Lesson 9- Ionic Bonding

Ion Review Ions are atoms with a ___________________ # p+ ≠ #e-

Gain/lose or share _____________________o Can never change the number of protons

_________ rule: atoms want a __________________ shell

Group Valence e- Lose or Gain e- How many? New Charge Cation or Anion1 1 Lose 1 +1 Cation2 Cation

13 3 Lose 3 +3 Cation14 Can be both15 5 Gain 3 -3 Anion16 Anion17 7 Gain 1 -1 Anion18 Stable when neutral

Bonding Occurs when atoms _____________________ to make a ___________________ (to get a full valence shell) Two main types: ______________ and _________________ bonds

Overview of Bonding Compound Ionic Molecular Metallic

Atoms Metal and non metal Non metals MetalsType of Bond Ionic Covalent MetallicElectron are Transferred (ions are formed) Shared DelocalizedStructure Crystal lattice True molecules Electron seaPhysical State Solid Liquid or gas SolidMelting Point High Low Very highSoluble in Water Yes Usually no NoElectrical Conductivity In solution or liquid No Yes

Steps for Ionic Bonding1. Draw the Lewis structures of each element 2. Connect the diagrams with arrows3. Draw the ions that were made

1. New number of electrons2. Brackets3. Charge

4. Write the new charges and cross down5. Write molecular formula6. Write name with non-metal ending in ”ide” instead of “ine”

Examples: Sodium and Chlorine

Magnesium and fluorine

Potassium and oxygen

Aluminum and sulfur

On a separate piece of paper practice the following bonds. For each of the following questions you must 1) Draw the Lewis Structures2) Draw the ions formed (with charge, new electrons, and brackets)3) Write the molecular formula4) Name the compound

a) Beryllium and oxygen b) Calcium and fluorinec) Sodium and bromined) Lithium and chlorine e) Beryllium and oxygen

f) Calcium and fluorineg) Sodium and bromineh) Lithium and chlorine i) Magnesium and oxygen j) Calcium and oxygen

k) Sodium and sulphur l) Aluminum and oxygenm) Potassium and fluorine n) Aluminum and chlorine o) Beryllium and phosphate

Lesson 10- Molecular Bonding

Molecular Bonds• Electrons are _____________ between atoms • Between ______________• Bond is called ________________ bond

Diatomic Elements• H O F Br I N Cl • Atoms that always travel in ____________ • Example of covalent bonds

Hydrogen- H2 Oxygen- O2

Fluorine- F2 (and Br2, I2, Cl2) Nitrogen- N2

Steps for Bonding1. Draw the Lewis structures of each element 2. Determine the bonding capacity of each atom 3. Circle shared electrons. Check for full octet. 4. Redraw structural diagram with lines. 5. Write molecular formula based on structural diagram. 6. You will not have to name the compound in Grade 9 (but your foldable will

tell you how)

Metallic Bonding• Between METALS• Electrons delocalize • Have positive ions in a sea of electrons

Overview of Bonding Compound Ionic Molecular Metallic

Atoms Metal and non metal Non metals MetalsType of Bond Ionic Covalent MetallicElectron are Transferred (ions are formed) Shared DelocalizedStructure Crystal lattice True molecules Electron seaPhysical State Solid Liquid or gas SolidMelting Point High Low Very highSoluble in Water Yes Usually no NoElectrical Conductivity In solution or liquid No Yes

Making Models

Introduction: The chemical formula shows the number and types of atoms in each molecule of a substance. For example, the chemical formula for water is H2O. This tells us that each molecule of water has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. But chemical formulas do not tell us how the atoms are arranged in a molecule. In this activity, you will make models of common molecules to see how they are put together.

Purpose: To build models of some common molecules and determine their shape and number of bonds (connections) between atoms.

Procedure: 1. The elements in the model kit are color-coded.

Black = Carbon White = Hydrogen Red = Oxygen Blue = Nitrogen Green = Chlorine or Iodine2. Use the “atoms” and “bonds” (short length – single bond; long length = double (2) or triple (3) bonds) provided

to build a model of each combination of elements listed below. The model is ONLY COMPLETE when all the bonds (holes in the model) are filled.

3. Count the number of atoms of each element in your model. Sketch (draw) each molecule and write its chemical formula in your data table.

Observations: Molecular Model Data Table

Element 1 (Use 1

only)

Element 2 (use as many as needed to complete the

molecule)

Sketch of molecule Chemical formula

Chemical Name

Use Element or Compound

H H hydrogen Fuel Element

Cl Cl chlorine Pool water or

disinfectantO O oxygen Supports

combustion

H Cl hydrochloric acid

Industrial processes

Compound

O H water Drinking

C H methane Fuel

N I nitrogen tri-iodide

Contact explosive

C O carbon dioxide

Puts out fire

Sketch of molecule Chemical formula

Chemical name

Use Element or Compound

H2O2 hydrogen peroxide

Disinfectant

C2H2 acetylene Fuel

C3H8 propane Fuel

CH3COOH acetic acid Vinegar

C2H4 ethylene Part of plastic

Lesson 11- Impacts of Chemicals

1. Cell Phones (Textbook page 187 and News Article) In the past electronic devices relied on _________________ As we learned more about atoms we learned that the same thing can be done with a wafer

thin piece of __________________________ Now cellphones become _____________________ Phone are made of ____________ and hazardous ____________ that leach into the ground Recycling cell phones can help prevent this It can also prevent the mining of the metal _____________ from the Republic of Congo home of the gorillas Wildlife Conservation Society estimates there are less than ______________ gorillas left

2. Metal Mining (Textbook page 202) Elements such as __________ and _______________ are easy to find and easy to shape into tools Gold is extracted using cyanide based chemical to dissolve it Disrupts the land and potentially harms _____________ Cyanide solution can contaminate ground _________ Gold is often used for non-essential items, so now people are thinking about _________________

2. Diamonds (Textbook page 202) Canada’s diamond industry is the _______________ in the world Located in _____________________ sensitive environments Some environmental concerns include

Removing large amounts of soil and rock o

Disrupting waterways oo Roads, airstrips and power plants are built to service the mine o Fish habitats are affected, wildlife is displaced o Creates pollution and waste

Solutions o Refilling lakes o Monitor impact on wildlife o Conserve energy by recycling waste oil and diesel

3. Metals and Health (Textbook page 203) Essential for processes in ____________ and animals Example: ___________ in blood to transport oxygen However if someone has many blood transfusion iron can accumulate in

the body and severely harm the ___________ and _____________

3. Mercury Pollution of Aboriginal Lands (Textbook page 204) Sources of mercury include

o Burning _____________________ and fossil _____________ (i.e. oil, coals) Bacteria convert mercury to _______________________ which can be taken up by animals These bacteria is most common in _____________ environments

Since 1970S high level of mercury has been found in the ______________ of Aboriginal lands Devastating to aboriginal communities Caused severe ________________ in many people Forced many communities to stop important

tradition practice of __________________ o Source of food and income

4. Solubility and Plant Fertilizers (Textbook page 226) Ionic compounds play a role in the health of

________________ and ______________ Many crops are treated with nitrogen,

___________________, and potassium in ionic compounds such as ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate, and potassium chloride

All three nutrients are water __________________ Fertilizers help faster plant ______________, and growing more plants in _________________ This reduces the cost of food and makes food more affordable for customers However, overusing fertilizers can be carried into nearby __________________ and _____________ These excess nutrients can interrupt __________________ and ___________________ cycles It can also cause the overgrowth of algae which results in many ________________ dying from lack of oxygen

5. Road Salt (pg 228-230) When road salt (an ionic compound) is used it dissolves into ___________ onto the road and lowers its freezing

point Negative effects include

o Attracting _____________ to the roads o Rusting of bridges and __________________o Slowing plant __________________ o Effects animals relying on ____________ for

food o Once in waterways affect aquatic

________________ and _________ species Balance between minimize negative effects on

environment and creating safe road conditions for Canadians

6. Sunscreen in Coral Reefs When you swim with sunscreen on or shower, chemicals like __________________ can seep into the water ___________________ can often spray large amounts of sunscreen onto sand which wash into oceans Sunscreen causes bleaching of the coral reefs, destroying their ecosystem Coral reefs all over the worlds are threatened by _________________________ especially if they are tourist

destinations If we lose coral reefs we have lost a _______________________, and it could affect the global economy However, humans do not want to get skin cancer

o Alternatives include using sunscreen safe for coral reefs or wearing UV protective clothing

o I.e. Some places in Mexico makes it mandatory for visitors to wear ___________________________ sunscreen only