Movements and Joints

To turn the moving bone about its axis

Known as Lateral Rotation in the neck!

Horizontal Abduction Moving away from

the midline in the horizontal plane

Horizontal Adduction Moving toward the

midline in the horizontal plane

Circumduction: Flexion,

Abduction, Extension, Adduction in sequence

Flexion toward the outside of the body

Vary in size and shape.

Simple Joint: A joint with only two articulating surfaces Examples: Hip and Ankle (talotibal)

Compound Joint: A joint with three or more articulating surfaces Example: Wrist

Complex Joint: A joint with more than two articulating surfaces and

with a disc or fibrocartilage Example: Knee.

The hinge joint allows movement in one plane (flexion, extension)

Examples: Distal Interphalageal

(DIP) and Proximal Interphalageal (PIP) joints of the phalanges in the foot and hand

Ulnohumeral articulation at the elbow

Movement consists of two flat surfaces that slide over each other to allow movement.

In the hand the Carpals will slide over each other as the hand is moved to positions of flexion, extension, radial deviation, or ulnar deviation.

In the foot, the Tarsals shift during pronation and supination, sliding over each other in the process.

The ellipsoid joint allows movement in two planes (flexion, extension; abduction, adduction)

Examples: The radiocarpal

articulation at the wrist The metacarpophalangeal

articulation in the phalanges.

The saddle joint only found at the carpometacarpal articulation of the thumb

Allows two planes of motion (flexion, extension; abduction, adduction) with a small amount of rotation also allowed.

It is similar to the ellipsoid joint in function

The pivot joint also allows movement in one plane (rotation; pronation, supination)

Examples: superior and inferior

radioulnar joint The Atlas-Axis articulation

at the base of the skull.

Allows primary movement in one plane flexion, extension) with small amounts of movement in another plane (rotation).

Examples: The knee joint The temporomandibular

joint

Allows movement in three planes (flexion, extension; abduction, adduction; rotation)

Most mobile joint

Examples: The hip The Shoulder

Bones held together by either hyaline cartilage Example: epiphyseal plates

Or by fibrocartilage Example: pubic symphysis and the intervertebral

discs

The movement is very limited, although not to the degree of the synarthodial joints.

Allow little or no movement to occur between the bones and hold the bones firmly together.

Some bones are held together by fibrous articulations

Examples: Sutures of the Skull Distal Tibiofibular Joint

As movement occurs through a range of motion, the actual contact area varies between the articulating surfaces

Major Joints of the Body

Joint Type Degrees of Freedom

Vertebrae Amphiarthroidial 3

Hip Ball-and-Socket 3

Shoulder Ball-and-Socket 3

Knee Condyloid 2

Wrist Ellipsoid 2

Metacarpophalangeal (fingers)

Ellipsoid 2

Carpometacarpal (thumb)

Saddle 2

Elbow Hinge 1

Radioulnar Pivot 1

Atlantoaxial Pivot 1

Ankle Hinge 1

Interphalangeal Hinge 1

Supine: Face upward; on your back

Prone: Face downward; on your stomach

Cornonal (Frontal) Plane splits the body into anterior / posterior sections

Anterior: Front of the body or body part

Posterior: Back of the body or body part

When the body is split along the Mid Sagittal or Median

Sagittal Plane Lateral:

Away from the midline of the body

Anatomical position Medial:

Toward the midline of the body Anatomical position

Distal: Farthest from a

point of attachment to the body

Proximal: Used to describe

where the appendage joins the body

Transverse or Horizontal Plane Inferior:

Toward the bottom of the body or body part

Superior: Toward the top of the body or body part

Superficial: Toward the surface of the body

Deep (visceral): Deep inside the body

Mostly used in animalsDorsal (anterior):

Upper SurfaceVentral (posterior):

Bottom Surface

Internal: Deeper Inside Toward

External: Near the surface Outside Away

Volar Ventral aspect of the fingers

Palmar: Ventral aspect of the hand (palm of the

hand)Plantar:

Ventral aspect of the foot (sole of the foot)

Ipsilateral: One sided; pertaining to one side

Contralateral: Both sides; Bilateral