mr. makal us history 10/27/09. eyewitness account: count von harrach was in the car when the...
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WORLD WAR IMr. MakalUS History10/27/09
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War Breaks Out in Europe
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Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
Eyewitness Account: Count von Harrach was in the car when the Archduke and Duchess were killed
"As I was drawing out my handkerchief to wipe away the blood from the Archduke's lips, her Highness cried out: "For God's sake! What happened to you?" Then she sank down from her seat with her face between the Archduke's knees. I had no idea that she had been hit and thought that she had fainted from shock. His Royal Highness said "Sophie, Sophie, don't die. Live for my children." I seized the Archduke by the coat collar to prevent his head from sinking forward and asking him: "Is your highness in great pain?" To which he clearly answered: "It is nothing." His face was slightly distorted, and he repeated six or seven times, every time losing more consciousness and with a fading voice: "It is nothing." Then came a brief pause followed by a convulsive rattle in his throat, caused by a loss of blood. This ceased on arrival at the governor's residence. The two unconscious bodies were carried into the building where their death was soon established."
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Causes of WWI
1. ImperialismBritain, France, Germany, and Italy all competed for colonies in Africa. Because it had fewer colonies, Germany thought that it deserved more.
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Causes of WWI
2. Nationalism
Full of pride and loyalty to country. Wanted to be the best. Stemmed to ethnicity as well - better than others
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Causes of WWI
3. Militarism
The need for a large military to show strength and ability/willingness to fight.
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Causes of WWI
4. Alliances
Nations tied together for economic and political gain. One small skirmish could lead to all out war between groups of allies.
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Central Powers and Allies
Central Powers - Austria-Hungary, Germany and Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria
Allies – Serbia, Russia, France, Great Britain, Italy and 7 other countries.
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Stalemate in the Trenches
Thought the war would be over shortly – maybe a few __________
Germany invades Belgium to get to France._______________.
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Stalemate in the Trenches
First battle came as Germans broke into France – Battle of the _______
Continued for 3 years
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Trench Warfare
New style of War – Trench Warfare1. Stretched from English Channel
through France and onto Switzerland.
2. Sat in mud and rat infested trenches firing machine guns at the opposing side.
3. Sniper fire4. Artillery shelling5. Poison gas
Actual fighting would cost thousands of lives, usually without gaining an inch of ground.
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In the Trenches
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Death in the Trenches
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Trenchfoot
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Trench Layout
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Trench Diagram
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“All Quiet on the Western Front”
"I am young, I am twenty years old; yet I know nothing of life but despair, death, fear, and fatuous superficiality cast over an abyss of sorrow. I see how peoples are set against one another, and in silence, unknowingly, foolishly, obediently, innocently slay one another." - Erich Maria Remarque, All Quiet On The Western Front, Ch. 10
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“All Quiet on the Western Front”
"But now, for the first time, I see you are a man like me. I thought of your hand-grenades, of your bayonet, of your rifle; now I see your wife and your face and our fellowship. Forgive me, comrade. We always see it too late. Why do they never tell us that you are poor devils like us, that your mothers are just as anxious as ours, and that we have the same fear of death, and the same dying and the same agony--Forgive me, comrade; how could you be my enemy?" - Erich Maria Remarque, All Quiet On The Western Front, Ch. 9
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Time to Write
Describe how you feel having read and listened to this man’s words. What does this tell you about the war?
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Battle of Somme
Battle of SommeJuly and November 19161.2 million casualties______________– 400,000 dead or wounded
German – __________________French – 200,000Despite this, the allies gained about ____________miles.
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A War of New Technology
New Technology = Higher death tollThe Tank – BritishMachine Guns – 600 bullets a minute
Poison gas – burned and blinded soldiers
Airplanes
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Manfred von Richthofen
“The Red Baron”Germany’s Ace – downed 5 or more planesRed Baron downed more than 80 planes
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U-Boats and Submarines
Used to block tradeEquipped with both guns and _______________
German U-Boats downed over _______ million tons of Allied Shipping
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America’s Path to War
President Woodrow Wilson announced the neutrality of the US in 1914.
In May 1915, German U-Boat torpedoed the British Lusitania, killing 1,198 people, 128 Americans. The sinking turned many Americans against Germany.
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America’s Path to War
The Zimmerman Telegram – a telegram that the British intercepted that was created by Arthur Zimmerman, German foreign minister, told the German ambassador in Mexico to propose to Mexico that they join the Germans. In return, the Germans would help Mexico get back its lost territories of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. This made the Americans really mad
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Cont.
In March, German subs sank 3 US ships. Wilson declared war
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Revolution in Russia
Bolsheviks take over in RussiaLed by ______________Communist party and the start of communism in Russia
Russia worked with __________ for a peace treaty.
Allies desperately need help form the Americans
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America Joins the FightSection 2
US not ready for war US instituted a draft to “beef-up” the armed
forces Selective Service Act – May, 1917
All men 21-30 had to sign for military action Less than 200,000 men
By the end of 1918, 3 million men had been drafted
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Minorities Serve in the War
50,000 women served during WWI as well Red Cross Military
Naval clerical workers – 12,000 Nurses
400,000 African Americans go to war Still face discrimination
Came from their own soldiers; not the foreign enemy
2 African American combat divisions were created
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Oh SHIP…
Use of a convoy system Protects/guards merchant ships across the
Atlantic Uses destroyers and cruisers to guard the
merchant ships Use of mines
70,000 mines in the North Sea 180 miles of minefield Almost impossible for U-Boats to enter
Battleships
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American Troops Enter
America enters in June of 1917 France
Europe already at war for 3 years when the US enters
Germans and other Central Powers tried to end the war before the US got involved. Within 2 months, the Central Powers
destroyed lines in France and made way to the Marne River – 50 miles from Paris.
Here come the Americans – 1 million strong
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American Troops
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Continued
May 28th – American soldiers attacked the town of Cantigny which was occupied by the Germans. Within 2 hours, the US had pushed back and
beat the Germans, giving the Allies morale and hope.
Americans continue to push the Germans back and with the help of the French and other Allies, push the Germans back into Belgium and Germany.
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2nd Battle of Marne
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The Second Battle of Marne
Summer of 1918 – Turning point of the War 3 days of fighting
85,000 Americans helped the Allies push the Germans back, cutting off supply lines and forcing the Central Powers to retreat.
By September, Germans lost all of the land that they had gained in the spring
Meuse-Argonne offensive - Victory Alvin York Eddie Rickenbacker
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Germany Stops Fighting
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Germany Stops Fighting
After the defeat at Meuse-Argonne, the German navy mutinied and its allies dropped out…uh oh… General Ludendorff advised the German
Government to seek out a peace process November 9th, the German Kaiser stepped
down 2 days later, November 11th, the Germans
agreed to an Armistice. Armistice – an end to fighting
11th hour on the 11th day of the 11th month – fighting ended
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Aftermath
8.5 million dead 21 million wounded Millions of civilians died from mass
starvation and disease Families were torn apart
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Section 3Life on the Home Front
Preparations for War Jobs open up for Women in the absence of
men Many would lose these jobs upon the return of
the soldiers
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Mobilizing for War
WWI cost the United States $35.5 Billion War Bonds – paid for 2/3 of America’s
war debt Low interest loans Americans sold to the US
government that would be repaid over a period of time
Citizens needed to buy war bonds to help support the US military
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War Bonds Posters
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American Resourcefullness
Collecting tin cans, bandages, apricot pits
“Victory Gardens” Women’s groups knit
sweaters, socks, and hospital gowns for soldiers
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Cont
Preserved food on specific days of the week
Meatless days of the week Drove less
No “Sunday drives” Almost anything that could be saved and
used by the troops was.
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War Propoganda
President Wilson creates a Committee on Public Information Job was to create
propaganda Committee sold the war
through visual and written messages
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More Propoganda
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Intolerance and Suspicion
Propaganda also stirred prejudice and anti-German feelings
Words change Hamburger becomes “Salisbury Steak” Berlin becomes Brunswick
Espionage Act Sedition Act
Laws made war protest illegal and carried long prison sentences and fines
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Backlash
Anti-war supporters received harsh treatment
Eugene Debs spent 10 years in jail for his socialist views and remarks What about our rights?
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New Jobs and the Great Migration
Between 1910 and 1920, 500,000 African Americans moved North to take jobs in the factories, vacated by white men going off to war. Called “Great Migration”
Hoped for a better life in the North New jobs for women
Ammunition factories, steel mills, streetcar conductors
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Flu Epidemic
Killed more than 20 million people Spread by soldiers 500,000 Americans killed