FM 17-95

MOVEMENT ORDERA movement order is a type of operation

order. It contains instructions for the move-ment of units from one location to anotherwithin a stated time. Preparation of the ordernormally follows reconnaissance and anestimate of the situation.

Information in the movement orderincludes the situation of friendly and enemyforces, destination, routes, rate of march,maximum speeds, order of march, start point,start point times, details of air and groundalert guards, scheduled halts, vehicle dis-tances, time gaps, release point, criticalpoints, service support, communications,location of the commander during the march,and strip maps. Other details may includeroute or unit markers to be used, control or

check points, and locations of road guides.Some items listed above often become stand-ard, and units include them as standingoperating procedure. Repetition of theseitems is not necessary in the order.

A strip map is a sketch of the route ofmarch and is normally included as an annexto the movement order. Enough strip mapsshould be reproduced to supply them to keypersonnel, including vehicle commandersand route guides. The amount of detaildepends upon the purpose of the strip mapand the unit level at which it is prepared. Astrip map should contain the start point,release point, restrictions, and critical pointswith the distance between them. The follow-ing is a strip map.

C-16

STRIP MAP

(CLASSIFICATION)

ANNEX A (STRIP MAP) to OPORD 10-2-22 Cavalry.Reference: Map, series M501, sheet NM32-5 (FRANKFURT AM MAIN), edition 2-AMS,1:250,000.Time Zone Used Throughout the Order: ALFA. 254 P 2

LAUTERBACH12 KM

254

60KM RP

2-22 276 275 FULDA

E4457 AA

2-22

275 455 SP 275 276

RANSTADT18 KM SELTERS

FAUERBACH NOT TO SCALE

3 CP 1 457

FM 17-95

ROAD MOVEMENT GRAPH

A road movement graph is a time spacediagram that depicts a movement from startpoint (SP) to release point (RP). It may be usedduring the movement's planning stage toavoid conflicts and discrepancies and pre-vent congestion along the route of march. Itmay also be used to prepare and check theroad movement table. It shows the relativetime and lboation of the head and tail of eachmarch elemeht at any point along the route,arrival and clearance times of march ele-ments at critical points and restrictions, passtimes, time distance, and rate of march.Preparation of a road movement graph is not

mandatory, but it is of great value to theplanner simply because it reduces mathemat-ical calculations that would ordinarily berequired to prepare march schedules.

Information derived from march formu-las or obtained from march tables is trans-ferred directly to the graph. To complete theroad movement graph, the planner must havealready organized the march column intoserials or serials into march units, anddetermined time distance, arrival time, com-pletion time, and pass times for each serial ormarch unit as appropriate.

C-17457-874 0 - 84 - 13

FM 17-95

ROAD MOVEMENT TABLE

A road movement table is normally anannex to a movement order. It is a convenientmeans of transmitting time schedules andother essential details of the move to subordi-nate units. It is particularly useful when theinclusion of such details in the body of theoperation order would tend to make the ordercomplicated or unduly long. Road movementtables consist of two parts: data paragraphsreflecting general information common totwo or more march elements, and a list ofserials or march units with all other neces-sary information arranged in tabular form.

Data from the road movement graph is

transferred to the road movement table. Thetimes serials or march units arrive at andclear critical points are particularly import-ant to the march planner.

Other information included on the roadmovement table are serial or march unitnumber, date of move, units involved, numberof vehicles, load, class of heaviest vehicle,routes to be used, and a remarks section toreflect any details not covered elsewhere, Thefollowing is an example of a road movementtable scheduling the movement of a battalion-size unit.

1. Only the minimum number of headings should be used. Any information common to two ormore movement numbers should be included under General Data paragraphs. [Columns (f),(g), (h), (i), and (m) could have been omitted in this example.]

2. Since the table may be issued to personnel concerned with control of traffic, the securityaspect must be remembered. It may, not be desirable to include dates or locations.

3. If the table is issued by itself, and not asan annex to a more detailed order, the table must besigned or authenticated in the normal way.

4. Critical point is defined as a selected point along a route used for reference in givinginstructions. It includes start points, release points, and other points along a route whereinterference with movement may occur or where timings are critical.

5. The movement number [column (a)] identifies a column (or element of a column) during thewhole of the movement.

6. If an annex has the same distribution as an operation, it is not necessary to include theheadings show in this example.

7. To obtain due times for an MU, transfer times directly from road movement graph or calculateusing time distance table and strip map.

8. To obtain clear times, add MU pass time to due time.9. To complete the schedule for successive march units, add pass time plus time gap to due

time.Example. PST of MU1 is 9 minutes and time gap between MU1 and MU2 is 2 minutes= 11minutes. Add the 8 minutes to the 0700 SP due time of MU1 to obtain the SP due time forMU2 which is 0711.

C-18

FM 17-95

R (CLASSIFICT T BLE

(CLASSIFICATION)

No. Loadof j Class

Veh's Hv Veh's From MapRouteto SP

Critical PointsDue(hr)

Cloar(hr)

RoutefromRP Remarks

(a) (b) Cc) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) () (m) (n)

Qtr 4 Aug S1, Sqdn Comm Pit, 7 12 (8 above) (9 above) Strip (11 (12 Move by infiltrationParty HHT XO, Trp A, Trp map above) above)

B, Trp C, Trp D

MU1 4 Aug Trp A 40 25 (8 above) (9 above) Strip (11 SP 0700 0709 (12 Det: One V-ton veh w/qtr pty,map above) CP1 0754 0803 above) 1 sup trk to sqdn tns.

CP2 1054 1103 Atch: 1 Redeye veh, 1 aid/evacRP 1130 1139 veh.

PST: 9 minutes.

MU2 4 Aug HHT () 23 16 (8 above) (9 above). Strip (11 SP 0711 0716 (12 Det: Two -ton veh's and oneSqdn HQ Sec, Trp HQ map above) CP1 0805 0810 above) 1/4-ton veh w/qtr pty, 3Sqdn Comm' Pit, CP2 1105 1110 Redeye veh's.Redeye Sec (-) RP 1141 1146 PST: 5 minutes.

MU3 4 Aug Trp B 40 25 (8 above) (9 above) Strip (11 SP 0718 0727 (12 Det: One '/-ton veh w/qtr pty,map above) CP1 0812 0821 above) 1 sup trk to sqdn tns.

CP2 1112 1121 Atch: 1 Redeye veh, 1 1aid/evacRP 1148 1157 veh.

PST: 9 minutes.

MU4 4 Aug Trp 0 (-) 21 16 (8 above) (9 above) Strip (11 SP 0729 0734 (12 Det: One '/-ton veh w/qtr pty.map above) CP1 0823 0828 above)

CP2 1123 1128RP 1159 1204 PST: 5 minutes.

MU5 4 Aug Sqdn Tns, 25 16 (8 above). (9 above) Strip (11 SP 0736 0742 (12 Det: 1 CI III trk, 3 aid/evacSpt Pit (-) map above) CP1 0830 0836 above) veh's.Med Pit (-) CP2 1130 1136 Atch: 3 trp sup trks.

RP 1206 1212 PST: 6 minutes.

MU6 4 Aug Trp C 40 25 (8 above) (9 above) Strip (11 SP 0744 0753 (12 Det: One /-ton veh w/qtr pty,map above) CP1 0838 0847 above) 1 sup trk to sqdn tns.

CP2 1138 1147 Atch: 1 Redeye veh, 1 aid/evacRP 1214 1223 ,veh.

PST: 9 minutes.

Trail 4 Aug Sqdn Maint Pit 8 25 (8 above) (9 above) Strip (11 (12 Move by infiltration.Party _ _________ map above) above) Atch: 1 Cl III trk.

MarchUnitNo. Date Unit

(CLASSIFICATION) C-19

FM 17-95

ASSEMBLY AREA

An assembly area is an area in which aunit assembles to prepare for future opera-tions. It is here that orders are issued, and theunit services and repairs vehicles, receivesand issues Supplies, and feeds soldiers. Theassembly area, when used to prepare for anattack, is usually well forward. If possible, itshould be out of range of enemy light artil-lery.

DESIRABLE

CHARACTERISTICS

Desirable characteristics for an assem-blyl area are:

Concealment from Air and GroundObservation. Overhead conceal-ment is important if the unit is toremain in the area for any length oftime. Vehicles, equipment, en-trances, and exits should be cam-ouflaged to keep the enemy fromdetecting the location of the unit.

Cover from Direct Fire.

Good Drainage and a Surface ThatSupports Vehicles.

Good Exits, Entrances, and Ade-quate Internal Roads or Trails.

Space for Dispersion of Vehicles,Personnel, and Equipment.

A Suitable Landing Site Nearby forOrganic, Attached, or SupportingHelicopters.

ACTIONS IN AN ASSEMBLYAREA

Before the main body leaves the rearassembly area, the march commander sendsa quartering party to the forward assemblyarea. During this movement, the quarteringparty provides its own security. A quarteringparty, on arriving in the forward assemblyarea:

Reconnoiters the area. If the area isunsatisfactory (poor drainage, noconcealment, poor routes, etc.), thequartering party leader contacts hiscommander and asks for permissionto find another area.

Organizes the area. The quarteringparty leader selects locations forsubordinate units, command post,and trains, as appropriate. Whenselecting locations, the quarteringparty leader considers each unit'sposition in the march column. If asubordinate quartering party leaderdetermines from his reconnaissancethat his unit's area is unsatisfactory,he immediately notifies the seniorquartering party leader and requestsa change. If a change can't be madein the time available, the unit islocated under the best availablecover and concealment as soon as itarrives, and adjustments are madelater.

Improves and marks entrances,exits, and internal routes within itscapabilities.

Marks or removes obstacles andmines.

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FM 17-95II g --~~-e- ---

* Marks vehicle locations. Each pla-toon quartering party member marksthe general area for mutually sup-porting vehicle positions. The exactpositions are selected by vehiclecommanders on arrival.

* Performs guide duties. Each pla-toon is guided from its RP into itssector of the assembly area by itsquartering party member.

Occupation. Upon arrival of a unit atan assembly area, all elements move off theroad and clear the route of march withoutslowing or halting. Posting of guides, selec-tion of routes, and allocation of areas by thequartering party are done with this objectivein mind. The march route must not be blockedwhile precise adjustments are made. After amarch serial has cleared the route, adjust-ments of vehicles can be made withoutholding up traffic.

Security. Observation posts cover keyterrain features and likely avenues of ap-proach. Although an assembly area is not adefensive position, a unit must be ready to seeand defeat enemy attacks. Local security isestablished as vehicles are positioned. Vehi-cle commanders and platoon leaders coordi-nate overlapping observation and fires.Crews prepare range cards. Crews andsquads camouflage each vehicle and positionto prevent detection from ground and air.Protective mines, when authorized, may beplaced to provide close-in protection andwarning of enemy approach.

Communications. The primarymeans of communication is by messengerand by visual signals. Radio is only used inan emergency when no other means ofcommunication can be used. Each troopprovides a messenger to the squadron com-mand post. A regiment and/or squadronprovides a liasion officer and messenger tothe next higher headquarters.

C-21457-874 0 - 84 - 14

-- APPENDIX D FM 17-95

RELIEF IN PLACE AND PASSAGE OF LINES

When combat continues over a prolonged period, or when the enemysituation has been developed, relief of a cavalry unit may be required. This maybe done by relief in place or passage of lines. These operations are difficult anddangerous, since one unit has enemy contact and the other unit is expecting it.

A relief in place occurs when all or part of a defending unit is replaced in position by anotherunit. Only on rare occasions is a cavalry unit relieved in place or required to relieve another unit.A relief in place by or of a cavalry unit should be conducted only when a passage of lines is nottactically feasible.

A passage of lines is movement of one unit through another when one is in contact with theenemy. A cavalry unit frequently makes, or helps other units make, a passage of lines duringreconnaissance and security operations.

D-1

CONTENTSPAGE

RELIEF IN PLACE ........................................................... D-2BASIC CONSIDERATIONS .................................................... D-2SEQUENCE OF RELIEF .............................. ......... D-3PASSAGE OF LINES ............................................ D-5CONSIDERATIONS FOR PASSAGE OF LINES .................... ,........D-6SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR FORWARD

PASSAGE OF LINES ...................................................... D-8RECOGNITION SIGNALS FOR REARWARD

PASSAGE OF LINES ..................................................... D-8

FM 17-95

RELIEF IN PLACE

Congestion and intermingling of unitsinherent during relief in place operationsrequires detailed planning and coordinationto prevent:

a Confusion.

a Enemy detecting the relief.

Commanders ordering a relief in placemust specify time for starting and completingthe relief and routes to be used. A relievingunit (incoming unit), regiment through troop,usually establishes a CP element, or leavesliaison personnel in the vicinity of the CP ofthe unit to be relieved (outgoing unit). Thisshould be done as soon as possible after thewarning order is issued. Key personnel of therelieving unit must become thoroughly famil-iar with existing defense plans, including firesupport, barrier, and counterattack plans.

BASIC CONSIDERATIONS

Time. Time for planning, coordination,and reconnaissance is essential.

Plan. A detailed plan coordinatedbetween incoming and outgoing units isnecessary to accomplish a relief quicklywithout being detected. Primary considera-tions are:

a Relief at night or during periods ofreduced visibility.

* Use of smoke to obscure enemyobservation.

* Maintaining radio listening silencein the relieving unit while continuingnormal radio traffic in the unit beingrelieved.

a Limiting size and composition ofreconnaissance parties.

a Completing relief rapidly to reduceenemy detection and reaction time.

a Use of indirect fires to cover sound ofarmored vehicle movement.

a Fire support during relief.

* Time or circumstances when com-mand passes from outgoing to incom-ing commander.

Reconnaissance. Incoming com-manders and key personnel, preferablythrough platoon leaders, reconnoiter routes tobe used and familiarize themselves with theterrain and enemy situation. Usually, thisreconnaissance is deferred until after theoutgoing and incoming commanders haveconferred. This permits an orderly approachand prevents confusion. Outgoing com-mander(s) and platoon leaders normallyremain in position while subordinates recon-noiter withdrawal routes and subsequentrendezvous points and assembly areas.

Liaison Personnel. An incoming unitusually locates personnel through company/troop/battery level with counterpart ele-ments to be relieved. These personnel keepabreast of the situation and prepare to meetand help guide their unit into position. Theyalso gather pertinent information concern-ing:

a Peculiarities of the defense position.

a Terrain.

[ Enemy activities, including patternof operations.

* Friendly and enemy patrolling activ-ity.

a Lessons learned unique to the situa-tion at hand.

D-2

FM 17-95

SEQUENCE OF RELIEF

x-Ehi-ianige of Equipment. Vehiclereference ard aiming stakes are left in placeand range cards exchanged (FM 17-12). Theoutgoing unit leaves its pre-positioned ammu-nition and field fortification materiel.

Minefields. The outgoing unit mustinform the incoming unit of all mines in thearea.

Movement into the Area. In cavalry,scouts reconnoiter and mark routes. Anincoming unit should use routes other thanthose used by the outgoing unit. This willsignificantly reduce confusion and simplifyplanning and coordination. On order, theincoming unit moves forward on assignedroute(s) to release points. Each company/troop/battery is met at its release point andguided by its own personnel to a release pointfor platoons. A platoon is guided from theplatoon release point in its battle position bypersonnel from the unit being relieved.

Rendezvous Points and AssemblyAreas. A route of withdrawal and rendez-vous point not under enemy observation isdesignated for each platoon being relieved.An assembly area is designated severalkilometers rearward for each troop-size unitbeing relieved. Teams of an armored cavalryplatoon, or sections or squads of otherplatoon, when relieved, move directly to theirplatoon rendezvous point. When a platoonhas reassembled, it moves on its assignedroute to the assembly area.

Intelligence. The incoming unit ob-tains all possible information of enemy andterrain, including the location of friendlyobstacles and minefields from the outgoingunit.

Sequence at Regiment/SquadronLevel. A regiment or squadron phases arelief in place to permit as orderly a transitionas possible. Reserves may be relieved first,followed by relief of forward elements or viceversa. Artillery with regiment or squadronusually remains in position until relief ofmaneuver units is complete. This ensuresthat artillery familiar with local fire supportis in position during the relief. For a discus-sion of relief in place of artillery units, seeparagraph b below. The actual sequence isdetermined by analyzing:

Enemy situation and capability todetect the relief and react.

Terrain.

Time available.

* Degree of concentration of forcesacceptable.

Once a sequence of relief is determined,the unit being relieved decides the sequence ofrelief for forward elements. The sequencemay be relief of:

* Flank units followed by relief ofcenter unit(s).

* Center unit(s) followed by relief offlank units.

Relief of all forward units simultane-ously.

D-3

FM 17-95

Sequence of Relief at Company/Troop/Battery Level.

1. The incoming company/troop/ batterymoves under radio listening silence andblackout to its release point, where itbecomes subordinate to the outgoing troopcommander. Without delay, it is guided byits own personnel to a release point forplatoons.

.2. Troop CP and trains move to and locate withcounterparts.

4. As a team or section is relieved, it moves tothe platoon rendezvous point. When theoutgoing platoon has assembled, it movesrapidly to the troop assembly area. Theoutgoing troop or company commanderremains in place until relieved of responsi-bility. 3. Guides from the unit being relieved lead

each platoon from its release point to teamrelease points. Elements of each team are"walked" into position and oriented.

oC:

0cc~QC

FM 17-95

In cavalry, artillery of the unit beingrelieved usually remains in position untilmaneuver units have been relieved. In anycase, liaison officers and forward observers ofrelieving artillery locate with artillery to berelieved as soon as possible to becomefamiliar with fire plans. If sufficient area isavailable, relieving artillery units may oc-cupy new positions. In this case, relievingartillery usually moves into position bybattery. If relief requires more than one night,relieving artillery usually moves at least onepiece per battery forward the first night tosecure registration data. Until commandpasses, the commander of the artillery beingrelieved controls registration and all otherfires of the relieving artillery. Headquartersordering a relief may direct artillery with theunit being relieved to remain in position tosupport the subsequent operations of therelieving unit. In this case, if additional

artillery moves into the area, dispersion is aprimary consideration.

Command Control. Execution of arelief in place is controlled by the commanderof the outgoing unit. He is responsible for thedefense of the area until relieved by higherheadquarters. If enemy attacks before relief iscompleted, elements of the relieving unit inposition are controlled by the outgoingcommander. Commanders of incoming andoutgoing units should be together until reliefis completed. Relieving elements must moni-tor communications frequencies and callsigns of their counterparts in the outgoingunit. The relieving elements maintain radiolistening silence until in position. Once inposition, they break radio listening silenceand transmit as required. At this time,elements of the outgoing unit assume andmaintain radio listening silence until relief iscompleted.

PASSAGE OF LINES

A passage of lines may be either forwardor rearward. A forward passage of lines iswhen a unit moving to contact passesthrough a unit in contact. A rearwardpassage is when a unit breaking contactpasses through a unit not in contact. Aforward passage of lines may be required toattack with more than just the unit in contact.Zone reconnaissance, or an advance coveringforce operation for a moving force, oftenevolve into cavalry units helping main body

units make a forward passage of lines. On theother hand, a cavalry unit conducting recon-naissance and security operations, or attack-ing, frequently makes a forward passage oflines. A cavalry unit returning from areareconnaissance forward of friendly lines, orparticipating in an advance covering force orguard operation for a force deploying fordefense, must make a rearward passage oflines.

D-5

FM 17-95

CONSIDERATIONS FOR PASSAGE OF LINES

Headquarters directing a passage of linesnormally establishes priorities on routes andareas and designates passage and contactpoints. If it does not, commanders concernedmust come to an agreement. Informationconcerning routes, passage and contactpoints, and areas should be disseminated asearly as possible.

Contact Points. A contact point isdesignated for each passage point by thecommander ordering passage. Additionalcontact points may be designated by com-manders. A contact point must be located inan easily identifiable location beyond rangeof, or protected from, direct fire of the unitbeing passed through. The unit being passedthrough must man each contact point withcommunications equipment and guides. Incavalry, scouts are used. Initial physicalcontact with a passing unit takes place atcontact points. The passing unit is thenguided to and through a passage point.

Passage Points. Passage points arepoints where a passing unit moves through

another unit. They must be easily recogniz-able. A passage point also provides a meansof reporting locations and information relat-ive to traffic control. At night or duringperiods of limited visibility, ground surveil-lance radar may be used to vector units to acontact or passage point. The passing unitmust inform the unit passed when it hascompleted its passage.

Routes. Routes are designated fromcontact points through passage points. Dur-ing a rearward passage, routes to assemblyareas are designated.

Traffic Control. The commander ofthe unit moving to passage point(s) isresponsible for traffic control before reachingthe contact point(s). The unit manning thepassage point(s) assumes this responsibilityat contact point(s). At night and in closeterrain, it may be desirable for elements to beguided from a contact point through apassage point.

D-6

FM 17-95

Considerations for Aircraft. Passage of air cavalry and Army aviation units must becontrolled as closely as that of ground vehicles. As in all operations, flight of Army aircraft isinaccordance with the Theater Airspace Management Plan. Cavalry operations require:

m Air corridors for aircraft moving toair passage points. This preventsinterference with other aircraft andfires of artillery and air defenseartillery. An air corridor terminatesat a specific point (landing/laagerarea, terrain feature, etc.). Differentcorridors are usually established foraircraft with the unit manning thecontact and passage points to avoidconfusion.

u Air passage points and recognitionsignals to prevent engagement offriendly aircraft. Normally, recogni-tion signals are given and acknowl-edged before aircraft pass throughan air passage point. Air passagepoints must be readily identifiablefrom the air and ground and in or atthe end of an air corridor.

D-7

FM 17-95- --

/

SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR FORWARDPASSAGE OF LINES

* When possible, passage should be through elements not in contact,or in an area lightly held by friendly forces. This technique helpsprevent congestion.

* A unit manning contact and passage points must provideinformation concerning minefields in the area, safe lanes, and, ifnecessary, guides.

* Artillery supporting units manning passage and contact pointsusually integrates into the fire support plan of the unit passingthrough.

RECOGNITION SIGNALS FOR REARWARDPASSAGE OF LINES

Recognition signals are included in the order for passage. They arebased on Communications Electronics Operation Instructions (CEOI) ineffect and unit SOP's. Recognition signals should be known to all personnelof units involved in the passage. Examples of recognition signals are:

* Flashlighs with colored filters.

* Flag signals.

a Pyrotechnic signals.

* Sound signals.

* Radio signals (CEOI).

* Use of colored smoke grenades.

* Challenge and passwords.

D-8

-APPENDIX E FM 17-95

MILITARY OPERATIONS IN BUILT-UPAREAS (MOBA)

Many areas of the world, especially Western Europe, have experienced amassive growth in built-up areas and manmade changes to the naturallandscape. These changes significantly affect potential future battlefields.Avoidance of built-up areas is no longer possible. Rather, military operations inbuilt-up areas are an integral part of combat operations and present specialopportunities and challenges to the squadron commander.

Due to increasing urbanization, the squadron will frequently be required tooperate in areas interspersed with many small villages and towns, some largertowns, and even major urban complexes.

There are four different types of built-up areas and each presents special problems andopportunities to tactical commanders:

* Small villages (popul atio ,00T or ess), especially in Europe, are characterized bystone, brick, or concrete stores, houses, and barns in a cluster with a number of moremodern and more lightly constructed houses on the outskirts. Villages provide ready-made cover for platoons and troops, and in some cases even for the squadron.

* Strip areas are generally interconnecting built-up areas between villages and townsalong roads and valleys.

* Towns and small cities (population up to 100,000) which are not a part of a major urbancomplex.

* Large cities with associated urban sprawl (population between 100,000 and severalmillion covering 100 or more square miles.)

CONTENTS

PAGECRITICAL SYSTEMS ........................................ E-3

OFFENSE ........................................ E-5

DEFENSE ........................................ E-9

E-1

FM 17-95

Villages, small towns, and strip areaswill be a common occurrence to the squadron.The larger towns and small cities will have animpact on the operations of brigades anddivisions. Large cities and major urbancomplexes will affect operations at division orcorps level. The squadron can normallyexpect to operate in larger towns, cities, andmajor urban complexes only as part of alarger force.

The defender has the advantage in theuse of a built-up area. He has protection fromdirect and indirect fire, as well as conceal-ment and covered routes of movement withinthe area. The built-up area itself is an obstacleto the attacker and with mines, craters, andrubble, the effect can be multiplied. Theattacker can isolate and bypass some built-upareas but will be required to move throughothers. He is then faced with the prospect offighting from the outside into a well-defendedposition. Both attacking and defendingforces will take advantage of built-up areas tolocate command posts, stocks of supplies, andcombat service support units.

Whenever possible, a cavalry unit shouldbypass defended cities, because urban com-bat operations are characterized by house-to-house fighting, restricted observation andfields of fire, and restricted maneuver spacefor ground vehicles. As a result, mostcombat in such areas consists of infantryactions. On the other hand, a cavalry unitmust frequently reconnoiter to determine if acity is defended. (Reconnaissance operationsare described in chapter 5.) At times, acavalry unit may be required to participate inan operation to subdue enemy defending acity. As the (or part of the) envelopment force,cavalry should help seal off the area toprevent enemy reinforcement or escape. Anair cavalry unit may be used in this role, butshould not be committed to city fighting. If anarmored cavalry squadron must fight in alarge city, it should be reinforced with

infantry. City fighting is generally a slow,laborious process and planning must bedetailed and well coordinated. Troops must becarefully briefed and informed concerningcharacteristics of city fighting.

CRITICAL SYSTEMSOnce inside built-up areas, dismounted

infantry becomes the key system. Whileattacking, they routinely lead, often fightingfrom house to house and room to room. In thedefense they occupy and strengthen forwardpositions inside buildings.

Scouts usually dismount to reconnoiter orscreen the flanks of either an attacking ordefending force.

Tanks may move forward for a rapidthrust through light construction, but theirvulnerabilities must be recognized. In heavierconstruction, tanks must use the cover ofcleared buildings in order to support themovement of the infantry by fire. If thesquadron is also responsible for terrainoutside the built-up area, the majority oftanks may be used there to capitalize on theirmobility and range.

TOW's are also most effectively em-ployed on surrounding terrain features toisolate the built-up area and prevent enemyreinforcement. At times, however, the bestfields of fire and protection may be frominside the built-up area. Like tanks, TOW'scan use the cover of cleared buildings,exposing themselves only long enough toengage the target. TOW's can also be dis-mounted and placed inside buildings ifsufficient space exists.

Available engineer elements are espe-cially valuable in built-up areas. They createand breach obstacles and barriers, helpsquadron elements with explosives, clearaway rubble, maintain routes for combatvehicles, and breach walls to permit move-

E-2

FM 17-95

ment through buildings. Combat engineervehicles (CEV) are ideal for destroyingbuildings and creating rubble to impedeenemy attacks.

When defending in, or attacking througha built-up area, squadron mortars will nor-mally consolidate and provide general sup-port to the squadron. Because of their highangle of trajectory, mortar rounds mayfrequently be used to engage targets maskedby buildings and protected from artillery fire.Mortar WP rounds can assist in disengage-ment, screen the movement of units, -andignite combustible buildings occupied by theenemy.

Field artillery units support from outsidethe built-up area unless the area is extremelylarge. High angle fire is used. The decision touse preparatory fire in an attack is made bythe division or corps commander after deter-mining the effect that rubble and burningbuildings will have on movement. To destroybuildings housing enemy strong points,artillery may also be used in the direct-firerole.

Tactical air reconnaissance missions canprovide detailed intelligence on enemy dispo-sitions and capabilities. Air photos are useful,especially if recent maps are not available.Close air support can provide the groundcommander with selective and discriminat-ing air-to-ground fire support. In addition togeneral purpose bombs, cluster bomb units,rockets, and guns, the Air Force uses severalguided bombs and missiles especially suitedfor engaging hard point targets.

OFFENSE

Actions Appropriate for Villages,Towns, and Cities. In accordance withthe cardinal principle of offense-attackwhere the enemy is weak-defended built-upareas should not be attacked if they can besuppressed or bypassed. However, due to thenumber of built-up areas, it will often be

necessary to eliminate resistance from anarea which blocks a supply route or whichcould inflict losses on a force attempting tobypass.

There are three phases of the attack, anyof which may be altered or eliminated basedon the commander's intent, enemy strength,size and type of construction in the built-uparea, and soldiers and equipment available.

PHASE 1. ISOLATION.

Cavalry isolates the enemy by securingdominant terrain around the built-up areaand restricting the enemy's ability to resup-ply or reinforce. The size force requireddepends on the availability of dominantterrain and observation. If the mission is onlyto contain the enemy, isolation becomes theoverall concept of the operation.

E-3

FM 17-95

PHASE 2. SECURING A FOOTHOLD.

Cavalry secures a foothold in the built-uparea which provides cover from enemy directobservation and fire and allows for thedisplacement of forces and equipment, in-cluding forward supply points and aidstations. This action is required each time theattacker must move from a position of inferiorcover and concealment (from open terrain to aresidential area or from a residential area to abusiness district). The foothold is normallyone or two blocks assigned to a troop orcompany as an intermediate objective. Theinferior cover and concealment, initiallycharacteristic of this phase, should be offsetby isolating the objective with fire and smokeor by attacking during periods of limitedvisibility. Cavalry can secure a quick foot-hold in a residential area, but should notoperate in this role in a dense business districtor if prolonged fighting is anticipated.

PHASE 3. CLEARING THE BUILT-UPAREA.

There are two basic methods of clearanceused to secure either a small built-up area oran assigned zone in a larger one. These arethe rapid advance and the systematic clear-ance. Both require dismounted operations toroot out any defending enemy. If an exhaust-ing search of every room of every building isrequired, the attack in either case willprogress very slowly.

* Rapid Advance. This type of ad-vance may be used when a criticalobjective has been identified. Thiscritical objective may be a publicutility, bridge, airfield, or any facil-ity, structure, or terrain featurewhich provides a definite advantage.A strong, rapid advance force drivestoward the critical objective as

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FM 17-95

quickly as possible, clearing onlythat part of the zone necessary tosustain the advance. As this forcemoves forward, the remainder of theattacking force clears the zone,including the areas hastily clearedby the rapid advance. Disruption ofthe enemy's system of defense by therapid advance force should makezone clearance easier. Ideally, therapid advance force moves throughan area of known enemy weaknesses.Local air superiority and suppres-sion of enemy air defense weaponsmay permit insertion of the rapidadvance force on or near the criticalobjective by helicopters.

U Systematic Clearance. If no criticalobjective has been identified, or if astrong enemy or densely built-uparea prevent a rapid advance, thesystematic method of clearance maybe used. In this method cavalryshould be used as in a phase 1operation on dominant terrainaround the built-up area to isolatethe enemy and restrict his ability toresupply or reinforce.

Actions Appropriate to Strip Areas.Lightly defended strip developments mustnot be permitted to slow the advance of theattacker. They are not easily bypassed, butweak points can be isolated by suppressionand obscuration. Heavy concentrations ofdirect and indirect fire should support apenetration through the strip by fast movingarmor forces. If the enemy force does notwithdraw after the penetration, suppressionand obscuration of the flanks must continueto let the attacker pass through. Such areasmust be eventually cleared by follow-onforces.

DEFENSE

A squadron may be given the mission todefend in a built-up area when it can:

Control an avenue of approach,especially when the area is a choke-point or restricted area throughwhich the enemy must pass.

Cover an obstacle, such as an un-fordable river, by fire.

Cover an area by fire into which anenemy force can be canalized byobstacles or fires from other units.

Deny the enemy access to a criticalinstallation.

When defending inside a built-up area,the defender must recognize that fields of firefor direct-fire weapons are short, and mutualsupport between units is difficult to achieve.These conditions necessitate considerablymore forces to defend a given area than wouldbe required in open terrain. Conversely, ifholding the built-up area is not critical, it canbe effectively used as an economy-of-forcearea.

Defense of a Sector in a Large Built-up Area. In a large town or city thesquadron, reinforced with infantry, may begiven a sector to defend. Three or four cityblocks would be typical. This, however,should not be done routinely. A series of battlepositions (buildings or groups of buildings) isnormally established and prepared for all-round defense. Although mutual supportbetween battle positions should be main-tained, the very nature of built-up areas oftenallows the enemy to infiltrate between posi-tions. Thus, the defender must identify:

• Positions which enable him to placesurprise fires on the enemy.

Covered and concealed routes be-

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FM 17-95

tween positions (subways and sew-ers) which facilitate rapid movementof dismounted forces.

m Structures which dominate largeareas.

n Areas such as parks, boulevards,rivers, super highways, and rail-roads where AT weapons have fieldsof fire.

Firing positions for mortars.

* TOC locations which offer cover,concealment, and ease of commandand control.

Protected storage areas for supplies.

Normally, two or three mechanizedinfantry platoons are positioned in depth toblock avenues of approach. This force or partof it may be given the mission to reinforceforward infantry and conduct immediatecounterattacks. Tanks occupy firing posi-tions where they can augment the fires offorward infantry and assist counterattackefforts. When attacking large built-up areas,the enemy's reconnaissance elements at-tempt to identify defense weaknesses to beexploited by his first echelon forces. Hisforces try to bypass strongly defended areasin order to get into the defender's rear, isolatedefending elements, and destroy the integrityof the defense. To avoid being bypassed andisolated, the squadron must identify alter-nate and supplementary positions and beprepared to occupy them as the attack devel-ops.

Defense of a Small Town. The con-siderations of gaining fields of fire and coverare often conflicting. The forward edges of atown usually offer the best fields of fire, but inmost cases they are easily targeted by enemyoverwatch and supporting fire. These areasoften contain residential buildings con-structed of light material. Factories, civic

buildings, and other heavy structures whichprovide adequate cover are deeper in the townand have limited fields of fire.

Since the forward edge of a small town isthe obvious position for the defender, itshould be avoided unless:

* Terrain limits the enemy's ability toengage it with accurate fires.

* The forward edge of the town con-tains strongly constructed buildingswhich offer protection.

A cavalry troop or squadron may in-itially take battle positions on the forwardedge of the town to gain early warning of theenemy's advance, engage him at long range,and deceive him as to the location of thedefense. However, cavalry must withdraw intime to avoid decisive engagement. If obser-vation is not feasible from the forward edge,cavalry should position itself on more favor-able terrain forward or to the flanks of thetown.

To deny the enemy the ability to bypassor encircle the town, particular emphasismust be placed on control of surrounding keyterrain and coordination with adjacentforces. This is an excellent mission forcavalry in a built-up area.

Supplementary positionsroutes should be prepared toshifting of forces to meet anfrom any direction.

and coveredallow a rapidenemy attack

Using Strip Areas in the Defense. Ifvisibility is good and sufficient fields of fireare available, cavalry can occupy positionswithin a strip and deceive the enemy intothinking it is an extensive defense line. Tanksand ATGM's can inflict high losses onattacking enemy armor elements and slowtheir advance. Strips also afford coveredavenues of withdrawal to the flanks.

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FM 17-95

Incorporating a Village into theDefense. The commander may positionpart of his force in a small built-up area togain cover and concealment or to makemaximum use of the built-up area's obstacles.

In the following example, a village issituated on a chokepoint in a valley, dominat-ing the only high-speed avenue of approachthrough the sector. The buildings in thevillage are strongly constructed and provideexcellent protection against both direct andindirect fires. Placing a troop, or preferably amechanized infantry company in the town,while controlling adjacent terrain with theremainder of the squadron can form the basisof a formidable defense.

When the squadron defensive schemeincorporates a village, adequate forces must

be available to do the job. Infantry elementswill be at a premium, both to occupy buildingsin the village and to block possible dis-mounted enemy bypass attempts.

Since villages are often only 2,000-4,000mapart, squadron ATGM's and tanks may beable to provide mutual support to othervillages. Thus, battle positions within agroup of neighboring villages could provide asystem of prefabricated and mutually sup-porting positions in depth. Enemy armoredforces would likely be able to bypass onevillage, but would probably take high lossesin attempting to bypass the entire group.Therefore, enemy units will be forced todevelop a combined arms attack against avillage or a group of villages. Such attacks arecostly to the enemy in time and casualties.

E-7

- APPENDIX F FM 17-95

OBSERVATION POSTS

During security operations, cavalry units frequently establish observationposts (OP's) for surveillance of a specific area to obtain early warning. Incavalry, an observation and listeningpost are the same thing. An OP withdrawsonly on order. An OP engages the enemy in self-defense, and uses supportingfires to harass, impede, and destroy him. Personnel manning an observationpost use their weapons only in self-defense or for suppression to cover theirwithdrawal.

Reporting, requesting, and adjusting suppressive fires requires good communications.Radio, wire, or a combination thereof may be used.

When possible, use wire as the primary means of communication from the OP to reduce thechance of enemy interception and subsequent suppressive fires. A wire line from an OP shouldlie flat on the ground. This makes it more difficult for an enemy patrol to find. A wire line foundby an enemy patrol may be cut or followed to the terminals. The enemy will often attempt to takeprisoners by cutting a line and lying in wait for a repair party. Never send one man to check aline. If a wire must be checked, one man checks the line while being overwatched.

CONTENTSPAGE

SITE SELECTION .......................................................... F-2

MANNING REQUIREMENTS ........................................ F-3

OCCUPATION OF AN OP SITE ............................................. F-3

ACTIONS AT AN OP ....................................................... F-4

FM 17-95

SITE SELECTION

The mission and a map study willindicate the general area and covered andconcealed routes. Select the OP site afteractually seeing the terrain.

Primary Considerations. Primary

considerations for site selection are:

Field of view.

* Cover and concealment.

* Covered and/or concealed entranceand exit routes.

Avoidance of landmarks.

1 Overlapping fields of observationand other OP's. If overlapping fieldsof observation are not possible, usepatrols to periodically reconnoiterareas which can't be observed froman OP.

Guidelines. Usually, a site higherthan the surrounding area is selected toobtain a wide and deep view. It may be abuilding or a hill slope. Never select aconspicuous area which naturally draws theenemy's attention, such as abandoned equip-ment, a lone tree, a small isolated grove oftrees, a lone building, or a small group ofbuildings at a road junction or desert waystation. The site must not be skylined. It maybe located on the forward slope or topographi-cal crest of a hill. If a hill is heavily wooded, aforward slope position generally permits OPpersonnel greater freedom of movement andusually permits them to be closer to theirvehicle(s). Sometimes an OP must overwatchan approach in the desert, or must locate in avalley, draw, or dense woods. The decidingfactors are terrain and mission.

F-2

C1, FM 17-95

MANNING REQUIREMENTS

The number of men at an OP depends ontheir availability and the number of OP's andpatrols required. Two men are required ateach OP as a minimum. Three to five men aredesirable to reduce fatigue level and providelocal security for the observer. In groundcavalry, OP's are manned by scouts. Aground cavalry platoon can maintain sixOP's for a limited time. During sustainedoperations, a ground cavalry platoon shouldnot be assigned an area requiring more thanthree OP's. In air cavalry, the reconnaissance Iplatoon can also establish OP's. The platoon Iis equipped and manned to establish fourOP's for sustained periods. More can beestablished if additional radios (and/ortelephones) and binoculars are provided.Normally, eight is the limit for sustainedperiods.

OCCUPATION OF AN OP SITE

Actions on Arrival in the Area. Onarrival in the general area, halt in cover andconcealment and visually search for signs ofthe enemy and routes. Select the routeproviding the best cover and concealmentand intermediate stopping places from whichthe area can be observed. Sometimes the bestroute is not the most direct. Approach the sitefrom the rear. Dismount and move to theexact site by a covered and concealed route.(In desert or great plains areas affording littlecover or concealment, it may be desirable toremain mounted.) Remain undetected.

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FM 17-95

Location of Vehicles. When coverand concealment are available, ground vehi-cle(s) are usually left to the rear of the site,placed to facilitate movement out of the areaand to permit OP personnel to withdrawunder overvyatch. If movement to the OP is byhelicopter, dismount some distance from theactual site on a reverse slope or behind talltrees to prevent alerting the enemy. Afterdismounting OP personnel, a helicoptershould leave the area. On call, the helicopterretrieves OP personnel at a predeterminedrendezvous point.

ACTIONS AT AN OPImmediately on reaching an OP, hastily

scan the entire area with the naked eye. Usebinoculars and other vision aids to look closerat suspicious areas. Afterwards, sys-tematically search area from right to left inoverlapping belts.

Surveillance. The use of overlappingbelts ensures no area is overlooked andimproves detection probabilities as your eyesare focused for a specific range. First, searchthe nearest belt to prevent being surprised in

position. Then, search the next belt in thesame manner. Surveillance of an area may beaccomplished by teamwork. One man maywatch the entire area for movement, whileanother systematically searches with binocu-

F-4

FM 17-95

lars or other vision aids. The human eye isnaturally attracted to movement. The detec-tion of stationary men or machines is bestdone by a systematic search of the area. Usesight, hearing, and available STANO equip-ment. Observation telescopes and binocularsare as important at night as during daylight.During periods of limited visibility, it may bedesirable to locate a radar team with an OP tosupplement the surveillance effort. At night,use binoculars and night vision devices. (See

TOPOGRAPHICALCREST

. SADDLE

FM 21-75 for night vision training andtechniques.) During darkness and fog, detec-tion of the enemy by sound becomes veryimportant. The snapping of a branch, menmoving through water or mud, the clankingof equipment, or a cough or whisper willidentify enemy activity. A moving tank orother tracked vehicle is often first detected bythe noise it makes. Sometimes the enemy willattempt to mask noises of moving vehicleswith artillery fire.

The topographical crest is thehighest point of a hill.

HILLTOPSThe military crest is the highest

point from which the bottomand all parts of the forward

; slope can be seen.

Relating Terrain to the Map. After aquick visual search to prevent being sur-prised, relate the actual terrain to your map;that is, determine, plot, and report your exactposition.

FM 17-95

Keeping the Map Oriented. Keep themap oriented with the OP's field of view. Thisis necessary for quick and accurate reportingand efficient use of indirect fires. Reportinformation using a standard reportingformat (appendix B).

Remaining Concealed and Provid-ing Early Warning. While at an OP, avoidunnecessary movement and noise. Neverforget the importance of remaining con-cealed. After detecting an OP, the enemy willsaturate it with suppressive fires and/orattack to capture a prisoner for interrogation.Plan for withdrawal, including routes anduse of smoke and suppressive fires. Useantipersonnel (claymore) mines and tripflares to improve local security and provideearly warning. Site claymore mines so theirbackblasts will not strike the OP. Set tripflares away from the OP for early warningand to silhouette the enemy. It is best if theOP remains in darkness. Since the enemy willemploy night vision aids and illumination,use the same techniques of movement andremain undetected as during daylight.

Determining the Location of anEnemy Weapon Firing at Night. Atnight, good map reading may not be suffi-cient to pinpoint the location of an enemyweapon. The requirement to remain unde-tected may not allow enough light to see themap, or it may not be possible to relate thelocation of an enemy weapon to specificterrain. However, effective suppressive fire ispossible by supplementing the OP's location

with an azimuth and range to target. This isdone by using the flash and sound techniqueand a compass. Light travels faster thansound. As soon as the flash of a firing weaponis seen, start counting and take a compassazimuth. Stop counting when noise of theweapon firing is heard. Count at a rate ofthree counts per second. Multiply the count by100m to determine range. A count of sevenmultiplied by 100 would mean the target isapproximately 700m away.

Obtaining and Adjusting IndirectFire. An OP frequently requests, spots, andadjusts indirect fires. This is usually donethrough the platoon leader, but at times maybe done through a troop FO or other entity.Regardless of channels used, basic require-ments remain the same. These are:

A means of communication.

A map and, if available, binocularsand a compass.

An observer-target line. This re-quires the positions of the observerand an adjusting point to be known.The adjusting point may be thetarget or a well-defined point in thetarget area.

See FM 6-40-5 for a detailed discussion of howto request, spot, and adjust indirect fires.

F-6

- APPENDIX G FM 17-95

COMMAND POSTS, COMMUNICATIONS,AND ELECTRONIC WARFARE

COMMAND POSTS (CP)

The main command post and tactical command post are the principalcommand control agencies used by cavalry units from regiment through trooplevel. Normally, all cavalry units except a platoon employ main CP's andtactical CP's. 'A platoon does not have a CP. The principal focal point in acavalry platoon is the platoon leader. In his absence, it is the platoon sergeant.Usually, headquarters elements of cavalry units from regiment through trooplevel organize in two echelons for combat. These are the main CP and trains.Composition of the main CP varies from place to place, but it includes a tacticaloperation center (TOC) for operation and intelligence functions and any otherelements the commander chooses to include. Actual composition should bedefined by unit SOP. A commander frequently operates forward of his main CPby means of a tactical CP. Essential elements of a tactical CP, sometimes calleda command group, are the commander, artillery liaison officer at regiment orsquadron level (FO at troop level), and transportation and communicationselements.

CONTENTSPAGE

COMMAND POSTS (CP) ........................................ G-1

COMMUNICATIONS ........................................ G-5

ELECTRONIC WARFARE .................................................. G-12

FM 17-95

SELECTION OF A CP SITE

Normally a commander or S3 will desig-nate a general CP location. The actual site isusually selected by the headquarters troopcommander and/or C-E officer at theregimental or squadron level. The actual siteat troop level is usually selected by theexecutive officer and/or the first sergeant.When selecting a CP location, they consider:

Communications. The location mustpermit communication with higher, lower,adjacent, and supporting units. High groundfacilitates radio communications, especiallyFM radio, which essentially depends on theline of sight. However, high ground desirablefrom a communications viewpoint may not bereadily accessible and may not provide coverand concealment. Use of retransmissionstations and the locating of antennas200-300m away permit a CP to be located on areverse slope or in defilade.

Accessibility. A CP should be readilyaccessible from the ground. Crossroads andother prominent landmarks frequently firedon by the enemy should be avoided. Ahelicopter landing area with access viamasked routes near a regiment or armoredcavalry squadron main CP is desirable. It isessential for air cavalry squadrons andtroops. A landing area located in the vicinityof a cavalry CP is not a laager area. It is usedfor command control and liaison helicopters.It is usually best if a helicopter landing area islocated some distance, perhaps a kilometer,away from the site. Personnel are taken to themain CP by other means. This is particularlyimportant in desert areas because of dust.

Security. Security is achieved by locat-ing with, near, or in the rear of friendly forcesand utilizing the best cover and concealmentavailable. Vehicle crewmen and other person-nel must provide local security.

Security is also improved by using goodcommunications procedures. Even whensecure radio transmission facilities are used,an electronic signature remains. Althoughthe enemy may not be able to understandmessage content, he can determine locationof the transmitting antenna, gain intelli-gence from traffic analysis, and apply sup-pressive fires. Cavalry CP's must rely onradio as the primary means of communica-tion. Thus, measures should be taken tominimize intelligence the enemy can gainfrom radio communications. This can be doneby using other means of communications,whenever possible, and avoiding lengthyradio transmissions. If enough frequenciesand radios are available, different frequen-cies can be used for transmission andreception. This technique compounds enemyinterception and traffic analysis. Frequentmovement of CP's reduces the enemy's abilityto pinpoint their location and apply suppress-ive fires. When a CP receives enemy artilleryfire, it should immediately displace. Anartillery attack against a CP should not bereported in the clear, as the enemy will knowhis fire is effective.

Cover and Concealment. A CPshould be concealed from ground and aerialobservation. Cover should provide protectionfrom enemy direct fire. It can be achievedmost easily by locating on a reverse slope orin a woods, gully, or ravine. Wooded areasoffer good concealment. At times, it may bedeisrable to locate a CP in a built-up area toreduce its infrared signature.

Hardstand and Drainage. Groundshould be firm enough to support CP vehicles.Drainage is often an important considera-tion, as a sudden rain or thaw may quicklyflood low ground or mire the vehicles.

Dispersion. The site must permit

FM 17-95

dispersion of vehicles and facilities, prefera-bly in covered and concealed positions.Dispersion will reduce losses if the CP comesunder artillery or air attack. On the otherhand, need for dispersion must often bebalanced against need for security againstground attack. Dispersion in a CP is alsodictated by terrain. Vehicles forming atactical operations center (TOC) must betogether. All other vehicles should be dis-persed enough to prevent one round ofmedium artillery fire from destroying morethan one vehicle.

REGIMENTAL MAINCOMMAND POST

Composition. Composition variesaccording to the tactical situation and desiresof the commander.

Internal Arrangement. A regimen-tal main CP should be arranged to facilitatework and security; take advantage of cover,concealment, and dispersion; and permitquick displacement. Each regiment shouldhave an SOP prescribing the arrangement ofits CP. These general considerations apply toarrangement:

* S2, S3, and S3 Air vehicles areusually centrally located to form theTOC.

* A dismount and message pickup anddrop point may be located near theentrance to keep out vehicular trafficand provide an orientation point formessengers. This point is normallymanned by personnel from the com-munications platoon and/or scoutsection. In open areas, such as desertand great plains, this point mayserve no useful purpose. In suchareas, a CP may often be entered orexited at numerous points.

* CO, XO, aviation officer, fire supportsection, tactical air control party,and liaison officers are usuallylocated with the TOC.

* Tactical CP vehicles in the main CPare usually located where they canbest contribute to security.

" Only essential wheeled vehiclesshould be located with a main CP.One or two jeeps may be desirable fortransportation to and from the heli-copter landing area.

* All vehicles, except those of the TOC,must be dispersed (paragraph G-2).

Main CP arrangement should providesecurity against ground and air attack.Normally, a team of the regimental airdefense section positions away from the CP inthe most probable direction of enemy attack.Each vehicle with a weapon is assigned asector of responsibility in case of air and/orground attack. Normally, the headquartersand headquarters troop commander is re-sponsible for the location of elements at themain CP site.

Displacement. The headquarters andheadquarters troop commander is usuallyresponsible for the displacement of a regi-mental main CP. A regimental CP displacesas necessary to maintain communications. Itshould also move frequently to reduce thechance of being located by radio directionfinding elements. This helps avoid suppres-sive fires which generally follow detection bythe enemy. Displacement may be accom-plished in several ways:

[ Establish a forward main CP. Ele-ments of the S2 and S3 sections andthe communications platoon form aforward main CP and displace first.The forward CP moves rapidly to thenew location, establishes communi-cations, and assumes control while

G-3

FM 17-95

the rest of the CP displaces. Exactlywhat elements form a forward mainCP depends on the situation and thecommander.

Tactical CP temporarily functions asthe main CP. A tactical CP mayfunction as a forward main CP forshort periods.

Move as an entity and operate on themove. A regiment will often use thistechnique during fast-moving opera-tions. A main CP can function whilemoving; however, FM radio commu-nications may be erratic in hillyterrain due to frequent loss of the lineof sight. This can be largely over-come by using ground or aerialretransmission stations.

REGIMENTAL TACTICALCOMMAND POST

A regimental commander frequently usesa tactical CP to operate away from his mainCP. The tactical CP is small, mobile, andcontains those personnel and communica-tions capabilities a commander requires inorder to immediately influence a tacticalsituation. For additional information, seechapter 3.

AIR AND ARMORED CAVALRYSQUADRON MAIN AND

TACTICAL CP'S

Command control in an air or armoredcavalry squadron parallels that of a regi-ment, differing only in scope of operationsand level of command. In general, a squadronmain CP is farther forward and smaller thanthat of a regiment. By being farther forward,

a squadron CP must displace more often thana regimental CP. Usually, a squadron mainCP continues to function while moving. Itmay displace using any of the techniquesdiscussed on the preceding page. An aircavalry squadron's main CP is usuallyairborne more frequently than that of anarmored cavalry squadron.

AIR AND ARMORED CAVALRYAND CAVALRY TROOP CP'S

Air Cavalry Troop CP. An air caval-ry troop CP differs from an armored cavalryor cavalry troop CP, in that it is formedaround the flight operations section and it isnot usually located as far forward. An aircavalry troop tactical CP is frequentlyairborne. When not airborne, it may belocated in the vicinity of a FARRP, main CP,or ground maneuver unit.

Armored Cavalry and CavalryTroop CP. An armored cavalry or cavalrytroop CP consists of only one or two vehicles.An armored cavalry or cavalry troop CPmoves behind the platoons, and usuallydisplaces several times a day. Usually, thetroop commander and his artillery FO oper-ate from the troop commander's vehicle,away from the CP.

CP OF A TANK COMPANYORGANIC TO A REGIMENTAL

ARMORED CAVALRYSQUADRON

The CP of a tank company organic to aregimental armored cavalry squadron isgenerally the same as those of an armoredcavalry troop.

FM 17-95

ARTILLERY BATTERY ORGANIC TO A REGIMENTALARMORED CAVALRY SQUADRON

An artillery battery organic to a regimen-tal armored cavalry squadron uses a batteryoperations center (BOC) and a fire directioncenter (FDC) instead of a CP. A BOC

accomplishes all the functions performed byan armored cavalry CP and also functions asan alternate FDC (FM 6-50).

COMMUNICATIONS

The ability of a cavalry unit to move,acquire and report information, and shootdepends on its ability to communicate. Acavalry platoon leader and a cavalry unitcommander must rely on communications tocontrol subordinate elements, gather infor-mation, distribute intelligence, and coordi-nate firepower. Preparation for every opera-tion includes communications planning.

The communications platoon organic toa regiment or squadron performs organiza-tional maintenance on communication andelectronic equipment organic to a regiment orsquadron headquarters and headquarterstroop. The platoon, in coordination with theS4 section, procures communication andelectronic repair parts for the regiment orsquadron (less cryptographic) and evacuatesall communication and electronic equipmentrequiring repair beyond the organizational;level. It also:

* Operates a message centerprovides messenger service.

and

* Installs wire lines to subordinateunits and staff sections.

* Operates the parent unit's switch-board and provides panel marking

displays and message pickup facili-ties.

* Provides facilities for encrypting anddecrypting messages.

* Provides radio relay or automaticretransmission facilities and oper-ates a radio teletype station in theregimental or division command net.

COMMUNICATIONSRESPONSIBILITIES

The cavalry commander and/or leader,regardless of echelon, is personally responsi-ble for the adequacy and use of his communi-cations system and for its operation in thesystem of the next echelon. The commander'scommunications responsibilities includeplanning, maintenance, and training.

* Supporting to Supported. A sup-porting unit is responsible for estab-lishing communications with thesupported unit.

* Reinforcing to Reinforced. A rein-forcing unit is responsible for estab-lishing communications with thereinforced unit.

G-5

- - -- I~-----

FM 17-95

Reinforcing to Reinforced. A rein-forcing unit is responsible for esta-blishing communications with thereinforced unit.

* Lateral Communications. Respon-sibility for establishing communica-tions between adjacent units may befixed by the higher commander orSOP. If no orders fix responsibility,the commander of the unit on the leftis responsible for establishing com-munications with the unit on theright.

Restoration. Both units takeprompt action to restore communica-tions between units.

MEANS OF COMMUNICATION

All available means of communicationshould be used to prevent overloading anyone communication means. This helps tominimize the breakdown when one means isdisrupted. In cavalry, radio is the primarymeans of communication. It may be affectedby enemy jamming, unfavorable terrain, andbad weather. Wire, messenger, visual, liaison,and sound communication are alternatives toradio.

Selection. Communication meansavailable to the team commander are:

Communication means in each unitdepend on personnel, equipment, and trans-portation provided by tables or organizationand equipment and unit commanders. Differ-ent means of communication have differentcapabilities and limitations. Therefore, theyshould complement each other so that a team,a platoon, or larger unit is not dependent ononly one means. Dependence on one commu-nication means endangers command andcontrol. Reliance on several means streng-thens it.

Some means of communication are oftenmore effective than others. Selection of the

best means is made by answering:

How soon must it operate?

How long does it take to install?

• How long does it take to transmit?

How open is it to enemy action?

How reliable is it?

How much does it cost in resources?

Radio Communications. Radio setshave a common or overlapping frequencyrange, use the same type modulation, andtransmit and receive the same type of signal.This enables all elements to operate together.Stronger sets must be kept within the trans-mitting range of weaker sets. Operatingrange depends on:

Type of set.

Skill of the operator.

* Weather.

Terrain.

Interference.

Location from which the set is oper-ated.

Power lines and steel structures close to aradio site reduce operating range. Radiocommunications are subject to natural inter-ference, accidental interference from otherradio stations, and deliberate interference(jamming) by the enemy.

Wire Communications. The decisionto establish wire communications depends onneed, time available, and capability to installand maintain wire systems.

Advantages of Wire Communications:

* Wire communications allow person-to-person conversation with break-in

G-6

r

RADIO

WIRE

VISUALMay also include flares, colored smoke,and tracer ammunition.

SOUND

MESSENGER

FM 17-95

I

G-7

- -- 1- ------ - --- ---~-- --~ -- --. ~-U- _ -

I\

operation. Break-in operation is theability to interrupt without waitinguntil a transmission ends.

* Wire communications are less sus-ceptible to electronic warfare thanradio.

Wire communications are more se-cure and reliable than radio.

Disadvantages of Wire Communications.

Installing a wire system is timeconsuming. Proper planning mayreduce installation time which isaffected by length of lines, methodsof laying, type of terrain andweather.

* Wire lines can be broken by traffic orartillery fire, and need regular main-tenance. Care should be taken inselecting installation sites and wireroutes that avoid these dangers.

* Wire does not necessarily ensuresecurity of information transmittedin the clear because the enemy maytap the line.

* Since terminals must be connected,wire communications are not aspractical as radio for highly mobileoperations. Wire communicationswork best in defensive operationsand within command posts, but canbe used in any tactical operation ifproperly planned. (See appendix F

for a discussion of the use of wirecommunications by OP's.)

Visual Communications. Visualcommunications are used for transmittingprearranged messages quickly over shortdistances and identifying friendly forces.They are particularly useful during radio andlistening silence. Visual communications areeasily misunderstood and open to intercep-tion. The enemy may use similar communica-tions to confuse and deceive. In some situa-tions, they are not used because of security.Visual communications are also restrictedwhen visibility is poor or line-of-sight posi-tions are not available.

Arm and Hand Signals. Leaders usestandard and special arm and hand signalsto control small-unit actions, recovery opera-tions, and vehicle movements.

Flags. Messages may be sent with flagsby using prearranged signals. Each tank hasthree flags (red, green, and orange). Theymay be used to:

* Control movement. Flags serve as anextension of arm and hand signals.

* Mark vehicle positions. (For exam-ple, a quartering party representa-tive uses flags in an assembly area tomark vehicle positions.)

* Identify disabled vehicles.

* Warn friendly elements of advancingenemy. For example, a flag can beused to signal an overwatch elementforward.

FM 17-95

G-8

FM 17-95

ARM AND HAND SIGNALS

TRAVELING

OVER WATCH

MOVE UP ON

MY LEFT

TRAVELING

=OVER OUR

M OVE

IAM

READY

ENEMY

IN SIGHT

I DO NOT

UNDERSTAND

ATTENTION

ENEMY

IN SIGHT

DISREGARD

PREVIOUS

COMMAND

G-9457-874 0 - 84 - 15

A

-m

SDISMOUNT

\MOUNT

FM 17-95

/COMMENCE

FIRING

CEASE

FIRING

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FM 17-95

Lights. Flashlights, xenon search-lights, and other lights may be used totransmit brief prearranged messages, such asthe identity of friendly units, based on signalsgiven in the unit CEOI or fixed by thecommander.

The meanings for pyrotechnic signalsshould be brief and simple. Combinations ofcolors fired at the same time or in seriesincrease the possibility of error since anobserver may be unable to distinguish differ-ent colors or may miss part of the series.Receivers of pyrotechnic messages shouldconfirm that the pyrotechnic signal has beenseen and understood. Pyrotechnic signalscan be easily imitated by the enemy. There-fore, they can't be fully trusted unless thesignaller can be identified. Pyrotechnicsignals can also be seen by the enemy, sosecurity must be considered to avoid exposingthe locations or intentions of friendly units.

Pyrotechnics. Pyrotechnics are ammu-nitions containing chemicals that makecolored smoke or brilliant light. They are usedto signal or light an area at night and areavailable in several types and colors. Pyro-technic signals are included in the unit CEOI.These signals are generally used for friendlyunit identification, fire support control, targetmarking, and location reports. Pyrotechnicsmay also be used for ground and ground-to-air communications. Their principal advan-tage is the speed with which information canbe transmitted to large numbers of troops andisolated units.

Panels. Panels are used for communi-cating with aircraft. They identify units asfriendly and mark landing areas, drop zones,and unit positions. Identification displaysare normally prescribed in the unit CEOI.

Sound Communications. Simple de-vices such as whistles, bugles, horns, sirens,gongs, bells, klaxons, voice amplifiers, andexplosive devices are used for sound commu-nications. Principal uses of sound communi-cations are to attract attention, transmitprearranged messages, and spread alarms.Range and reliability are greatly reduced bybattle noise, therefore, sound signals aresatisfactory only for short distances. Sincethey are open to enemy interception, theymay be restricted for security reasons. Soundsignals must be simple to avoid misunder-standings.

Messenger Communications.Messenger communications are the mostsecure means available to units. Messengercommunications are flexible, reliable, andbest for transmitting lengthy messages. Theefficiency of messenger communicationslargely depends on the selection and trainingof messengers. Speed depends on the mode oftravel, tactical situation, terrain, and traffic-ability of routes. Limitations of messengercommunications include vulnerability toenemy action in forward areas and lack ofperson-to-person contact.

When necessary, dismounted troops canbe used locally as messengers. Air messengerservice may be used when aircraft are avail-able.

When possible, a cavalry unit or a team ofa platoon should use messengers, thereby,reducing reliance on other means.

Communications Between Dis-mounted and Mounted Personnel. Com-munications between dismounted andmounted elements of the team are critical tosuccessful operations.

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FM 17-95

ELECTRONIC WARFARE

Since the enemy uses direction finding(DF) equipment to pinpoint locations oftransmitters, electronic devices such asradios, radars, and infrared equipment areused only when needed. The enemy's DFequipment can locate any radio that trans-mits in a forward area if there is line of sightbetween the DF locator and the radio.Transmitting on low power and from behinda hill mass (if the distant station can receive),significantly degrades and can even defeatthe enemy's attempt to locate transmitters.Moving immediately after transmitting andbefore transmitting again confuses enemyDF equipment operators. Wire, directionalantennas, and messengers also reduce thechance of detection.

Use the smallest antenna which permitseffective communication. Do not hesitate tochange from a ground plane antenna to theradio's component whip or stub antennawhenever possible.

A reduced height ground antenna can bemounted into a pole holder welded to the frontbumper of a truck and secured with guy wires.This provides a highly mobile command netantenna.

Electronic warfare (EW) is divided intothree major components: electronic coun-termeasures (ECM), electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM), and electronicwarfare support measures (ESM). Electronicwarfare support is normally provided tocavalry by corps units especially equipped toconduct electronic warfare.

ELECTRONIC COUNTER-MEASURES (ECM)

ECM are all actions, such as jammingand deception, taken to deny or degrade use ofelectronic equipment. Prompt reporting ofenemy ECM is an important source ofintelligence. For details on EW, see TC 32-20.

Jamming is a deliberate attempt toprevent or degrade the reception of informa-tion. It is accomplished by a transmitterproducing an electromagnetic signal (such asvoice radio transmission) on the same fre-quency as the receiver. Successful jammingblocks out or partially obscures the intendedmessage.

The purpose of deception is to mislead theenemy. It may be manipulative or imitative.Manipulative deception involves transmit-ting false or misleading information overfriendly communications nets. This should bedone when the enemy is monitoring. Imitat-ive deception involves friendly radio opera-tors entering enemy communications syst-ems and pretending to be enemy stations. Thepurpose is to cause the enemy to react incertain ways or to confuse the enemy.

ELECTRONIC COUNTER-COUNTERMEASURES (ECCM)

ECCM are actions taken to permit use ofelectronic equipment in an EW environment.

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FM 17-95

They are preventive or remedial meas-ures.

PreventiveECCM Measures. Prevent-ive measures and continuous training andpractice in proper communication proceduresand communication tactics are the mostimportant aspect of EW in cavalry units. Toperform preventive ECCM:

Use correct radiotelephone proce-dures.

• Require authentication when indoubt.

* Use only authorized brevity and mapreference codes.

* Correctly locate antennas.

* Use secure-voice equipment whenpossible.

* Use directional antennas when prac-tical, especially with VHF/FM ra-dios.

* Mask antenna radiation when possi-ble.

* Transmit no longer than 30 seconds.

* Test the radio with a dummy an-tenna.

* When "remoting" antennas, movethem 1,000m or more.

* Do not locate radars with radios.Doing so creates a distinct emittersignature.

Remedial ECCM Measures. Takeremedial measures after the enemy beginsjamming. First, determine if reception prob-lems are due to electronic and atmosphericinterference. If jamming is suspected, discon-nect the antenna. If the noise (interference)goes away, the frequency is most likely beingjammed. If the noise continues with theantenna disconnected, then the set is proba-bly defective or the interference is beingcaused by nearby equipment. However, if theenemy is jamming, assume he is also monitor-ing the frequencies. When jammed, continueto operate and do not discuss the jamming.The enemy may conclude his jamming is noteffective and discontinue it.

Other remedial measures are:

Switch to higher power.

Use alternate means of communica-tion.

* Relocate radios/antennas to mini-mize the effects of the jammingsignal.

As a last resort, and when author-ized, change to an alternate fre-quency.

* Use directional antennas.

Operators must report jamming by se-cure communications means as soon aspossible. A format for the report is normallyfound in the CEOI.

G-13

-APPENDIX H FM 17-95

HANDLING PRISONERS OF WARAND CAPTURED ENEMY DOCUMENTS

Prisoners of war (PW's), maps, military documents, letters, and diariesobtained on the battlefield are very important sources of combat intelligence. Incavalry, these sources are usually obtained by a platoon. A cavalry platoonroutinely searches the battlefield for unit identification, maps, documents, andletters. The platoon rapidly reports such information and coordinates with thetroop commander for evacuation of PW's and items of possible intelligencevalue. In some instances, such items and PW's may be taken directly to the troopCP by a scout squad. At other times, the troop commander may rendezvous ordirect other elements to rendezvous with the platoons. In cavalry, greatemphasis is placed on the correct handling and rapid evacuation of captureditems and PW's. This is necessary because the sooner trained, experiencedintelligence personnel- can obtain such assets, the more valuable the informa-tion. See FM 30-15, Intelligence Interrogation and FM 30-16; TechnicalIntelligence for proper procedures on handling PW's and captured enemydocuments.

STAFF RESPONSIBILITYA regimental and/or squadron S1 plans and supervises the collection and evacuation of

enemy prisoners of war (PW's). The S1 does this in coordination with the supporting militarypolice unit. He must ensure that these plans conform to the directives of higher

CONTENTS

PAGE

STAFF RESPONSIBILITY .................................................. H-1

DUTIES OF CAPTURING TROOPS ....................................... H-2

CONSIDERATIONS DURING FAST-MOVING OPERATIONS ............. H-2

CONSIDERATIONS DURING DEFENSE .................................. H-2

EVACUATION TECHNIQUES .............................................. H-3

RIGHTS OF PRISONERS OF WAR ......................................... H-3

HANDLING PRISONERS OF WAR......................................... H-3

CAPTURED DOCUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT ............................. H-5

H-1

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FM 17-95

headquarters, and that they are clear, com-plete, and understandable. He coordinateswith the S2 for estimates on anticipated.prisoners and facilities for interrogation andwith the headquarters commandant for theoperation of the PW collecting point. "Hecoordinates with the S4 for transportation toevacaute prisoners and with his unit surgeonfor the evacuation of wounded prisoners.Emphasis is placed on the proper condition-ing of prisoners of war for interrogation. Formore information, see FM 19-20 and FM71-100.

DUTIES OF CAPTURINGTROOPS

Capturing troops disarm, segregate, tag,and search PW's for documents of militaryvalue. Documents are tagged to identify themwith the PW's from whom they are taken andthey are evacuated with the PW's. Thepersonal effects of a PW are not taken excepton the order of an officer for security reasons.In this event, a property register is main-tained and signed receipts are given each PWfor personal items taken. Capturing troopssegregate PW's according to sex, rank,nationality, and other appropriate catego-ries, and tag each PW to show time, place, andcircumstances of capture and capturing unit.Selective interrogation by PW interrogationteams for immediate information may beundertaken in the forward area.

CONSIDERATIONS DURINGFAST-MOVING OPERATIONS

Because of the continuous movement of acavalry unit command post in fast movingoperations, the evacuation of PW's and theestablishment of collecting points pose prob-lems. To offset these problems, two proce-dures are followed:

* Supporting MP's normally establisha collection point on the supply routeor in the trains area of each commit-ted squadron. This facilitates evacu-ation from squadron collectingpoints.

* PW interrogation teams with cavalryoperate with minimum facilities. Atregiment and squadron level, interro-gation of prisoners is limited toimmediate information required,such as the location and deploymentof enemy antitank weapons anddefenses, roadblocks, and tank units.In fast-moving operations, interroga-tors may be used with the forwardelements of the squadron. Facilitiesfor interrogation at regiment andsquadron are kept to a minimum,because PW's are questioned onlybriefly on the spot and evacuated to adivision PW collecting point orturned over to other units for evacua-tion.

CONSIDERATIONS DURINGDEFENSE

In defensive operations, evacuation ofPW's is normally from the point of capture tothe squadron PW collecting point and then tothe parent division or regimental PW collect-ing point. The preliminary interrogationattempts to obtain information of immediatetactical value to squadron commanders.Following the preliminary interrogation,PW's are evacuated to a division PW collect-ing point for a more detailed interrogationconcerning tactical information.

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FM 17-95

EVACUATION TECHNIQUES

The evacuation of PW's from forwardareas presents problems to the company teamor troop commander. In fast moving situa-tions, the team or troop commander must relyon attached or nearby infantry, returningvehicles and aircraft, slightly wounded orheadquarters personnel, and headquartersvehicles for the evacuation of PW's tocollecting points. A company or troop com-mander must use every possible resource tohelp evacuate PW's without reducing hiscombat strength.

A squadron S1, in conjunction with theS4, normally has greater resources at hisdisposal for the evacuation of PW's than doesa company or troop commander. Necessaryassistance is given the company or trooprequired. Assistance from regiment or adivision is requested when requirements forthe evacuation of PW's are beyond thecapabilities of the squadron.

When large numbers of PW's are col-lected during an operation, cavalry units maybe required to help in their evacuation. Whenplanning operations where large numbers ofPW's are anticipated, combat units may beassigned a "be-prepared" mission to helpevacuate PW's. This type of mission isusually assigned units in reverse or in afollow-and-support role.

Sick, injured, or wounded PW's aretreated and evacuated through normal medi-cal channels, but are physically separatedfrom US and Allied patients.

RIGHTS OF PRISONERS OFWAR

Rights of PW's have been established byinternational law, and the United States hasagreed to obey these laws. Once an enemysoldier surrenders, he must be treated hu-manely. It is a court-martial offense tophysically or mentally harm or mistreat aPW. The senior officer or noncommissionedofficer on the scene is responsible for the legalcare of PW's. A cavalry unit which can'tevacuate a PW within a reasonable time mustprovide the PW food, water, and medicaltreatment. Mistreated PW's and PW's whoreceive favors are not good interrogationsubjects. PW's should not be given comfortitems (cigarettes, candy, etc.) before their firstinterrogation.

HANDLING PRISONERS OFWAR

In handling PW's, use these five princi-ples (five S's):

SEARCH

Remove all weapons and documents.

* Return personal items of no militaryvalue to PW.

Leave helmet and protective mask/gear to protect him from the immedi-ate dangers of the battle area.

SEGREGATE

Break the chain of command. Separateby sex, rank, and other appropriate category.Keep the staunch fighter away from thosewho willingly surrendered.

SILENCE

Keep PW leaders from giving orders,planning escapes, or developing false "coverstories."

H-3