mr. rizzous: rise of american power rise of american power

Mr. Rizzo US: Rise of American Power

Rise of American Power


Emerging Global Involvement

In the late 1800s and early 1900s, American expansion was in many ways a resumption of the expansionist drive that had been halted by the Civil War.

A number of factors led the United States into greater global involvement in the late 1800s.


Improvements in transportation and communication technology shortened distances around the world.

At the same time, other inventions accelerated industrial growth.

Railroads connected factories and farms to Atlantic and Pacific ports, from which steamships carried goods to Europe, Latin America, and Asia..

Technology


Communication was faster and easier thanks to the telegraph, telephone, and transatlantic cable.

Communications technology quickly provided information on international markets and on events in other nations that might affect the United States.

The world was becoming more interdependent.

Technology


Economics linked the domestic and foreign policy goals of the United States.

Business leaders wanted raw materials from abroad.

Both business leaders and farmers also wanted overseas markets.

Drive for Markets and Raw Materials


Overseas markets could provide economic stability, especially when, as in the 1890s, domestic consumption could not absorb the nation's output.

At the same time, international competition increased as European nations, Japan, and the United States sought raw materials and markets.

Foreign trade increased dramatically. High U.S. tariffs played a role in revolutions in

Hawaii and in Cuba.

Drive for Markets and Raw Materials


The U.S. Navy began to expand in the 1880s, building steel-hulled warships with steam engines and the latest in weapons.

Behind this growth was the urging of expansionists like Alfred T. Mahan, who argued that as foreign trade grew, a nation needed a strong navy to protect shipping routes.

The navy, in turn, needed bases at which to refuel and restock supplies.

Naval Power


As you will recall, the idea of manifest destiny took hold in the United States in the mid-1800s.

Manifest destiny is the idea that the United States had a divine mission to expand in order to spread the ideals of freedom and democracy.

Manifest Destiny


This belief was fueled by historian Frederick Jackson Turner's frontier thesis.

In a famous 1893 essay, Turner argued that the existence of a frontier throughout our history had been vital in shaping the American character.

By 1893, Turner noted, that frontier no longer existed, an argument supported by the 1890 census.

Some people interpreted this development to mean that Americans needed new frontiers beyond the current borders.

Manifest Destiny


Closely tied to manifest destiny was the idea that the American way of life was so superior that the United States was obliged to carry its benefits to other peoples.

Few wondered whether these peoples wanted American "benefits," or recognized that this notion implied that other peoples and their ways of life were inferior.

Social Darwinism


The belief in American superiority was a form of Social Darwinism.

According to Social Darwinists, the law of nature resulted in the survival of superior people.

Similarly, the same law led to the survival of superior nations, which are meant to dominate inferior nations.

Few questioned the fact that no scientific evidence supported this theory.

Social Darwinism


Another motive for expansion was the missionary spirit.

It lay behind attempts to introduce Christianity and "civilization" to others, particularly in China, where the movement was strongest.

The missionary impulse did result in certain improvements, such as the building of schools and hospitals.

Missionary Spirit


However, it also fostered a paternalistic view —one that saw the United States as a parent supervising weaker, less "developed" peoples.

Underlying manifest destiny, social Darwinism, and the missionary movement were nationalism, racism, and a strong sense of cultural superiority.

Missionary Spirit


The United States role in Asia expanded because of the establishment of trade with China and Japan and the acquisition of Hawaii, Pacific bases, and the Philippines.

U.S. World Power: Asia & The Pacific


American Imperialism 1867-1914


American trade with China began in the 1780s through the port of Canton.

By the late 1800s, however, Americans were afraid that their economic opportunities in China might be limited.

Throughout the nineteenth century, China had been subjected to imperialistic demands by Japan, Germany, Russia, Britain, and France.

Each nation gained a sphere of influence —a region in which it had exclusive trade, mining, or other economic rights.

China


In 1899, Secretary of State John Hay tried to assure economic opportunity for the United States.

He asked the European powers to keep an "open door" to China.

He wanted to ensure through his Open Door Policy that the United States would have fair access to the Chinese market.

The European powers, however, met his request with a cool response.

Open Door Policy


In 1900, a secret patriotic Chinese society called the Boxers attacked missionaries, diplomats, and other foreigners in China in what is known as the Boxer Rebellion.

The Boxers were revolting against the Manchu Rule (under the Qing Dynasty) and against the intervention of Western powers in China.

Boxer Rebellion


The Western powers, including the United States, sent troops to restore order.

Fearing that rival nations would take even more Chinese land, Hay expanded the Open Door Policy to mean that the current boundaries of China should be preserved.

Boxer Rebellion


Japan had developed into a major economic power after 1854, the year Commodore Matthew Perry ended Japan's isolation by negotiating a treaty opening two Japanese ports to ships from the United States.

Unlike China, Japan carried out a far-reaching modernization program making it a major economic power by 1900.

Japan


From 1900 to 1941, a key aim of American foreign policy in Asia became providing the balance of power to restrict Japanese expansion.

Japan displayed its growing strength by defeating Russia in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905.

In an effort to protect American interests in Asia, President Theodore Roosevelt mediated the peace treaty that ended the war.

Japan


It was understood that Japan could remain in Manchuria and annex Korea.

The agreement of the United States to the Japanese takeover of Korea was formalized in the 1905 Taft-Katsura Agreement.

In return, Japan would not threaten the Philippines.

Japan


Relations between Japan and the United States experienced a setback when San Francisco schools placed Japanese children in separate classes in the early 1900s.

The Japanese government condemned this segregation. President Theodore Roosevelt achieved a compromise with Japanese officials called the Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907. This agreement ended school segregation in San Francisco but also restricted Japanese immigration to the United States.

Japan


In 1908, the two nations also entered into the Root-Takahira Agreement, in which both countries agreed to uphold the Open Door Policy and support China's independence and integrity.

It also meant each nation would not attempt to seize the other's possessions.

Japan


Until the 1890s, Hawaii was an independent country ruled by a monarch.

The United States had important business interests there, namely, sugar plantations.

In 1890, the United States placed a protective tariff on imported sugar, including that from Hawaii, in order to protect sugar producers in the United States.

Hawaii


This meant that Americans would be more likely to buy domestic sugar rather than Hawaiian sugar, and American planters in Hawaii would lose money.

In addition to being hurt economically by this protective tariff, American planters in Hawaii also feared the growth of Hawaiian nationalism and resentment toward the power of American interests.

Hawaii


In 1893, American planters, aided by the chief U.S. diplomat to Hawaii and by marines, carried out a successful revolution against the Hawaiian ruler (Queen Liliuokalani).

Against the wishes of the Hawaiian people, the American sugar growers asked that the United States annex Hawaii, but President Grover Cleveland opposed expansion by force.

Hawaii


Hawaii remained in the hands of the American sugar interests as the independent Republic of Hawaii.

In 1898 under President McKinley, the U.S. annexed Hawaii under the Newlands Resolution .

Now American planters in Hawaii could get as much for their sugar as growers on the mainland.

Hawaii


Not until 1898 during the Spanish-American War did Hawaii become a United States possession.

Then it became important as a military and commercial link to the Philippines and the rest of East Asia.

Annexation was accomplished by a joint resolution of Congress rather than a treaty.

Hawaii


In 1878, the United States gained the rights to a naval station at Pago Pago in the Samoan Islands.

The port was also used by Germany and Great Britain.

Samoa was situated in the Pacific on the trade route to Australia. Conflicts arose among the three nations.

In 1899, Germany and the United States divided Samoa.

Samoa


In 1898, the United States began to acquire new territories, making it an imperial power.

Most of these territorial gains resulted from the Spanish-American War.

Spanish-American War


There were several underlying causes of the war between Spain and the United States.

In Spanish-controlled Cuba, economic chaos led to revolution and a demand for U.S. intervention.

In the 1890s, Spain had imposed increased taxes on Cuba.

Causes of the war


In addition, the United States placed a protective tariff on Cuban sugar, which had previously entered the nation duty-free.

The effect of these taxes was economic collapse. Resentment toward Spain fueled Cuban anger, and soon revolution erupted.

Cubans provoked U.S. involvement by destroying American sugar plantations and mills in Cuba.

Causes of the war


Many Americans sympathized with the Cuban revolution and were appalled by the tactics of the Spanish military commander, Valeriano Weyler.

He imprisoned hundreds of thousands of Cuban civilians in camps, where about 30 percent of them died from disease and starvation.

Causes of the war


American expansionists —including Theodore Roosevelt, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, and Secretary of State John Hay—recognized that war offered an opportunity to seize territory from Spain, a weak nation.

Causes of the war


In addition to the underlying causes of the Spanish-American War, several immediate events aroused Americans' emotions.

These fed a growing jingoism —a super patriotism and demand for aggressive actions—that created a warlike mood.

Immediate causes of the war


In the late 1890s, two of the most famous American publishers, William Randolph Hearst of the New York Morning Journal and Joseph Pulitzer of the New York World, were battling for readers in a circulation war.

Both newspapers printed the most sensational stories and pictures they could find about the horrors of the Cuban revolution. The stories often exaggerated and distorted events for emotional effect. This kind of sensationalism is called "yellow journalism."



A personal letter written by the Spanish minister to the United States, Enrique Dupuy de Lome, was printed in the New York Journal in February 1898.

De Lome's unfavorable comments—he called McKinley "weak and catering to the rabble"—made it hard for the President and other political leaders to withstand demands for war.



Less than a week after publication of the de Lome letter, the United States battleship Maine exploded and sank in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, killing 266 Americans.

The public blamed Spain, although a later investigation was never able to determine the cause of the explosion nor assign responsibility.



In April 1898, despite Spain's agreement to an armistice with Cuba, McKinley asked Congress to declare war.

Congress complied. It also approved the Teller Amendment, which

promised that the United States would not annex Cuba.

Fighting The War


The war lasted four months, with fighting in both the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean.

Of the 2,446 Americans who lost their lives, fewer than 400 were killed in combat; the rest died from infection and disease.

Fighting The War


In December 1898, the Treaty of Paris, negotiated with Spain granted Cuba its independence, gave the United States the Philippines, in return for $20 million, and ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States.

The Results of the War


The Treaty of Paris of 1898 led to the acquisition of many former Spanish territories that formed the basis of an American Empire.

This set off a national debate among imperialists and anti-imperialists.

It also led to increased American involvement in Latin America and Asia as the nation sought to protect its new lands.

The Results of the War


Ratification of the Treaty of Paris set off a great debate in the United States.

As with all treaties, it had to be approved by a two-thirds vote of the Senate.

The fundamental question was whether the United States should pursue imperialism—the policy of expanding a nation's power by foreign acquisitions.

Imperialism: Great Debate


Americans in both political parties, in all regions, and from all social classes could be found on either side of the debate.

Progressives were also divided.



Imperialists included Theodore Roosevelt, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, and Alfred T. Mahan.

Among the anti-imperialists were Andrew Carnegie, Mark Twain, Jane Addams, William Jennings Bryan, Booker T. Washington, and former Presidents Grover Cleveland and Benjamin Harrison.

The chart summarizes the arguments of the two groups.



Acquiring the Philippines In February 1899, the Senate approved the

Treaty of Paris by a small margin. That January, Emilio Aguinaldo, who had been

fighting the Spanish for Philippine independence, declared the Philippines a republic.

The U.S. saw things differently.The bitter war ended in 1902. More 4,000

Americans and some 16,000 Filipinos were killed in the Philippine insurrection.


Acquiring the Philippines

An additional 200,000 Filipinos died from starvation and disease.

Atrocities were committed by both sides. In the end of the insurrection, the Philippines

were under American control.


Debate

Imperialists vs. Anti-ImperialistsTuesday3 rounds - 3 speakers - 3 pointsSpeakers must submit to me on Monday

what they are going to say and a list of their team-you can email it to me.

Winners - +10 on the next test Imperialists – Rows 1, 3, 5Anti-Imperialists- Rows 2, 4, 6


Imperialism was supported by the Supreme Court from 1901 to 1904, with decisions in the Insular Cases.

The Court ruled that the Constitution only applied in those territories that Congress decided would be incorporated into the United States.

In other words, the Supreme Court said that full constitutional rights did not automatically extend to all areas under American control.

The Constitution and the Territories


The Court also held that people in annexed territories did not automatically have the rights of United States citizens.

Congress would make that decision, based on the status given to a territorial possession.

The Constitution and the Territories


The United States set up different means of governing its new territories.

Hawaii was made a territory in 1900, its first step on the way to statehood.

In 1916, the Jones Act promised the Philippines independence, but the law did not name a date.

In 1934, the Philippines was promised independence in 10 years. This promise was delayed because of World War II but was honored in 1946.

Governing the Territories


The Foraker Act of 1900 provided for a Puerto Rican legislature elected by the people with a governor and council appointed by the American President.

Puerto Ricans received United States citizenship in 1917.

In 1952, the island became a commonwealth, this status gives Puerto Rico many rights of a state excluding sending representatives to Congress.



U.S. troops remained in Cuba until 1902. American troops were sent to Cuba twice

between 1902 and 1922. Cuban independence was limited by the Platt

Amendment (1901), which remained part of the Cuban constitution until 1934.



The amendment (1) required that the United States approve treaties between Cuba and other nations,

(2) gave the United States the right to lease naval bases in Cuba, and

(3) allowed the United States to intervene in Cuba to preserve order or peace.

Platt Amendment


Having acquired an empire, the United States found itself increasingly involved around the globe as it protected its new territories and interests.

Of particular interest to the United States was Latin America.

Latin America


The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 warned foreign powers to stay out of the Western Hemisphere.

For several decades, the relatively weak United States seldom referred to the doctrine.

It was used, however, to support the American annexation of Texas as well as the Mexican War.

Monroe Doctrine


It was used again, at the end of the Civil War, against France, which had set up a puppet government in Mexico and refused to give in to American demands to withdraw.

France withdrew only after the United States massed troops along the Mexican border.

Monroe Doctrine


In 1895, the United States had an opportunity to restate and expand the Monroe Doctrine.

Great Britain and Venezuela were involved in a quarrel over the boundary between Venezuela and British Guiana (now Guyana).

The United States offered to arbitrate, or help settle the dispute.

Venezuela


When Britain refused arbitration, the United States claimed that the British were violating the Monroe Doctrine and forced them to negotiate by threatening war.

Secretary of State Richard Olney, in the Olney Interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine, claimed,

"Today, the United States is practically sovereign of this continent.“

What does this mean?

Venezuela


President Theodore Roosevelt, further reinforced, even reinterpreted, the Monroe Doctrine.

Economic problems in Venezuela and the Dominican Republic led to threats of European intervention.

In both cases, the United States stepped in to restore order.

Roosevelt Corollary


Roosevelt explained American policy in a 1904 message to Congress.

If a nation in the Western Hemisphere is guilty of consistently behaving wrongly, he said, the Monroe Doctrine requires that the United States step in and act "as an international police power."

This policy is known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.

Roosevelt Corollary


With the Monroe Doctrine as its justification, the United States intervened often in Latin-American affairs, usually to protect American economic interests.

President Theodore Roosevelt was famous for the motto "Speak softly and carry a big stick."

This meant that the United States would use peaceful methods to protect its interests whenever possible, but that it would use military force if necessary.

The “Big Stick Policy”


The United States occupied Nicaragua with troops from 1912 until 1933. It also maintained a military occupation of Haiti (1915-1934) and the Dominican Republic (1916-1924).



The Dominican Republic had trouble paying its debts to European nations.

When the Europeans threatened force, the United States took over Dominican finances, supervising them between 1905 and 1941.

Haiti was supervised between 1916 and 1941 as was Nicaragua from 1911 until 1924.



President Taft's foreign policy approach was known as dollar diplomacy.

This meant that the United States could help maintain orderly societies in other countries by increasing American investment in foreign economies.

These investments tended to increase American intervention in foreign affairs.

Dollar Diplomacy


During the Mexican Revolution, President Wilson intervened in Mexico's affairs in order to protect huge U.S. investments there.

He also believed in moral diplomacy —conducting foreign affairs in terms of judgments about right and wrong.

Mexico


In 1913, after Victoriano Huerta overthrew the Mexican president and had him murdered, Wilson refused to recognize Huerta's government.

The next year, the U.S. Navy seized the port of Vera Cruz to prevent a German ships from landing its cargo of arms for Huerta.

Mexico


Wilson also sent a force into northern Mexico in 1916 in an attempt to capture Pancho Villa, a Mexican rebel whose border raid into New Mexico in 1916 led to American deaths.

Mexico


Only under Presidents Herbert Hoover (1929-1933) and Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945) did the United States try to improve its relations with Latin America.

Roosevelt backed what came to be called the "good neighbor policy."

This meant less emphasis on intervention and more on cooperation.

However, American economic dominance of the region continued.

Good Neighbor Policy


Agenda for 2/17

Imperialism Debate :Who won?????Rise of American Power Notes

Journal #2 DUE TomorrowTest Tomorrow


Since the mid-1850s, the advantages of a canal linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans were well recognized.

With a canal, navy and merchant ships could move more quickly between the two oceans.

Interest in a canal increased when the United States acquired colonies in the Pacific.

Panama Canal


In 1901 the United States, through negotiations, gained the sole right to build and control such a canal as long as it would be open to all nations.

Panama Canal


Under Theodore Roosevelt, the United States settled on a route across Panama, which was part of Colombia.

When Colombia seemed reluctant to agree to financial terms, Roosevelt encouraged Panamanians to revolt and declare their independence.

Panama Canal


The United States quickly negotiated a treaty with the new nation of Panama, which gave the United States a 99-year renewable lease on a 10-milewide strip of land across Panama.

Panama remained a United States protectorate from 1903 to 1939.

Panama Canal


Building the canal was a mammoth task, begun in 1904.

Yellow fever and malaria caused delays as did the difficulty of moving more than 250 million cubic yards of soil.

However, workers made the remarkable achievement of completing the canal ahead of schedule and under budget.

The canal opened to traffic in 1914.

Panama Canal


Responding to Panamanian demonstrations, the United States agreed in a 1977 treaty to return the canal to Panamanian control.

Panama took over the canal on December 31, 1999.

Panama Canal

mr. rizzous: rise of american power rise of american power

Documents

naval power slide

american expansion

american character

technology slide

manifest destiny slide

united states

american way of life

idea of manifest destiny