mr manoj rajale · 2019-03-06 · syllabus open and closed loop control system, identification of...
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Mr Manoj Rajale
UNIT –II
Block Diagram Representation
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Syllabus
Open and Closed loop control system,
Identification of key elements of mechatronics systems and
represent into block diagram (Electro-Mechanical Systems),
Concept of transfer function,
Block diagram reduction principles,
Applications of mechatronics systems:- Household,
Automotive, Shop floor, Industrial.
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What is a Control ??
Control means to make
an out put ON or OFF
by help of Controlling
Devices like simple
toggle switch to a
complex system with
components such as
relays, timers, and
switches.
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Types of control
1) On-Off control,
2) Sequential control,
3) Feedback control, and
4) Motion control.
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Example of manual control
Manual Control circuits use components that require
human interaction in order to operate.
AC
source
Toggle switch
Control circuits may require manual control, Automatic
control or Combination of both.
A controlled circuit
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Example of manual control
AC
source
Toggle switch
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Example of Automatic control
Automatic control circuits can operate themselves
without the need for human interaction.
Float Switch has been operated by a floating
arrangement Automatically.
AC
source
Float switch
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Example of Automatic control
Automatic control circuits can operate themselves
without the need for human interaction.
Float Switch has been operated by a floating
arrangement Automatically.
AC
source
Float switch
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Example of Automatic control
Automatic control circuits can operate themselves
without the need for human interaction.
Float Switch has been operated by a floating
arrangement Automatically.
AC
source
Float switch
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Example of Automatic control
Automatic control circuits can operate themselves
without the need for human interaction.
Float Switch has been operated by a floating
arrangement Automatically.
AC
source
Float switch
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ControlA Control system performs following functions-
1. For particular input the system output can be controlled to a
desired particular value.
2. To minimize the error between actual and desired output
Actual Response
Desired Response
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Open Loop Control
Output is dependent on input but controlling action is
totally independent of the changes in output, is an Open
Loop Control System.
No feedback is used, so the controller must independently
determine what signal to send to the actuator.
InputControl
LawPlant Output
u
Plant = Mathematical model of Input Amplifier + Actuator + Physical System
Input = Reference / Desired Input or Set Point Input
Output = Measured Output
Control Law = Mathematical model of the Controller
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Advantages and Dis-advantages of Open Loop Control
Advantages:
Simple in construction
Low cost
Convenient to implement when output is difficult to
measure
Disadvantages:
It is inaccurate
Unable to sense the environmental changes or
disturbances
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Closed Loop Control
e = Error = Input – Output
u = Control Input
InputControl
LawPlant Output∑
+
_
e u
Controlling action is dependent on the changes in
output
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Examples of Closed Loop Control
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Examples of Automatic Closed Loop Control
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Advantages:
Accurate, since the controller modifies and manipulates
the actuating signal such that the error in the system will
be zero.
Self-correcting
Senses the environmental changes, and disturbances in
the system.
Disadvantages:
Complicated to design
Costly
Instable, since due to feedback , system tries to correct
the error.
Advantages and Dis-advantages of Closed Loop Control
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Eg:-Various elements for controlling the Room temperature.
Controlled variable - the room temperature
Reference value - the required room temperature
Comparison element - the person comparing the measured value with required temp.
Error signal - difference between measured and required temperatures
Correction unit - the switch on the fire
Process unit - the heating by the fire
Measuring device- a thermometer
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Automobile
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Open Loop System
Antenna will rotate clockwise and anticlockwise
depending on the output signal, negative or positive.
Antenna will stationary if the input signal is 0v.
When the antenna is approaching the desired angle or
position, the input signal must approach 0v.
It can be conclude that the control action is
independent of the output.
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Close Loop System Example for antenna pointing system
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Close Loop System
From diagram, if θ0= θi then V0 = Vi so the error signal
Ve = Vi – V0
= 0V ( the antenna will be stationary )
If the V0 not equal Vi ,Ve greater or less than 0V, the antenna will
rotate clockwise, anticlockwise depending on a polarity of Ve.
This means that the antenna will continue rotating until V0 = Vi .
In this example, the system automatically corrects the output when
the system is disturbed. This system is known as ‘automatic control
system’.
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Difference between Open loop and Closed loop systemSr.No. Open loop system Closed loop system
1 Not using feedback Feedback using
2 Less accurate More accurate
3 Simple in construction Complicated in construction
4 Optimisation in control is not
possible
Optimisation in control is possible
5 Easy maintenance & cost is less Difficult to maintain & cost is more
6 System cannot compensate for
disturbance.
system can compensate for
disturbance.
7 Eg. CD deck, Digital thermometer,
toaster, fan.
Eg. Automatic water level, air
conditioning system, robot (arm).
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Feedback and its effect
Feedback system is a system that maintains a
relationship between the output and some reference
input by comparing them and using the difference as a
means of control.
Feedback is used to reduce the error between reference
and the system output .
Feedback effect on performance characteristic:
Stability
Overall gain
Sensitivity
External disturbances
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Transfer Function Models Transfer function: is a mathematical representation, in terms of
spatial or temporal frequency, of the relation between the input and
output of a linear time invariant system.
Why TF?
Because it is easier / better to assess some things using classical
techniques, such as gain and phase margin.
How to determine TF?
Derive the Governing Differential Equation
Take Laplace transform of output
Take Laplace transform of input
Transfer function = L (output) / L (input)
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Advantages and features of TF-
1. Gives mathematical model of system components
2. LT converts time domain equation into simple
algebraic equation
3. TF obtained for a pair of i/p and o/p
4. Once TF is known o/p response for any type of
reference i/p can be calculated
5. TF helps in analyzing stability of system
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Disadvantages of TF-
1. Does not provide any information about physical
structuring of system
2. Applicable to linear time invariant system
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Block diagram components
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Block Diagram: Feedback
sHsG
sG
sR
sY
sHsG
sG
sR
sY
1 TF loop Closed
1 TF loop Closed
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Block Diagram Simplifications
1.Cascade (Series) Connection
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2. Parallel Connection
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3. Eliminating a feedback loop
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4. Moving a pickoff/takeoff point behind a block/ right
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5. Moving a pickoff point ahead of a block/left
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6. Moving a summing point ahead of a block
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7. Moving a summing point behind of a block
G G
G
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8.Replacing summing points
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9. Combining summing points
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Applications of Mechatronic System
1. Household
i. Refrigerator
ii. Washing m/c
iii. Microwave
2. Automotive
i. Fuel injection system
ii. Power steering
iii. Air conditioner
3. Shop floor
i. Tool monitoring system
ii. Automated guided vehicle
iii. Conveyor system
iv. Bottle filing plant.
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Sequential Control
1. Event based
2. Time based
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Event based- Washing m/c
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Washing m/c
PWD - Pulse width modulation- Control speed of motor in diff phases
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Time based -Water heating system
Control function is Inexact
No fail safe features
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Fuel Injection
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POWER STEERING MECHANISM
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POWER STEERING MECHANISM