Mr. Pagliaro Seymour High School BritainAmericans Advantages?? Disadvantages?? On the Eve of the Revolution ? LoyalistStrongholds Washingtons Military Headaches 1/3 colonists favored independence Colony/state loyalties CC couldnt tax No $ for Continental Army Poor training Baron von Steuben Exports & Imports: Military Strategies Attrition [the Brits had a long supply line]. Guerilla tactics [wear the British down] Ally with one of Britains enemies. The AmericansThe British Break the colonies into North & South Blockade Divide and Conquer use the Loyalists. Bunker (Breeds) Hill (June, 1775) The British suffered over 40% casualties-1000 B, 311 C deaths deadliest battle Phase I: The Northern Campaign [ ] Battle of Quebec Date December 31, 1775 Location Quebec City Result Decisive British victory Belligerents United Colonies 1st Canadian Regiment United Colonies 1st Canadian Regiment Great Britain Canadian militia Great Britain Canadian militia Commanders and leaders Richard Montgomery Benedict Arnold Daniel Morgan Richard Montgomery Benedict Arnold Daniel Morgan Guy Carleton Allen Maclean Strength 900 regulars 300 militia 1,800 regulars and militia Casualties and losses about 50 killed 34 wounded 431 captured 5 killed 14 wounded Phase II: NY NJ PA [ ] These are the times that try mens souls. T. Payne, The American Crisis Aug Howes to NYAug Howes to NY 32,000 Redcoats, 10,000 Hessians Amnesty offer: 3,000 acceptAmnesty offer: 3,000 accept C.A. = 23,000 untrained volunteers Post-Battle of NY & Long Island-8,000 remainPost-Battle of NY & Long Island-8,000 remain Retreat/Regroup in NJ Dec. 31, enlistments end Battle of Long Island (Brooklyin) Date August 27, 1776 Location Kings County, Long Island, New York Result Decisive British victory Belligerents United States United States Great Britain Hesse-Kassel Hesse-Kassel Commanders and leaders George Washington Israel Putnam William Alexander George Washington Israel Putnam William Alexander William Howe, Charles Cornwallis, Henry Clinton William Howe, Charles Cornwallis, Henry Clinton Strength 10,00020,000 Casualties and losses 300 killed unknown wounded 1,000 captured 64 killed 293 wounded 31 missing I regret that I have but one life to give for my country In 1778, Robert Sheffield of Stonington, Connecticut-July 10, of 350 prisoners "The heat was so intense that (the hot sun shining all day on deck) they were all nakedserved to get rid of vermin, but the sick were eaten up alive. Their sickly countenances, and ghastly looks were truly horribleswearing blasphemingstalking about like ghostsall panting for breath; some dead, and corrupting. The air was so foul that at times a lamp could not be kept burning, by reason of which the bodies were not missed until they had been dead ten days. New York City in Flames (Fall, 1776) Key events of the NY/NJ Campaign 1776 Battle of NY/LI Loss of NY Washingtons Retreat Battle of Trenton 1777 Princeton Loss of Philadelphia Bennington Saratoga Washington Crossing the Delaware Painted by Emanuel Leutze, 1851 Saratoga: Turning Point of the War? Saratoga: Turning Point of the War? Foreign Support After Saratoga, France recognized the USA Foreign leaders: Von Steuben-Training Infantry Marquis de Lafayette-Training Infantry Comte de Rochambeau-French Army Expdition Particulire Admiral DeGrasse-French Navy Bernardo de Galvez-Raids Tadeusz Kociuszko-Fortifications Casimir Pulaski-Calvary Local Aid Male CitizensWomenAfrican- Americans Francis Marion- SC milita Betsy RossFree could enlist Haym SolomonMolly Pitcher 5000 served-James Armistead Robert MorrisBrought slavery to issue Benjamin Franklin British offered freedom Valley Forge Harsh winter, poor supplies Drilling Baron Von Steuben Phase III: The Southern Strategy [ ] Britains Southern Strategy Led by Cornwallis Rally southern Loyalists Preserve profitable colonies Good US leaders: Nathanial Greene, Francis Marion (the Swamp Fox) The Battle of Yorktown (1781) Count de Rochambeau Admiral De Grasse Cornwallis Surrender at Yorktown: Painted by John Trumbull, 1797 The World Turned Upside Down! North America After the Treaty of Paris, 1783 Wholesale Price Index: Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist Strongholds at the End of the War Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation unicameral Congress 13 out of 13 to amend Representatives frequently absent Could not tax or raise armies No executive or judicial branches State Constitutions Republicanism Strong governors with veto power Bicameral legislatures Property required for voting Some had universal white male suffrage. bills of rights Many had a continuation of state- established religions while others disestablished religion. Occupational Composition of Several State Assemblies in the 1780s Indian Land Cessions: Disputed Territorial Claims Between Spain & the U. S.: State Claims to Western Lands Land Ordinance of 1785 Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Major accomplishment of the Confederation Congress! Statehood process: 1.Congress appointed 3 judges & a governor to govern the territory. 2.>5,000 adult, male land owners elect territorial legislature 3.>60,000 elect delegates: state constitutional convention. The United States in 1787 American trade w/ Britain: Annapolis Convention (1786) 12 representatives from 5 states [NY, NJ, PA, DE, VA] address limited trade and commerce between states Limited representation Reported to congress: Meet in Philadelphia to solve trade issues Shays Rebellion: Daniel Shays Western MA Small farmers angry: debt, taxes Shays Rebellion: There could be no stronger evidence of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders. George Washington