After a fault, the electrician has to walk back to the storeroom toget new fuses; that is if spare fuses are not stored adjacent to theequipment. This does require some additional down time.However, if fuses opened under fault conditions, there is a faultcondition that must be remedied. The electrician probably will begoing back to the storeroom anyway for parts to repair the fault. Ifproperly selected current-limiting fuses are used in the original circuit,the starter will not sustain any significant damage or loss ofoverload calibration.With circuit breaker protection on motor circuits, after a faultcondition, it may be necessary to repair or replace the starter, so atrip to the storeroom may be necessary. And if the starter is notsignificantly damaged, it may still need to be tested to insure thelet-through energy by the circuit breaker has not caused the loss



of starter overload calibration. Also, the circuit breaker needs to beevaluated for suitability before placing it back into service. Who isqualified for that evaluation? How much time will that take?In summary, reset ability is not an important feature for motorbranch circuit (short-circuit) protection and reset ability of thebranch circuit protective device is not a benefit for motor circuits.As a matter of fact, reset ability of the motor branch circuit overcurrentprotective device may encourage an unsafe practice. Thefunction of motor branch circuit protection is fault protection: short-circuitand ground fault protection. Faults do not occur on a regularbasis. But when a fault does occur, it is important to have thevery best protection. The best motor branch circuit protection canbe judged by (1) reliability - its ability to retain its calibration andspeed of operation over its lifetime, (2) current-limiting protection -its ability to provide Type 2 “no damage” protection to the motorstarter, and (3) safety - its ability to meet a facility’s safety needs.Modern current-limiting fuses are superior to circuit breakers formotor branch circuit protection.After a heavy fault on a motor branch circuit, you may need to(1) replace the fuses or (2) reset the circuit breaker and replace thestarter (and maybe the circuit breaker, too).

Motor Protection — Voltage Unbalance/Single‐Phasing

From the above data, it can be seen that 44% of motor failureproblems are related to HEAT.Allowing a motor to reach and operate at a temperature 10°Cabove its maximum temperature rating will reduce the motor’sexpected life by 50%. Operating at 10°C above this, the motor’slife will be reduced again by 50%. This reduction of the expectedlife of the motor repeats itself for every 10°C. This is sometimesreferred to as the “half life” rule.Although there is no industry standard that defines the life ofan electric motor, it is generally considered to be 20 years.The term, temperature “rise”, means that the heat produced inthe motor windings (copper losses), friction of the bearings, rotor



and stator losses (core losses), will continue to increase until theheat dissipation equals the heat being generated. For example, acontinuous duty, 40°C rise motor will stabilize its temperature at40°C above ambient (surrounding) temperature.Standard motors are designed so the temperature rise producedwithin the motor, when delivering its rated horsepower, andadded to the industry standard 40°C ambient temperature rating,will not exceed the safe winding insulation temperature limit.The term, “Service Factor” for an electric motor, is defined as:“a multiplier which, when applied to the rated horsepower, indicatesa permissible horsepower loading which may be carriedunder the conditions specified for the Service Factor of the motor.”“Conditions” include such things as operating the motor atrated voltage and rated frequency.Example: A 10 H.P. motor with a 1.0 S.F. can produce 10H.P. of work without exceeding its temperature rise requirements.A 10 H.P. motor with a 1.15 S.F. can produce 11.5 H.P. of workwithout exceeding its temperature rise requirements.Overloads, with the resulting overcurrents, if allowed to continue,will cause heat build-up within the motor. The outcome willbe the eventual early failure of the motor’s insulation. As statedpreviously for all practical purposes, insulation life is cut in half forevery 10°C increase over the motor’s rated temperature.

Voltage UnbalanceWhen the voltage between all three phases is equal (balanced),current values will be the same in each phase winding.The NEMA standard for electric motors and generators recommendsthat the maximum voltage unbalance be limited to 1%.When the voltages between the three phases (AB, BC, CA)are not equal (unbalanced), the current increases dramatically inthe motor windings, and if allowed to continue, the motor will bedamaged.It is possible, to a limited extent, to operate a motor when thevoltage between phases is unbalanced. To do this, the load mustbe reduced.



Some Causes of Unbalanced Voltage Conditions

• Unequal single-phase loads. This is why many consultingengineers specify that loading of panelboards be balanced to± 10% between all three phases.• Open delta connections.• Transformer connections open - causing a single-phasecondition.• Tap settings on transformer(s) not proper.• Transformer impedances (Z) of single-phase transformersconnected into a “bank” not the same.• Power factor correction capacitors not the same. . .or off theline.

Insulation LifeThe effect of voltage unbalance on the insulation life of a typical Tframemotor having Class B insulation, running in a 40°C ambient,loaded to 100%, is as follows:

Note that motors with a service factor of 1.0 do not have as



much heat withstand capability as does a motor that has a servicefactor of 1.15.Older, larger U-frame motors, because of their ability to dissipateheat, could withstand overload conditions for longer periodsof time than the newer, smaller T-frame motors.

Insulation ClassesThe following shows the maximum operating temperatures for differentclasses of insulation.Class A Insulation 105°CClass B Insulation 130°CClass F Insulation 155°CClass H Insulation 180°C



The National Electrical CodeThe National Electrical Code®, in Table 430.37, requires three overloadprotective devices, one in each phase, for the protection of allthree-phase motors.Prior to the 1971 National Electrical Code®, three-phasemotors were considered to be protected from overload (overcurrent)by two overload protective devices. These devices could bein the form of properly sized time-delay, dual-element fuses, oroverload heaters and relays (melting alloy type, bimetallic type,magnetic type, and solid-state type.)



Diagram showing two overload devices protecting a three‐phase motor.

This was acceptable by the National Electrical Code® prior to 1971.

Two motor overload protective devices provide adequate protectionagainst balanced voltage overload conditions where thevoltage between phases is equal. When a balanced voltage overloadpersists, the protective devices usually open simultaneously.In some cases, one device opens, and shortly thereafter, the seconddevice opens. In either case, three-phase motors are protectedagainst balanced voltage overload conditions.Three-phase motors protected by two overload protectivedevices are not assured protection against the effect of single-phasing.For example, when the electrical system is WYE/DELTA orDELTA/WYE connected, all three phases on the secondary side ofthe transformer bank will continue to carry current when a single-phasingcaused by an open phase on the primary side of the transformerbank occurs. As will be seen later, single-phasing can beconsidered to be the worst case of unbalanced voltage possible.

Diagram of a WYE/DELTA transformation with one primary phase open.

The motor is protected by two overload devices. Note that one phase to



the motor is carrying two times that of the other two phases. Without an

overload device in the phase that is carrying two times the current in the

other two phases, the motor will burn out.The National Electrical Code®, Section 430.36 requires thatwhen fuses are used for motor overload protection, a fuse shall beinserted in each phase. Where thermal overload devices, heaters,etc. are used for motor overload protection, Table 430.37 requiresone be inserted in each phase. With these requirements, the numberof single-phasing motor burnouts are greatly reduced, and areno longer a serious hazard to motor installations. The following figureshows three overload protective devices protecting the three-phasemotor.

Since 1971, The National Electrical Code® has required three overload

protective devices for the protection of three‐phase motors, one in each

phase. .

Motor Branch Circuit, Short‐Circuit and Ground Fault ProtectionWhen sized according to NEC® 430.52, a 3-pole common trip circuitbreaker or MCP can not protect against single-phasing damage.It should be emphasized, the causes of single-phasing cannotbe eliminated. However, motors can be protected from thedamaging effects of single-phasing through the use of properovercurrent protection.Dual-element, time-delay fuses can be sized at or close to themotor’s nameplate full-load ampere rating without opening on normalmotor start-up. This would require sizing the fuses at 100-125% of the motors full-load current rating. Since all motors are notnecessarily fully loaded, it is recommended that the actual currentdraw of the motor be used instead of the nameplate rating. This ispossible for motor’s that have a fixed load, but not recommended



where the motor load varies.*Thus, when single-phasing occurs, FUSETRON® FRS-R andFRN-R and LOW-PEAK® LPS-RK_SP and LPN-RK_SP dualelement,time-delay fuses will sense the overcurrent situation andrespond accordingly to take the motor off the line.For motor branch-circuit protection only, the following sizingguidelines† per 430.52 of the National Electrical Code® areallowed.

Normal Maximum

• Dual-element, time- 175% 225%delay fuses• Non-time-delay fuses 300% 400%and all Class CC fuses• Inverse-time circuit 250% 400% for motorsbreaker 100 amperesor less.300% for motorsmore than100 amperes.• Instantaneous only trip** 800%†† 1300%†††circuit breakers(sometimes referred to as MCPs.These are motor circuit protectors,not motor protectors.)† See NEC® 430.52 for specifics and exceptions.†† 1100% for design E motors††† 1700% for design E motors & energy efficient design B motorsNote: When sized according to table 430.52, none of these overcurrentdevices can provide singlephasing protection.

Single‐Phasing

The term singlephasing, means one of the phases is open. Asecondary single-phasing condition subjects an electric motor tothe worst possible case of voltage unbalance.If a three-phase motor is running when the “single-phase”condition occurs, it will attempt to deliver its full horsepower…enough to drive the load. The motor will continue to try to drivethe load…until the motor burns out…or until the properly sizedoverload elements and/or properly sized dual-element, time-delayfuses take the motor off the line.*When sizing to the actual running current of the motor is not practical, aneconomic analysis can determine if the addition of one of the electronic“black boxes” is financially justified. These electronic “black boxes” cansense voltage and current unbalance, phase reversal, single-phasing, etc.**Instantaneous only trip breakers are permitted to have time-delay. This couldresult in more damaging let-through current during short-circuits.

For lightly loaded three-phase motors, say 70% of normal fullload



amperes, the phase current will increase by the square root ofthree (√3) under secondary single-phase conditions. This will resultin a current draw of approximately 20% more than the nameplatefull load current. If the overloads are sized at 125% of the motornameplate, circulating currents can still damage the motor. That iswhy it is recommended that motor overload protection be basedupon the actual running current of the motor under its given loading,rather than the nameplate current rating.

Single‐Phasing Causes Are Numerous

One fact is sure: Nothing can prevent or eliminate all types of single-phasing.There are numerous causes of both primary and secondarysingle-phasing. A device must sense and respond to the resultingincrease in current when the single-phasing conditionoccurs…and do this in the proper length of time to save the motorfrom damage.The term “single-phasing” is the term used when one phaseof a three-phase system opens. This can occur on either the primaryside or secondary side of a distribution transformer. Threephasemotors, when not individually protected by three time-delay,dual-element fuses, or three overload devices, are subject to damagingovercurrents caused by primary single-phasing or secondarysingle-phasing.

Single‐Phasing on Transformer Secondary – Typical Causes

1. Damaged motor starter contact–one pole open. The number ofcontact kits sold each year confirms the fact that worn motorstarter contacts are the most common cause of single-phasing.Wear and tear of the starter contacts can cause contactsto burn open, or develop very high contact resistance, resultingin single-phasing. This is most likely to occur on automaticallystarted equipment such as air conditioners, compressors,fans, etc.2. Burned open overload relay (heater) from a line-to-ground faulton a 3 or 4 wire grounded system. This is more likely to occuron smaller size motor starters that are protected by noncurrent-limiting overcurrent protective devices.3. Damaged switch or circuit breaker on the main, feeder, ormotor branch circuit.4. Open fuse or open pole in circuit breaker on main, feeder, ormotor branch circuit.5. Open cable or bus on secondary of transformer terminals.6. Open cable caused by overheated lug on secondary side connectionto service.7. Open connection in wiring such as in motor junction box(caused by vibration) or any pull box. Poor connections, particularly



when aluminum conductors are not properly spliced tocopper conductors, or when aluminum conductors are insertedinto terminals and lugs suitable for use with copper conductorsor copper-clad conductors only.8. Open winding in motor.9. Open winding in one phase of transformer.10. ANY open circuit in ANY phase ANYWHERE between thesecondary of the transformer and the motor.

Hazards of Secondary Single‐Phasing for a Three‐Phase MotorWhen one phase of a secondary opens, the current to a motor inthe two remaining phases theoretically increases to 1.73 (173%)times the normal current draw of the motor. The increase can beas much as 2 times (200%) because of power factor changes.Where the motor has a high inertia load, the current can approachlocked rotor values under single-phased conditions. Three properlysized time-delay, dual-element fuses, and/or three properlysized overload devices will sense and respond to this overcurrent.SINGLE‐PHASING ON SECONDARY

NORMAL CONDITION SINGLE‐PHASING CONDITIONDeltaConnected MotorFLA = 10 Amperes



(Delta‐Connected Motor) Diagram showing the increase in current in the

two remaining phases after a single‐phasing occurs on the secondary of

a transformer.

NORMAL CONDITION SINGLE‐PHASING CONDITIONWYEConnected MotorFLA = 10 Amperes

(WYE‐Connected Motor) Diagram showing the increase in current in the

two remaining phases after a single‐phasing occurs on the secondary of

a transformer.

SINGLE‐PHASING ON SECONDARY

NORMAL CONDITION SINGLE‐PHASING CONDITION



Delta‐connected three‐phase motor loaded to only 65% of its rated

horsepower. Normal FLA = 10 amperes. Overload (overcurrent) protection

should be based upon the motor’s actual current draw for the under loaded

situation for optimum protection. If load varies, overload protection is

difficult to achieve. Temperature sensors, phase failure relays and current

differential relays should be installed.When a motor is single-phased, the current in the remainingtwo phases increases to 173% of normal current. Normally theoverload relays will safely clear the motor from the power supply.However, should the overload relays or controller fail to do so,LOW-PEAK® or FUSETRON® time-delay, dual-element fuses, properlysized to provide back-up overload protection, will clear themotor from its power supply.If the overload relays were sized at 12 amperes, based uponthe motor nameplate F.L.A. of 10 amperes, they would not “see”the single-phasing. However, if they were sized at 8 amperes (6.5A



x 1.25 = 8.13 amperes), they would “see” the single-phasing condition.

Single‐Phasing on Transformer Primary – Typical Causes

1. Primary wire broken by:a. Storm – windb. Ice – sleet – hailc. Lightningd. Vehicle or airplane striking pole or high-linee. Falling trees or tree limbsf. Construction mishaps2. Primary wire burned off from short-circuit created by birds oranimals.3. Defective contacts on primary breaker or switch – failure tomake up on all poles.4. Failure of 3-shot automatic re-closer to make up on all 3 poles.5. Open pole on 3-phase automatic voltage tap changer.6. Open winding in one phase of transformer.7. Primary fuse open.

Hazards of Primary Single‐Phasing for a Three‐Phase Motor

Probably the most damaging single-phase condition is when onephase of the primary side of WYE/DELTA or DELTA/WYE transformeris open. Usually these causes are not within the control ofthe user who purchases electrical power. When primary single phasingoccurs, unbalanced voltages appear on the motor circuit,causing excessive unbalanced currents. This was covered earlierin this bulletin.When primary single-phasing occurs, the motor current in onesecondary phase increases to 230% of normal current. Normally,the overload relays will protect the motor. However, if for some reasonthe overload relays or controller fail to function, the LOWPEAK® or FUSETRON® dual-element fuses properly sized toprovide backup overload protection will clear the motor from thepower supply.

Effect of Single‐Phasing on Three‐Phase MotorsThe effects of single-phasing on three-phase motors varies withservice conditions and motor thermal capacities. When single phased,the motor temperature rise may not vary directly with themotor current. When single-phased, the motor temperature risemay increase at a rate greater than the increase in current. Insome cases, protective devices which sense only current may notprovide complete single-phasing protection. However, PRACTICALexperience has demonstrated that motor running overloaddevices properly sized and maintained can greatly reduce theproblems of single-phasing for the majority of motor installations. Insome instances, additional protective means may be necessary



when a higher degree of single-phasing protection is required.Generally, smaller horsepower rated motors have more thermalcapacity than larger horsepower rated motors and are more likelyto be protected by conventional motor running overload devices.

Click here to continue ©Ted “Smitty” Smith 2001

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motor protection—basic explanation

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