motorcycle: 3 or less wheels seat or saddle 150cc engine or … · 2021. 1. 9. · motorcycle: •...
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MOTORCYCLE: • 3 or less wheels • Seat or saddle • 150cc engine or greater
MOTOR DRIVEN CYCLE:
• Motorcycle with engine less than 150cc
**NOTE: Under 150cc not allowed on freeways.
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MOTORIZED BICYCLE /MOPED:
• 3 or less wheels • 30 mph max • Fully operative pedals for human propulsion • Motor producing less than 4 HP • Automatic transmission Or • No pedals if powered solely by electrical energy
ELECTRIC BICYCLE:
• Fully operation pedals • Electric motor less than 750 watts
• Class 1 and 2 speeds no more than 20 mph • Class 3 speeds no more than 28 mph, must
be at least 16 years old, with bicycle helmet
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MOTORIZED SCOOTER:
• 2 wheeled “device” • Electric motor, handlebars, and floorboard
for standing • Option of having a driver seat which does not
interfere with standing • Option of being powered by human
propulsion
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M1 Class: • Motorcycle • Motor Driven Cycle • Any vehicle listed under Class M2
M2 Class:
• Motorized Bicycle/Moped (30 mph max) • Motorized Scooter
Any Class: • Motorized Scooter
Not Required: • Electric bicycle
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Acceptations: • Class C may operate a motorcycle with a side car or
any 3-wheel motorcycle
• A person holding a valid CA license of any class may operate a short-term (48 hrs. or less) rental motorized bicycle without having an M2 endorsement
• All electric bicycles classes are exempt from motor vehicle financial responsibility, driver license, and license plate
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Getting Your license Under 21:
• 15½ to 17; • Must have driver education and behind-the-wheel
driver training certificates. • Parent(s) or guardian(s) signature.
• 15½ to 20; • Certificate of Completion of Motorcycle Training. • Pass the applicable knowledge and skills tests
(may be waived from training course). • Held a motorcycle permit for at least 6 months.
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Permit Restrictions
• Driving you motorcycle at night.
• Driving you motorcycle on the freeway.
• Carrying any passengers on you motorcycle.
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Getting Your license Over 21:
• Pass the applicable knowledge and skills tests. (not required, but encouraged to enroll in safety program)
* NOTE: An observation road test is required for applicants who have never been licensed for any class of motor vehicle and apply for a motorcycle only license.
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Must wear a helmet. Helmet must:
• Meet DOT and state motorcycle
safety requirements
• Show DOT label on rear (label must not be removable)
• Fit snugly
• Not have defects (cracks, loose padding, or frayed straps)
• Recommended to be replaced after 5 years
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Source: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
Original Law:
• January 1st, 1985 • Ages 15 ½ or younger (Partial Law)
Change to Universal Law:
• January 1st, 1992 • All riders
** A must for motorcycles, motor- driven cycle, or motorized bicycle
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Source: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety
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Source: Advocates for Highway and Auto Safety
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At minimum, a motorcycle must be equipped with: • Daytime headlight required 1978 and up• Turn signals, taillight, brake light• Front and rear brakes• Horn• Handlebars, height must keep hands no more
than 6 inches above shoulders • Eye protection not required• Single speaker earplug allowed• Right and left mirror• Muffler required, max 80 dba after 1985• No age restriction on passenger
Allowed in HOV lanes
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Not illegal if done in a safe and prudent manner: • No more than 10 mph faster than other traffic
• Not advisable with traffic flow over 30 mph
• More desirable between No. 1 and No. 2 lanes
• Be alert and anticipate possible vehicle movements
• Consider total environment:
• widths of lanes
• size of vehicles
• roadway conditions (surface, weather, lighting)
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Rake, Trail, Wheelbase, Seat Height
Rake Angle
Trail
Wheelbase
Seat Height
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SPORT • Less comfort
• More agile • Better handling • Higher acceleration • Higher performance
suspension • Higher performance
brakes • Shorter handlebars
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CRUISER • More comfort
• Feet more forward • Back more upright • Lower seat position • Less agile • Limited cornering
ability • Larger rake angle
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TOURING • Designed for comfort
• Much larger/heavier motorcycles
• Bigger engine displacement
• Even less agile and cornering ability
• Luggage area, radios, etc.
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DUAL SPORT • Street legal bikes
designed to handle off-road terrain • Less cornering ability
on dual sport tires • Taller motorcycles • Much more
suspension travel • Typically based on
dirt bike chassis.
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MOTOR DRIVEN CYCLE • Smaller design with
smaller wheels • Typically have floorboards instead of pegs • Has low power and performance • Low top speed • For short commute or recreational riding
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Steering
Aligned/Leaned Posture (intermediate and high speeds)
Counterweighing Posture (low speeds ~15mph)
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Steering
Why lean when turning? Lateral forces when turning:
• Inertial Force (rider)• Cornering Force (ground)
Motorcycle must lean to balance the lateral forces.
Lean Angle
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How do you lean a motorcycle?? COUNTER-STEER
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Steering
Counter-steering:
• Turning in one direction by momentarily steering in the opposite direction.
• Necessary for two-wheeled vehicles
• Needed to attain the
necessary lean angle
Source: Obairlann.net
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Braking Stopping Distance
Rear Brake Only
Front Brake Only
Both Brakes
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Braking – Rear Only
Motorcycle Brake Testing; 43 mph, 201 ft. Vehicle: 2002 Kawasaki ZRX 1200R
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Braking – Both Brakes
Motorcycle Brake Testing; 44 mph, 75 ft. Vehicle: 2002 Kawasaki ZRX 1200R
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• Both brakes ~ 0.7g • Sport bikes can peak at over 1g • Sport bikes will begin to pitch up rear wheel around 1g
• Rear only braking ~0.35g
Good reference: SAE Paper# 2012-01-0610
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Braking: Combined Braking Systems Integrated system (INT)
• Front brake operated independently (right hand) • Rear brake applies both rear brakes and “some” of the front
brakes
Linked brake system (LBS – i.e. Honda VFR800) • Front brake application will apply most front caliper pistons and
at least one of the rear pistons. • Rear brake application will apply at least one piston in both front
calipers and one to three pistons in rear caliper
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Braking and Steering Combined: • Only a given amount of friction is
available. • Friction is divided among turning and
braking forces.
Forward Motion No friction used for
turning; most friction used for braking
Wide Turn Some friction used for
turning
Sharp Turn Much friction is used
for turning; less friction available for braking
Braking Friction
Turning Friction
Rotation
Friction Allocation Examples
Tire in Motion
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Braking and Steering Combined: Dependent on speed and severity of curve
• Typically taught to straighten bike first to fully apply brakes
• Not always able to straighten bike, therefore; • Apply brakes lightly • As you slow, reduce the lean angle, and
progressively apply more brake pressure
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Falling Terminology: High-Side
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Falling Terminology: High-Side • Typically at higher speeds when rear wheel locks/slows,
allowing the bike to yaw.
• The rear wheel will then essentially ‘spin back up’.
• Inertial properties of the ‘faster’ wheel spin wants to straighten the bike back up.
• Typically taught if the rear wheel locks to KEEP it locked and avoid any potential high-side situation.
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Falling Terminology: Low-Side
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Falling Terminology: Low-Side • Typically at higher speeds when front wheel loses traction.
• Or rear wheel may initiate the fall ultimately causing front
wheel to lose traction.
• Rider and bike will simply fall to the leaning side of the motorcycle.
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Falling Terminology: Pitch-Up
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Falling Terminology: Pitch-Up • Typically at higher speeds under heavy front wheel braking.
• More common with sport bike type.
• Rider is vault over and ahead of motorcycle.
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Obstacle Avoidance Study was performed:
“Do I brake or do I swerve?” By Karl F. Shuman
Sport bike comparison:
• Braking vs. swerving when • encountering a fixed obstacle.
Results:
• Typically lower speeds – Brake • Typically higher speeds - Swerve
Implication:
• Role of time/skill/distance??
Good Reference: SAE Paper# 2014-01-0478
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Obstacle Avoidance Literature: Motorcycle Dynamics
Inst. of Police Tech. and Mgmt. Lateral distance of 3.2 ft. to avoid a barrier
Skill Factor: Most Significant • Low-skilled riders take more time to decide and
execute maneuver they require 15%-20% more distance to avoid
an obstacle.
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Obstacle Avoidance MEC Testing: Yamaha V-Star
T = 0.0 s
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Obstacle Avoidance MEC Testing: Yamaha V-Star
T = 0.033 s
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Obstacle Avoidance MEC Testing: Yamaha V-Star
T = 0.066 s
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Obstacle Avoidance MEC Testing: Yamaha V-Star
T = 0.100 s
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Obstacle Avoidance MEC Testing: Yamaha V-Star
T = 0.133 s
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Obstacle Avoidance MEC Testing: Yamaha V-Star
T = 0.166 s
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Obstacle Avoidance MEC Testing: Yamaha V-Star
T = 0.200 s
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Obstacle Avoidance MEC Testing: Yamaha V-Star
T = 0.233 s
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Obstacle Avoidance MEC Testing: Yamaha V-Star
T = 0.266 s
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Obstacle Avoidance MEC Testing: Yamaha V-Star
T = 0.300 s
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Obstacle Avoidance MEC Testing: Yamaha V-Star
T = 0.333 s
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Obstacle Avoidance MEC Testing: Yamaha V-Star
T = 0.366 s
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Obstacle Avoidance MEC Testing: Yamaha V-Star
T = 0.400 s
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Sliding Motorcycle
Typical range between 0.35g – 0.55g
Good Reference: SAE Paper# 970963
y
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155 ft.
43 ft.
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S = 30 + 30 + … … imp
S = 30 .35 43 + 30 .45 (155) + 10 S = 451.5 + 2092.5 + 100 S = 51
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S =
Emergency Braking to a Stop
d = = (. ) d = 124 .
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124 ft.
74 ft. short
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• How did you brake? • Used front only, rear only, or both? • Where they applied simultaneously? • If rider has no recollection, what do they typically do?
• If the motorcycle was laid down;
• Was it intentional?
• Rider’s experience; • How many years licensed? • Any safety courses taken? • How many motorcycles owned? • Ride daily, weekly , monthly, etc.? • Off road experience?
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Kawasaki specific model lines 2013-up. • Need court order/warrant to access data. • Manufacture typically downloads.
Honda Goldwing • Only if equipped with airbag option.
Can-Am Spyder
• Manufacturer/dealer to download.
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Kawasaki EDR (US sold)
• 2013; Ninja 300, ZX-6 • 2014: Ninja 300, ZX-6, Z1000, Ninja 1000 • 2015: Ninja 300, ZX-6, Z1000, Ninja 1000, Versys 650,
Versys 1000, Vulcan S, Ninha H2 • 2016: Ninja 300, ZX-6, Z1000, Ninja 1000, Versys 650,
Versys 1000, Vulcan S, Ninha H2, Ninja ZX-10, Ninja ZX-14, Z800
• 2017: ???
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Kawasaki EDR (US sold)
• 2013; Ninja 300, ZX-6 • 2014: Ninja 300, ZX-6, Z1000, Ninja 1000 • 2015: Ninja 300, ZX-6, Z1000, Ninja 1000, Versys 650,
Versys 1000, Vulcan S, Ninha H2 • 2016: Ninja 300, ZX-6, Z1000, Ninja 1000, Versys 650,
Versys 1000, Vulcan S, Ninha H2, Ninja ZX-10, Ninja ZX-14, Z800
• 2017: ???
NO SHOWS: Ninja 650, Concours 14, Vulcan 900, Vulcan 1700, Ninja H2R
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Kawasaki EDR – Data Triggering
• NOT from a DTC • NOT from a deceleration (M/C or wheel lock up) • Not from a simple tip-over
• i.e. M/C rolls to a stop and falls over • Has to be a specific circumstance
• Involves engine shutdown from tip-over and rear
OR • Involves engine shutdown from tip-over and rear wheel stopped after sudden deceleration
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Kawasaki EDR – Pre-shutdown Data (Ninja 300)
At 10 Hz At 2 Hz Throttle position Speed RPM Gear Position Clutch In/Out Inlet Air Temperature Fuel Injector Time Coolant Temperature Timing BTDC Battery Voltage Fuel Cutout DTC (s) Total of 8 seconds of data Good Reference: SAE Paper# 2017-01-1436
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Kawasaki EDR – Number of Events
• Three place holders for event • If first place holder is taken, data will be written to second
place holder • If second place holder is taken, data will be written to third
place holder
• Events can not be overwritten, once all three events are recorded, the ECU will not record any new events
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*** Safety + Familiarity + Skill = Performance***