Mr. GleasonCambridge-South Dor.

Cambridge, MD

Mr. GleasonCambridge-South Dor.

Cambridge, MD

A View of Egypt by Satellite

A View of Egypt by SatelliteBegins in Begins in

the middle the middle of Africa of Africa and and extends extends north for north for 4,000 miles4,000 miles

Delta Delta = = Lower EgyptLower Egypt

Mediterranean Mediterranean SeaSea

Place where important Place where important cities developedcities developed

Red SeaRed Sea

The Fertile Nile Valley

The Fertile Nile ValleyThe River rose in the The River rose in the

Summer and reached Summer and reached its highest point in its highest point in September and OctoberSeptember and October

Once water receded, Once water receded, black mud was left that black mud was left that

was rich and fertile was rich and fertile “BLACK LAND”“BLACK LAND”

Blessed with natural Blessed with natural barriers- deserts, barriers- deserts,

Mediterranean Sea, Red Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Rapids on the NileSea, Rapids on the Nile

The Annual Flooding of the Nile

“The Miracle”

The Annual Flooding of the Nile

“The Miracle”

Nile Irrigation-the Shaduf

Nile Irrigation-the Shaduf

They constructed a network of They constructed a network of irrigation systems that directed irrigation systems that directed

water onto different parts of land to water onto different parts of land to saturate the land. saturate the land.

The The shadufshaduf, the water-lifting device allowing , the water-lifting device allowing farmers to irrigate canals during the dry farmers to irrigate canals during the dry

summer.summer.

A Noria, buckets attached to a A Noria, buckets attached to a waterwheel. Another device to lift waterwheel. Another device to lift

water.water.

Click on me: http://www.historyforkids.org/crafts/egypt/shaduf.htm

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Ancient Egyptian History

Ancient Egyptian HistoryPeriods Time Frame

Nile Culture Begins

3900 B. C. E.

Archaic 3100 – 2650 B. C. E.

Old Kingdom 2650 – 2134 B. C. E.

Middle Kingdom 2040 – 1640 B. C. E.

New Kingdom 1550 – 1070 B. C. E.

Late Period 750 – 332 B. C. E.

Greek Ptolemaic Era

332 – 30 B. C. E.

Roman Period 30 B. C. E. – 395 C. E.

Menes: Unifier of Upper & Lower Egypt

Menes: Unifier of Upper & Lower Egypt

c. 3050 B. C. E. ?

c. 3050 B. C. E. ?

Menes: Menes: King who King who

united Upper united Upper and Lower and Lower

Egypt Egypt creating the creating the first dynastyfirst dynasty

ArcheologArcheologists found ists found

Menes Menes wearing wearing

the crown the crown of Upper of Upper

and Lower and Lower Egypt.Egypt.

For a long time, Menes was considered to be as For a long time, Menes was considered to be as imaginary as the Gods. Some historians believe that the imaginary as the Gods. Some historians believe that the

Sphinx was a monument dedicated to Menes.Sphinx was a monument dedicated to Menes.

DynastyDynasty – family of rulers – family of rulers whose right to rule is passed whose right to rule is passed

on within the family.on within the family.

Ancient Egyptian Housing

Ancient Egyptian HousingMiddle Class

HomesMiddle Class Homes

Peasant Homes

Peasant Homes

Scenes of Ancient EgyptianDaily Life

Scenes of Ancient EgyptianDaily Life

Young boys and girls Young boys and girls married very young: married very young:

Girls-12 ; Boys-14Girls-12 ; Boys-14

Monogamy was the Monogamy was the general rule, although a general rule, although a

husband could take husband could take another wife if childlessanother wife if childless

Most careers were closed Most careers were closed to women, but some did to women, but some did

operate businesses.operate businesses.

Parents arranged Parents arranged marriages; chief concern marriages; chief concern was to produce childrenwas to produce children

Many love poems Many love poems have been have been

excavated and it excavated and it can be seen that can be seen that some marriages some marriages

did have the did have the element of element of romance. romance.

Making Ancient Egyptian Beer

Making Ancient Egyptian Beer

Beer = Beer = Staple Staple drink; drink;

enjoyed by enjoyed by poor and poor and wealthywealthy

Beer = Offerings to Gods, Beer = Offerings to Gods, used as money for wages, used as money for wages,

beer given in rationsbeer given in rations

Making Beer = Traditionally Making Beer = Traditionally a woman’s task made from a woman’s task made from

yeast filled breadyeast filled bread

The Bread was made, lightly baked, torn into pieces, and The Bread was made, lightly baked, torn into pieces, and strained through a sieve with water. Flavor was added by dates strained through a sieve with water. Flavor was added by dates

and stored in large jars for fermentation. and stored in large jars for fermentation.

What action is happening based What action is happening based on all these hieroglyphics?on all these hieroglyphics?

What action did the What action did the hieroglyphics hieroglyphics represent? represent?

Making Ancient Egyptian WineMaking Ancient Egyptian Wine

Wine = Offerings to Gods, Wine = Offerings to Gods, used as money for wages, used as money for wages,

beer given in rationsbeer given in rations

Wine = Considered by many Wine = Considered by many to be a food and used for to be a food and used for

medicinemedicine

It also was used as a mild antiseptic , as cough syrup , as an appetite-restorer , for quelling fevers, dressing wounds , and “releasing a child from the belly of a woman ,” i.e for sedating the woman in birth.

Made exclusively for royalty Made exclusively for royalty and the elite.and the elite.

Valuable commodity only used in Valuable commodity only used in special occasionsspecial occasions

Wine was believed to have divine qualities. Ancient wine was not Wine was believed to have divine qualities. Ancient wine was not only made from grapes, but fruits such as figs, pomegranates, only made from grapes, but fruits such as figs, pomegranates,

dates, figs, and palm.dates, figs, and palm.

An Egyptian Woman’s “Must-Haves”

An Egyptian Woman’s “Must-Haves”

PerfumePerfume

WhigsWhigs

MirrorMirror

The scents were extracted by steeping plants, flowers or wood. The materials were placed in a piece  of  cloth which was wrung until the last drop of fragrance had been retrieved. Alternatively they were boiled with oil and water and the oil skimmed off.

Worn by men and Worn by men and women made of women made of

human hair, plant human hair, plant fiber, and sheep fiber, and sheep wool. Some false wool. Some false

beards were worn as beards were worn as well.well.

Egyptian Social Hierarchy

Egyptian Social HierarchyEgyptian Egyptian

Society was Society was organized like organized like a pyramid with a pyramid with the god-king at the god-king at

the top. the top.

Pharaoh was Pharaoh was surrounded by surrounded by

priests and priests and upper class upper class

nobles.nobles.

Below the upper Below the upper class were class were merchants, merchants,

artisans, artisans, scribes, and tax scribes, and tax

collectorscollectors

Made Made exclusively exclusively for royalty for royalty

and the elite.and the elite.

Largest Largest number of number of people in people in

Egypt worked Egypt worked the landthe land

The peasants The peasants paid taxes in the paid taxes in the form of crops to form of crops to

the pharaoh, the pharaoh, nobles, and nobles, and

priestspriests

Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs

Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs

Thutmose III

1504-1450 B. C. E.

Thutmose III

1504-1450 B. C. E.

Ramses II1279-1212 B.

C. E.

Ramses II1279-1212 B.

C. E.

Tutankhamon

1336-1327 B. C. E.

Tutankhamon

1336-1327 B. C. E.

- Nephew of the first Nephew of the first women to become women to become pharaoh pharaoh (Hatshepsut)(Hatshepsut)

- Controlled present Controlled present day Palestine, Syria, day Palestine, Syria, and Libyaand Libya

- The boy pharaohThe boy pharaoh- Restored the old Restored the old

gods after gods after Akhenaton rule.Akhenaton rule.

- Egyptians began attacking Egyptians began attacking other empires, regained other empires, regained control of Palestine.control of Palestine.

- An invasion of the “Sea An invasion of the “Sea People” caused his empire People” caused his empire to collapse. to collapse.

Egyptian Nobility & Religion

Egyptian Nobility & Religion

Egyptians Egyptians were were

polytheistic- polytheistic- belief in belief in

more than more than one godone god

Gods were Gods were associated associated

with with heavenly heavenly

bodies and bodies and natural natural forcesforces

Most Most importaimportant gods nt gods

were were the sun the sun

gods gods and and land land godsgods

Many Many gods gods took took on on

differedifferent nt

forms forms and and

differedifferent nt

namesnames..

Story of “Story of “Osiris Osiris and Isisand Isis””

Egyptian Gods & Goddesses:

“The Sacred ‘Trinity’”

Egyptian Gods & Goddesses:

“The Sacred ‘Trinity’”

Osiris Isis Horus Osiris Isis Horus

Egyptian ScribeEgyptian Scribe

Writing Writing emerged emerged around 3000 around 3000 B.C. B.C. (hieroglyphic(hieroglyphics)s)

Hieroglyphics Hieroglyphics an advanced an advanced form of writing form of writing using using picturespictures and and abstractabstract forms.forms.

Hieratic Script- Hieratic Script- highly highly simplified simplified version of version of hieroglyphicshieroglyphics

Hieratic Hieratic writing writing

was used was used for record for record keeping keeping

and and business business

transactiotransactions.ns.

PapyruPapyrus- a s- a paper paper made made from from reed reed that that grew grew around around the the Nile.Nile.

““A boy’s ears A boy’s ears are on his are on his back. He back. He

listens only listens only when he is when he is beaten.”beaten.”

Papyrus PaperPapyrus Paper

Papyrus PlantPapyrus Plant

Hieratic Scroll Piece

Hieratic Scroll Piece

Egyptian Math & Draftsmenship

Egyptian Math & Draftsmenship

11 1010 100100 10001000 10,00010,000 100,000100,000 1,000,0001,000,000

What number is this?

What number is this?

Champollion & the Rosetta Stone

Champollion & the Rosetta StoneRosetta Stone- Rosetta Stone-

a decree that a decree that appears in appears in three separate three separate texts.texts.1- Ancient 1- Ancient

EgyptianEgyptian2- Demotic2- Demotic3- Ancient 3- Ancient GreekGreek

Provided the Provided the key for modern key for modern understanding understanding of of hieroglyphicshieroglyphics

Hieroglyphic

“Cartouche”

Hieroglyphic

“Cartouche”

Mr. Ryan Mr. Ryan GleasonGleason

Hieroglyphics “Alphabet”Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic

symbols 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic

symbols

http://www.virtual-egypt.com/newhtml/glyph/glyph.html

Preparations for the Underworld

Preparations for the Underworld

Priests protected your KA, or soul-spirit

Priests protected your KA, or soul-spirit

ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather.

ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather.

Egyptians Egyptians believed in two believed in two bodies- bodies- Physical and Physical and Spiritual.Spiritual.

*If the physical body

*If the physical body

was preserved than

was preserved than

the spiritual one would

the spiritual one would

returnreturn

Liver, lungs, Liver, lungs, stomach, and stomach, and intestines were intestines were placed in placed in special jars.special jars.

Brain was removed Brain was removed by extracting it from by extracting it from the nose.the nose.

Materials Used in Mummification

Materials Used in Mummification

1. Linen 6. Natron2. Sawdust 7. Onion3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads5. Resin 10. Frankinsense

1. Linen 6. Natron2. Sawdust 7. Onion3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads5. Resin 10. Frankinsense

Mummification Mummification – a process of – a process of slowly drying a slowly drying a dead body to dead body to prevent it from prevent it from rotting.rotting.

Preparation for the Afterlife

Preparation for the Afterlife

Corpse covered

Corpse covered with natural salt,

with natural salt, to absorb the

to absorb the body’s water.

body’s water.Body is filled with Body is filled with spices and spices and wrapped with wrapped with resin soaked resin soaked linens.linens.

70 day proce

ss

70 day proce

ss

Afterlife mask

Afterlife mask

Mummy placed

Mummy placed in a case and

in a case and then the tomb.

then the tomb.

Egyptian MummiesEgyptian Mummies

Seti I1291-1278 B.

C. E.

Seti I1291-1278 B.

C. E.Queen Tiye,

wife of Amenhotep II

1210-1200 B. C. E.

Queen Tiye, wife of

Amenhotep II1210-1200 B. C. E.

Ramses II1279-1212 B.

C. E.

Ramses II1279-1212 B.

C. E.

Click on me: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/launch_gms_mummy_maker.shtml

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Journey to the Underworld

Journey to the Underworld

A boat for the journey is

provided for a dead pharaoh

in his tomb.

A boat for the journey is

provided for a dead pharaoh

in his tomb.

The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.”

The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.”

One must pass One must pass through the through the Underworld Underworld before they reach before they reach the Afterlife.the Afterlife.

Magic will help to

Magic will help to

provide a safe

provide a safe

travel.travel.

Egyptian Book of the Dead

Egyptian Book of the Dead

Book of Book of the the Dead- Dead- CollectiCollection of on of Spells Spells to help to help the the dead dead pass pass through through the the underwunderworldorld

http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/mummies/activity/main.html

The Final JudgementThe Final Judgement

Anubis Horus Osiris Anubis Horus Osiris

Shabtis: The Pharaoh’s Servants

in the Afterlife

Shabtis: The Pharaoh’s Servants

in the AfterlifeUsed Used to be to be staff staff for the for the pharaopharaoh’s h’s afterlifafterlife if e if called called upon upon to do to do so.so.

Giza Pyramid ComplexGiza Pyramid Complex

Great Great achievements achievements of Egyptian of Egyptian time, building time, building of pyramids of pyramids during the Old during the Old Kingdom.Kingdom.

Pyramids- Pyramids- building building dedicated for dedicated for pharaoh’s burial.pharaoh’s burial.

Click on me: http://www.eyelid.co.uk/Egyptian_Videos/Great_Pyramids.html

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Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu

Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu

Largest Largest pyramid built

pyramid built in Giza.in Giza.

Covers 13

Covers 13

acres

acres

481 feet

481 feet

highhigh

100,000

100,000

pyramid

pyramid

builders

builders

20 years to

20 years to buildbuild

Extremely Extremely preciseprecise

Great Sphinx Great Sphinx guards the guards the PyramidPyramid

Sphinx head- likeness Sphinx head- likeness of his sonof his son

Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)

Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)

Primary Primary discovediscoverer of rer of King King TutTut

From From London, London, EnglandEngland

Best Best preserpreserved ved and and most most intact intact tombtomb

Entrance to King “Tut’s” Tomb

Entrance to King “Tut’s” Tomb

King Tutankhamon’s Death Mask

King Tutankhamon’s Death Mask

1336-1327 B. C. E.

1336-1327 B. C. E.

King TutankhamonKing Tutankhamon

King Tutankhamun’s Tomb

King Tutankhamun’s Tomb

Treasures From Tut’s Tomb

Treasures From Tut’s Tomb

Ankhenaton: First Monotheist?

Ankhenaton: First Monotheist?

1352-1336 B. C. E.

1352-1336 B. C. E.

QueenNefertitiQueen

Nefertiti

Known Known for a for a ReligiouReligious s RevolutiRevolutionon

CelebrateCelebrated d MonotheiMonotheism, sm, AtenAten Sun GodSun God

Made Made Famous Famous for her for her bustbust

Ruled Ruled briefly briefly after after her her husbanhusbands ds death.death.